Carneades
Carneades Greek: Καρνεάδης , Karneadēs, "na Carnea "; 214/3–129/8 BC [1] ) masanin Falsafa ne na Girka, [2] watakila shine fitaccen shugaban Kwalejin Skeptical Academy a tsohuwar Girka. [2] An haife shi a Sairina . [3] A shekara ta 159 BC. ya fara kai hari ga yawancin koyarwar akida da suka gabata, musamman Stoicism har ma da Epicureans, waɗanda masu shakka a baya suka kare.[ana buƙatar hujja]</link>
 Carneades | |||
|---|---|---|---|
 | |||
160s "BCE" - 129 "BCE" ← Hegesinus of Pergamon (en)  | |||
| Rayuwa | |||
| Haihuwa |
Cyrene (en) , 213 "BCE" | ||
| Mutuwa | Athens, 129 "BCE" | ||
| Karatu | |||
| Harsuna |
Ancient Greek (en) | ||
| Malamai |
Diogenes of Babylon (en) Hegesinus of Pergamon (en) | ||
| Ɗalibai |
view
| ||
| Sana'a | |||
| Sana'a | mai falsafa | ||
| Fafutuka |
Platonism (en) | ||
A matsayinsa na malami (shugaban) Kwalejin, yana ɗaya daga cikin masana falsafa uku da aka aika zuwa Roma a cikin 155 BC inda laccocinsa game da rashin tabbas na adalci ya haifar da firgita tsakanin manyan 'yan siyasa. Bai bar rubuce-rubuce ba. Yawancin ra'ayoyinsa ana san su ne kawai ta wurin magajinsa Clitomachus . Da alama ya yi shakkar iyawar hankali ba kawai na hankali ba amma na hankali wajen samun gaskiya . Shakkarsa ta kasance, duk da haka, ta hanyar imani cewa za mu iya, duk da haka, tabbatar da yiwuwar (ba a cikin ma'anar yiwuwar ƙididdiga ba, amma a cikin ma'anar lallashi) na gaskiya, don ba mu damar yin aiki.
Tarihin Rayuwa
gyara sasheCarneades, ɗan Epicomus ko Philokomus, an haife shi a Cyrene, Arewacin Afirka a cikin 214/213 BC. Ya yi ƙaura da wuri zuwa Atina . A wurin ya halarci jawabai na Stoic, ya koyi fahimtarsu daga Diogenes na Babila kuma yana nazarin ayyukan Chrysippus . Daga baya ya mai da hankali kan kokarinsa na karyata Stoics, yana jingina kansa ga Kwalejin Platonic, wanda ya sha wahala daga hare-haren Stoics. A kan mutuwar Hegesinus na Pergamon, an zabe shi malami (shugaban) na Kwalejin. Babban balaga da basirarsa a cikin muhawara ya farfado da daukakar masu shakkar Ilimi. Bai fayyace komai ba (ba ma cewa ba za a iya tabbatar da komai ba), ya kuma ci gaba da kafa hujja mai karfi a kan kowace akidar da wasu mazhabobi suka kiyaye.
A cikin shekara ta 155 BC, sa’ad da yake ɗan shekara hamsin da takwas, an zaɓe shi tare da Stoic Diogenes na Babila da Peripatetic Critolaus don su je jakadu a Roma don yanke tarar talanti 500 da aka ci wa Athens saboda lalata Oropus . A lokacin zamansa a Roma, ya jawo hankulan mutane sosai daga jawabansa masu ban mamaki a kan batutuwan falsafa. A nan ne, a gaban Cato the Elder, ya gabatar da jawabansa da dama kan adalci . Magana ta farko ta nuna yabo ga nagarta na adalci na Romawa . Washegari ya gabatar da zance na biyu, inda ya karyata duk wata hujjar da ya gabatar a jiya. Ya yi ƙoƙarin tabbatar da cewa babu makawa adalci yana da matsala, kuma ba a ba da shi ba idan ana maganar nagarta, sai dai kawai ƙaƙƙarfan na'urar da ake ganin ya dace don kiyaye al'umma mai tsari. Wannan magana ta girgiza Cato. Da yake fahimtar haɗarin gardama na Carneades, Cato ya motsa Majalisar Dattijai ta Roma don aika Carneades zuwa Atina don hana matasan Romawa su fuskanci sake nazarin koyaswar Romawa. Carneades ya rayu shekaru ashirin da bakwai bayan wannan a Athens .
Saboda rashin lafiyar Carneades, Polemarchus na Nicomedia ya gaje shi a matsayin malami (137/136 BC), [4] wanda ya mutu 131/130 BC kuma Crates na Tarsus ya gaje shi. [1] Crates ya mutu a shekara ta 127/126 BC kuma Clitomachus ya gaje shi. [1] Carneades ya mutu a cikin 129/128 BC, yana da shekaru 85 (ko da yake Cicero ya ce 90).
An kwatanta Carneades a matsayin mutum mai masana'antu mara gajiya. Ya shagaltu da karatunsa, har ya bar gashinsa da ƙusoshinsa su yi girma zuwa tsayin daka, kuma ba ya nan a teburin nasa (domin ba zai taɓa cin abinci ba), bawansa da ƙwarƙwararsa, Melissa, ta zama wajibi a kai a kai. ciyar da shi. Marubucin Latin da marubuci Valerius Maximus, wanda muke bin bashi na ƙarshe, ya gaya mana cewa Carneades, kafin ya tattauna da Chrysippus, ya kasance ya wanke kansa da hellebore, don samun hankali mai zurfi. [5] A lokacin da ya tsufa ya sha fama da catarat a idanuwansa, wanda ya hakura da rashin haquri sosai, ya dan yi murabus ga rugujewar dabi’a, a fusace ya rika tambaya, ko haka ne dabi’a ta warware abin da take da shi. aikata, kuma wani lokacin yana bayyana burinsa guba .
Falsafa
gyara sashe
An san Carneades a matsayin mai Skeptic na Ilimi . Masu shakka na ilimi (wanda ake kira saboda wannan shine nau'in shakku da aka koyar a Kwalejin Plato a Athens ) suna ganin cewa duk ilimin ba zai yiwu ba, sai dai sanin cewa duk sauran ilimin ba zai yiwu ba.
Carneades bai bar rubuce-rubuce ba, kuma duk abin da aka sani na laccoci ya samo asali ne daga abokinsa na kud da kud da almajiri, Clitomachus ; amma ya kasance gaskiya ne ga ka'idodinsa na hana amincewa, cewa Clitomachus ya furta cewa ba zai taɓa iya sanin ainihin abin da ubangidansa ke tunani ba kan kowane batu., wanda ya fi dacewa da batun dogon bincikensa mai ƙwazo, yana da alama ya musanta daidaiton ra'ayoyin ɗabi'a tare da yanayi. Wannan ya nanata ne musamman a kaso na biyu kan Adalci, inda a cikinsa ya fito fili ya yi fatan isar da nasa ra'ayin kan wannan batu; kuma a can ya ci gaba da cewa ra'ayoyin adalci ba su samo asali ne daga yanayi ba, amma sun kasance na wucin gadi ne kawai don dalilai na dacewa.[ana buƙatar hujja]</link>
Duk wannan, duk da haka, ba kome ba ne, sai dai aikace-aikace na musamman na ka'idarsa ta gaba ɗaya, wanda mutane ba su mallaka, kuma ba za su iya mallaka ba, kowane ma'auni na gaskiya .
Carneades yayi jayayya cewa, idan akwai ma'auni, dole ne ya kasance ko dai a cikin dalili ( tambura ), ko abin mamaki ( aithêsis ), ko tunani ( phantasia ). Amma sai hankali da kansa ya dogara da tunani, wannan kuma a kan jin dadi; kuma ba mu da wata hanya ta yin hukunci ko abin da muke ji na gaskiya ne ko na ƙarya, ko sun dace da abubuwan da ke samar da su, ko kuma suna ɗauke da ra'ayi mara kyau a cikin tunani, samar da ra'ayi da ra'ayi na ƙarya, da kuma haifar da hankali kuma cikin kuskure. Don haka, ji, tunani, da hankali, ba su cancanci zama ma'aunin gaskiya ba.
Amma bayan haka, dole ne mutane su rayu kuma su yi aiki, kuma dole ne su sami wasu ƙa'idodi na rayuwa mai amfani ; don haka, ko da yake ba zai yiwu a furta wani abu a matsayin cikakken gaskiya ba, har yanzu muna iya kafa yiwuwar digiri daban-daban. Domin, ko da yake ba za mu iya cewa duk wani tunanin da aka ba da ko ji a cikin kansa gaskiya ne, duk da haka wasu jin daɗi sun bayyana a gare mu fiye da wasu, kuma dole ne mu kasance da jagorancin abin da ya fi dacewa. Bugu da ƙari, jin daɗi ba ɗaya ba ne, amma gaba ɗaya yana haɗuwa da wasu, wanda ko dai ya tabbatar da su ko kuma ya saba musu; kuma mafi girman wannan haɗin, mafi girma shine yuwuwar kasancewar gaskiya wanda sauran suka haɗa don tabbatarwa; da kuma yanayin da mafi girman yawan ra'ayi, kowanne a cikin kansa a fili ya fi gaskiya, ya kamata su haɗu don tabbatar da abin da shi ma a kansa ya bayyana mafi gaskiya, zai gabatar wa Carneades mafi girman yuwuwar, da kusancinsa na gaskiya.
Duba sauran bayanai
gyara sashe- Ilimi (Cicero)
- Anti-gaskiya
- Dangantakar dabi'a
- Shakkun Falsafa
- Pyrrhonism
- Magana
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Dorandi 1999.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Carneades | Greek philosopher". Encyclopedia Britannica (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-09-11.
- ↑ Allen, James. "Carneades". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
Born in Cyrene, then a Greek-speaking city on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa, Carneades pursued his philosophical studies in Athens
- ↑ Kilian Fleischer: Carneades: The One and Only. In: The Journal of Hellenic Studies 138, 2019, pp. 116–124.
- ↑ Val.
- ↑ Die Schedelsche Weltchronik, 079