Cicero
Marcus Tullius Cicero [lower-alpha 1] / / ˈsɪsər oʊ / SISS -ə SISS roh ; </link> ; 3 Janairu 106 BC - 7 ga Disamba 43 BC) dan Kasar Roma ne, lauya, malami, masanin falsafa, marubuci kuma mai shakkar Ilimi, [2] wanda ya yi kokari kiyaye ingantattun ka'idoji yayin rikicin siyasa wanda ya haifar da kafa daular Roma . [3] Rubuce-rubucensa masu yawa sun hada da rubuce-rubuce kan maganganu, falsafa da siyasa. Ana la'akari da shi daya daga cikin manyan maganganu na Rome da masu rubutun ra'ayin mazan jiya kuma wanda ya kirkiro abin da aka sani da "Ciceronian rhetoric". [4] [5] [6] Cicero ya yi karatu a Roma da Girka. Ya fito ne daga dangin arziki na birni na tsarin doki na Roman, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin jakada a cikin 63. BC
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Tasirinsa a kan yaren Latin yana da yawa. Ya rubuta fiye da kashi uku cikin hudu na tsoffin adabin Latin wadanda aka san cewa sun wanzu a rayuwarsa, kuma an ce labarin da ya biyo baya ko dai wani martani ne ko kuma komawa ga salonsa, ba kawai a cikin Latin ba amma a cikin harsunan Turai sama. zuwa karni na 19. Cicero ya gabatar da muhawarar manyan makarantun falsafar Hellenistic a cikin Latin kuma ya kirkiri babban adadin kamus na falsafar Latin ta hanyar habaka kamus (misali neologisms kamar evidentia .</link> , janareta, humanitas</link> , infinitio, qualitas</link> , quantitas</link> ), [7] kusan 150 daga cikinsu an gabatar da su daga fassarar kalmomin falsafar Girkanci, yana nuna kansa a matsayin kwararren masanin falsafa da kwararren mai fassara[8]
Ko da yake shi kwararren mai magana ne kuma lauya mai nasara, Cicero ya yi imanin cewa aikinsa na siyasa ita ce babbar nasararsa. A lokacin da yake zaman nasa ne makircin Catiline ya yi yunkurin kifar da gwamnati ta hanyar kai hari a birnin da wasu dakaru na waje suka yi, kuma Cicero ya murkushe tawayen ta hanyar aiwatar da hukuncin kisa a takaice da kuma aiwatar da hukuncin kisa guda biyar ba tare da shari'a ba. A lokacin tsaka mai wuya na karni na farko BC, wanda yake-yake na basasa da mulkin kama-karya na Julius Kaisar ke yiwa alama, Cicero ya jajirce wajen komawa ga gwamnatin jamhuriya ta gargajiya. Bayan mutuwar Kaisar, Cicero ya zama abokin gaba na Mark Antony a cikin gwagwarmayar iko, ya kai masa hari a cikin jerin jawabai . An haramta shi a matsayin makiyin jihar ta hanyar Triumvirate ta biyu kuma saboda haka sojoji da ke aiki a madadinsu suka kashe shi a cikin 43. BC, wanda aka kama shi a lokacin kokarin tashi daga tsibirin Italiya. Hannunsa da aka yanke da kansa a lokacin, a matsayin fansa na karshe na Mark Antony, aka nuna akan Rostra . [9]
Sake gano haruffan Cicero na Petrarch sau da yawa ana kididdige shi don kaddamar da Renaissance na karni na 14 a cikin al'amuran jama'a, dan adam, da al'adun Roman na gargajiya. A cewar masanin tarihin Poland Tadeusz Zieliński, "Renaissance ya kasance sama da komai a farfadowar Cicero, kuma bayansa kuma ta wurinsa na sauran zamanin da na gargajiya ." Kololuwar ikon Cicero da martaba sun zo a lokacin wayewar karni na 18, da kuma tasirinsa akan jagorancin masu tunani na Fadakarwa da masu ra'ayin siyasa kamar John Locke, David Hume, Montesquieu, da Edmund Burke yana da mahimmanci. Ayyukansa suna cikin mafi tasiri a cikin al'adun duniya, kuma a yau har yanzu sun zama daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin kayan aiki na farko don rubutawa da sake duba tarihin Romawa, musamman ma kwanakin ƙarshe na Jamhuriyar Roma . [10]
Rayuwa ta sirri
gyara sasheRayuwar farko
gyara sasheAn haifi Marcus Tullius Cicero a ranar 3 ga Janairu 106 BC a Arpinum, wani tsauni mai nisan 100 kilometres (62 mi) kudu maso gabas na Roma. Ya kasance na tribus Cornelia. Mahaifinsa ya kasance memba mai kyau na doki dawaki kuma yana da kyakkyawar alaka a Roma. Duk da haka, kasancewar ba shi da inganci, ya kasa shiga rayuwar jama'a kuma ya yi karatu mai zurfi don ramawa. Ko da yake ba a san da yawa game da mahaifiyar Cicero, Helvia ba, yawancin matan Romawa ne suke kula da gida. yan’uwan Cicero, Quintus ya rubuta a cikin wata wasika cewa ita matar gida ce mai Arziki. [11]
Cicero's cognomen, ko sunan suna na sirri, ya fito ne daga Latin don kaji, cicer</link> . Plutarch ya bayyana cewa asalin sunan an ba wa daya daga cikin kakannin Cicero wanda ke da tsaga a saman hancinsa mai kama da kaji. Duk da haka, yana yiwuwa kakannin Cicero sun sami wadata ta hanyar noma da sayar da kaji. [12] Romawa sau da yawa suna zaɓar sunayen sunayen kasa-da-kasa. Shahararrun sunayen iyali na Fabius, Lentulus, da Piso sun fito ne daga sunayen Latin na wake, lentil, da wake, bi da bi. Plutarch ya rubuta cewa an bukaci Cicero da ya canza wannan suna a lokacin da ya shiga siyasa, amma ya ki, yana mai cewa zai sa Cicero ya fi Scaurus ("Kumburi-ankled") da Catulus ("Puppy"). [13]
A wannan lokacin a cikin tarihin Romawa, "al'ada" na nufin iya magana duka Latin da Hellenanci. Don haka Cicero ya sami ilimi a cikin koyarwar tsohuwar falsafar Girka, mawaka da masana tarihi ; yayin da ya sami yawancin fahimtarsa na ka'idar da kuma aiki na magana daga Mawakin Girkanci Archias da kuma daga mawallafin Girkanci Apollonius . Cicero ya yi amfani da iliminsa na Hellenanci don fassara yawancin ka'idodin falsafar Girkanci zuwa Latin, don haka ya fassara ayyukan falsafar Girkanci don yawan masu sauraro. Karatunsa ne ya daure shi da manyan sarakunan Romawa. [14]
Sha'awar Cicero ga falsafar ta kasance mai girma a cikin aikinsa na baya kuma ta kai shi samar da cikakken bayani game da falsafar Girkanci ga masu sauraron Romawa, [15] gami da Kirkirar kamus na falsafa a cikin Latin. [16] A cikin 87 BC, Philo na Larissa, shugaban Kwalejin Platonic da Plato ya kafa a Athens kimanin shekaru 300 da suka wuce, ya isa Roma. Cicero, "wanda aka yi masa wahayi ta wani babban kishi na falsafa", [17] ya zauna da sha'awa a kafafunsa kuma ya rungumi falsafar Skeptic na Carneades.
Cicero ya ce game da Tattaunawar Plato, cewa idan Zeus zai yi magana, zai yi amfani da harshensu. [18] A lokacin da ya dace, zai karrama su da nasa tattaunawa mai gamsarwa
A cewar Plutarch, Cicero dalibi ne mai hazaka, wanda karatunsa ya ja hankalin jama'a daga ko'ina cikin Roma, [19] ya ba shi damar yin nazarin dokar Roman a karkashin Quintus Mucius Scaevola . [20] Abokan karatun Cicero sune Gaius Marius Minor, Servius Sulpicius Rufus (wanda ya zama sanannen lauya, daya daga cikin 'yan kadan wadanda Cicero ya ɗauka ya fi kansa a cikin shari'a), da Titus Pomponius . Na biyun sun zama abokan Cicero na rayuwa, kuma Pomponius (wanda daga baya ya karbi lakabin "Atticus", kuma 'yar'uwarsa ta auri dan'uwan Cicero) zai zama, a cikin kalmomin Cicero, "a matsayin dan'uwa na biyu", tare da duka biyun suna rike da wasikar rayuwa. [21]
A cikin 79 BC, Cicero ya tafi Girka, Asiya Karama da Rhodes . Wata Kila wannan ya kasance don guje wa yuwuwar fushin Sulla, kamar yadda Plutarch ya yi ikirari, [22] [23] ko da yake Cicero da kansa ya ce shi ne don inganta kwarewarsa da inganta lafiyar jikinsa. [24] A Athens ya yi karatun falsafa tare da Antiochus na Ascalon, 'Tsohuwar Ilimi' kuma wanda ya kaddamar da Platonism ta Tsakiya . [25] A Asiya Karama, ya sadu da manyan masu magana na yankin kuma ya ci gaba da karatu da su. Cicero ya yi tafiya zuwa Rhodes don saduwa da tsohon malaminsa, Apollonius Molon, wanda ya koya masa a Roma. Molon ya taimaka wa Cicero ya inganta salon sa, tare da horar da jikinsa da huhu don bukatun magana da jama'a. [26] Kirkirar hanya ta tsakiya tsakanin fafatawa da salon Attic da Asiya, Cicero a karshe zai zama na biyu kawai ga Demosthenes a cikin masu magana da tarihi.
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ E.g., in Howard Jones, Master Tully: Cicero in Tudor England (Nieuwkoop: De Graaf, 1998).
- ↑ Cicero, Academica Book II, Section 65
- ↑ Ferguson & Balsdon 2023.
- ↑ Rawson, E.: Cicero, a portrait (1975) p. 303
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ Ferguson & Balsdon 2023.
- ↑ Conte, G.B.: "Latin Literature: a history" (1987) p. 199
- ↑ Haskell, Henry Joseph (1964). This was Cicero. Fawcett Publications Incorporated. pp. 300–301
- ↑ "Cicero | Biography, Philosophy, Writings, Books, Death, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 10 May 2023. Retrieved 18 May 2023
- ↑ Harrison, Stephen (2008). A Companion to Latin Literature. John Wiley & Sons. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-4051-3737-9.
Latin literature in the period 90–40 BC presents one feature that is unique in Classical, and perhaps even in the whole of Western, literature. Although it is a period from which a substantial amount of literature in a wide variety of genres survives, more than 75 per cent of that literature was written by a single man: Marcus Tullius Cicero. Cicero wrote speeches, philosophical and rhetorical trea- tises, letters and poetry, which in terms of quantity outweigh all other extant writings of the period
- ↑ Rawson, E.: Cicero, a portrait (1975) pp. 5–6; Cicero, Ad Familiares 16.26.2 (Quintus to Cicero)
- ↑ Trollope, Anthony.
- ↑ Plutarch, Cicero 1.3–5
- ↑ Everitt, A.: "Cicero: The Life and Times of Rome's Greatest Politician" (2001) p. 35
- ↑ Conte, G.B.: "Latin Literature: a history" (1987) p. 199
- ↑ Everitt, A.:" Cicero: The Life and Times of Rome's Greatest Politician" (2001) pp. 253–255
- ↑ Rawson: "Cicero, a portrait" (1975) p. 18
- ↑ Zieliński, Tadeusz. Cicero Im Wandel Der Jahrhunderte. Nabu Press
- ↑ Plutarch, Cicero 2.2
- ↑ Plutarch, Cicero 3.2
- ↑ Everitt, A.: "Cicero: The Life and Times of Rome's Greatest Politician" (2001) p. 35
- ↑ Haskell, H.J.: "This was Cicero" (1940) p. 83
- ↑ Plutarch, Cicero 3.2–5
- ↑ Cicero, Brutus, 313–314
- ↑ Cicero, Brutus, 315
- ↑ Cicero, Brutus, 316
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