Wikipedia

Anna Madgigine Jai Kingsley

Anna Madgigine Jai Kingsley, haifaffen Anta Madjiguène Ndiaye (18 Yuni 1793 [1] - Afrilu ko Mayu 1870), wanda kuma aka sani da Anna Kingsley, Anta Majigeen Njaay ko Anna Madgigine Jai, yar Afirka ta Yamma ce daga Senegal ta yau. wanda aka bautar kuma aka sayar a Cuba, mai yiwuwa ta hanyar alkalan bayi a tsibirin Gorée .[2] A Cuba an saya ta, a matsayin matar aure, daga mai shuka kuma mai cinikin bayi Zephaniah Kingsley . Bayan mutuwarsa, ta zama mai shuka shuki kuma mai baiwa a kanta, a matsayin mace Bakar fata mai 'yanci a farkon karni na 19 Florida .

Anna Madgigine Jai Kingsley
Rayuwa
Haihuwa Afirka ta Yamma da Dakar, 18 ga Yuli, 1793
Mutuwa Jacksonville (mul) Fassara, 1870
Karatu
Harsuna Turanci
Sana'a
Sana'a plantation owner (en) Fassara

Ba a san tarihin farkonta dalla-dalla ba. An haife ta a cikin mutanen Wolof a 1793; mahaifinta shugaba ne, kuma wani lokaci ana kiranta da gimbiya, duk da cewa bata taba da'awar zuri'ar irin wannan ba. Lokacin da ta kai shekara 13, an kama ta aka aika zuwa Cuba, inda aka saya ta, ta yi ciki, kuma ta yi aure, a cikin bikin haihuwa, ga Zephaniah Kingsley, mai cinikin bayi kuma mai shuka shuka. Sun haifi 'ya'ya hudu tare. Kingsley ya 'yantar da Anna Jai a cikin 1811, lokacin da ta cika shekara 18, kuma ta ba ta alhakin shukarsa a Gabashin Florida, sannan a karkashin mulkin mallaka na Spain. Shekaru 25, dangin Kingsley da ba a saba gani ba sun rayu a tsibirin Fort George (wani ɓangare na Jacksonville na zamani). Anna Jai ya gudanar da babban aikin shuka mai nasara. Bayan samun 'yanci, an ba ta kyautar ƙasar Spain don 5 acres (20,000 m2) kuma ya mallaki bayi 12. Bayan kare kadarorinsu daga mamayewar Amurkawa, an ba ta kyautar fili na 350 acres (1.4 km2) ta gwamnatin Spain.

Bayan da Amurka ta karbe iko da Florida kuma dokokin nuna wariya na Amurka sun yi barazana ga dangin Kingsley na launin fata, yawancinsu sun ƙaura zuwa Haiti . Kingsley ya mutu ba da daɗewa ba, kuma Anna ta koma Florida don yin jayayya da dangin farar fata na mijinta waɗanda ke hamayya da wasiyyar Kingsley; suka nemi su ware Anna da 'ya'yanta daga gadon su. Kotun ta mutunta yarjejeniya tsakanin Amurka da Spain, kuma Anna ta yi nasara a shari'ar kotun, duk da yanayin siyasa na kiyayya ga baƙi. Ta zauna a unguwar Arlington na Jacksonville, inda ta mutu a 1870 tana da shekaru 77. Ma'aikatar Parking ta ƙasa tana kare shukar Kingsley, inda Anna da Kingsley suka zauna a tsibirin Fort George, a zaman wani ɓangare na Tsarin Muhalli da Tarihi na Timucuan .

Shekarun farko

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Gaban gidan mai shi, a Kingsley Plantation

Daniel L. Schafer, marubucin tarihin rayuwar Anna Kingsley, ya kafa tarihin rayuwarta ta farko a kan zato bisa binciken da ya yi a tarihin yankin. An haife ta Anta Majigueen Ndiaye a shekara ta 1793 a kasar Senegal ta yanzu, a wani yanki na yammacin Afirka da ya wargaza sakamakon kazamin yaki tsakanin al'ummar Wolof da ke da rinjaye da 'yan kabilar Fula . Hare-haren bayi dai na faruwa akai-akai a lokacin tashin hankalin da ya bar kananan kauyuka da dama, yayin da ake sace mutane domin a sayar da su a matsayin bayi ko kuma suna gudun hijira saboda tsoron rayukansu. [3] :4–6Bayan da rikicin ya tsananta a cikin 1790, an kama Anta a cikin 1806 lokacin da take da kusan shekaru 13, mai yiwuwa ta Tyeddo mahara daga Futa Toro.[3] Al'adar Wolof ta ɗauka cewa wani mutum mai suna Njaajaan Ndiaye ya kafa Masarautar Jolof wacce ta wanzu tsakanin 1200 zuwa 1550. Ta wurin mahaifinta, Anta zuriyar Ndiaye ce kuma tana ɗauke da sunan. Mahaifiyarta kuma tana da kakanni waɗanda suka riƙe muƙamin Buurba Jolof, ko sarkin Wolofs. Ko da yake an yi gardama kan zuriyarsu, akwai imanin cewa Anta na iya kasancewa ɗiyar masu mulki ne (saɓanin wanda yake mulki) reshen gidan sarauta. :5, 15–18

An kwatanta ta daga baya a matsayin "'yar ƙasa" da ba a saba gani ba—tsawo, mai mutunci, tare da ingantattun siffofi, da kasancewar umarni." :26

Auren Zephaniah Kingsley

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Labarin al'ada na babi na gaba na rayuwarta shine cewa an kai ta ta hanyar tsaka-tsaki mai ban sha'awa zuwa Havana, Cuba . A can, kamar yadda shi da kansa ya shaida, an sayo ta, sabuwar iso ( bozal ), ta hannun mai shuka kuma ɗan kasuwan bawa Zafaniya Kingsley . :23Ya aure ta a "ƙasar waje", mai yiwuwa Cuba, "wanda al'adarta ta Afirka ta yi bikinta kuma ta yi bikin." [3] :25

Schafer, wanda ke goyan bayan wannan sigar, ya nuna cewa an aika Anta zuwa tsibirin Gorée, wurin shigar bayi daga gabar tekun yammacin Afirka zuwa Amurka. An kai ta zuwa Havana, Cuba ; Ba a san sunan jirgin da take ciki ba. Lokacin da ’yan Afirka suka isa Ƙasar Yammacin Duniya don sayar da su a matsayin bauta, ’yan kasuwar bayi ba su rubuta sunayen da aka ba su ba, amma kawai shekarunsu, jinsi, da kuma wani lokacin ƙabila, waɗanda suka fi muhimmanci ga masu siye. :20–21

A watan Satumba ko Oktoba 1806, an nuna Anta don siyarwa kuma Zephaniah Kingsley, ɗan kasuwan bawa, ɗan kasuwa, kuma mazaunin Florida na Sipaniya, wanda yake ɗan shekara 43, yayin da Anta yake 13. :23Yayin da Kingsley ya ce daga baya cewa sun yi aure a cikin al'ada, bikin da ba na Kiristanci ba, babu wani ƙarin bayani, kaɗan kaɗan, game da wannan aure ya bayyana.

Akasin haka, a cewar Kathleen Wu, a rubuce a cikin 2009, Kingsley ya nemi matar aure a Afirka, kuma labarinsa na sayen ta a Cuba karya ne, da nufin karfafa mata gwiwa a matsayin 'yanci. [4] A cewarta, Kingsley yana bukatar ya tabbatar da cewa an bautar da ita, domin aikin da ya yi ya kasance mai inganci.

Ko ya saya ya auri Anta a Afirka ko Havana, ta raba gidan Kingsley a cikin jirgin da ke jigilar bayi daga Gorée zuwa Havana. [5] :35A lokacin da Kingsley da Anta suka isa Florida, tana da juna biyu da ɗansu na fari, George. :38

Laurel Grove

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Bayan ɗan taƙaice a St. Augustine, jirgin Zephaniah Kingsley ya yi hanyarsa ta haura kogin St. A makale da tafkin akwai tashar jirgin ruwa, babbar hanyar shiga shukar Kingsley, wadda ya sanya wa suna Laurel Grove. Kingsley ya zama ɗan ƙasar Sifen Florida a 1803, wataƙila saboda ya ba shi damar ci gaba da cinikin bayi na duniya, a lokacin da Biritaniya da Amurka ke motsawa don hana shi (wanda suka yi a 1807). [6] [7] Shekaru uku da suka gabata gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Spain ta ba shi gonar noman domin ya kawo bayi 74 a yankin. [6] [7] Spain tana ba da tallafin ƙasa mai karimci don jawo hankalin mazauna Florida. [6]

Shekaru da yawa bayan haka, Kingsley ya rubuta cewa shi da Anta, wanda a yanzu ake kira Anna, sun yi aure a wani bikin gargajiya na Afirka "a wata ƙasa ta waje", wanda masana tarihi suka ɗauka da nufin Cuba, ko da yake babu wata shaida bayan furucin Kingsley. Ba auren Kirista ba ne. A lokacin da ta isa Laurel Grove, tana da ciki. [8] Laurel Grove shuka ce mai wadata wacce ta girma lemu, auduga tsibirin teku, wake, da dankali. Sama da bayi dari ne suka yi aiki a wurin, wadanda suka fito daga kabilun Afirka da dama; sun zauna a rukunin gidaje biyu. Anna, duk da haka, ya zauna tare da Kingsley a babban gidansa. [9] A Laurel Grove, kamar yadda a yawancin gonakin kudu maso gabas, Kingsley yayi amfani da tsarin aiki don gudanar da aiki. An ba bayi kason su cika; bayan sun gama sai aka basu damar gudanar da nasu ayyukan. Wasu suna kula da lambuna, yayin da wasu ke samar da sana'o'in hannu, waɗanda duka suka sami damar siyarwa. Ko saboda dabarun noma ko tsarin aiki, Laurel Grove ya yi nasara sosai. Shekara guda shukar ta yi $10,000 ( equivalent to $209,381 a cikin 2022 ), wanda ya kasance babban kudin shiga a lokacin, musamman ga Florida da ba ta da yawa. [6]

A cikin 1811, lokacin da ta cika shekara 18, Kingsley ta ba Anna damar yin aikin doka, wanda ya tabbatar da matsayinta mai girma a gonar. Yawancin maziyartan sun ɗauka cewa ta riga ta kasance mace mai 'yanci. 'Yanci yana da mahimmanci ga makomarta. An haifi 'ya'ya uku ga Kingsleys a wannan lokacin: George, an haifi Yuni 1807; Martha, an haifi Yuli 1809; da Maryamu, an haifi Fabrairu 1811. Kingsley ya kuma ba da tabbacin 'yantar da su. Da ya mutu kafin a ’yantar da su, da an sayar da Anna da yaran a matsayin bayi. [10]

Yayin da Kingsley ke da hannu cikin jigilar kaya da kuma cinikin bayi, ya kan yi nesa da shuka. Laurel Grove yana da manaja, kuma tsohon bawa ne da aka 'yanta. Kingsley ya amince Anna ta wakilce shi a gonar. [11] [note 1]

Da yawa daga baya, Kingsley ya kwatanta matarsa a matsayin "kyakkyawa, dogo, baƙar fata a matsayin jet, amma kyakkyawa sosai. Ta kasance mai iyawa sosai, kuma tana iya aiwatar da dukkan al'amuran shuka a cikin rashi kamar yadda na iya. mai ƙauna da aminci, kuma zan iya amincewa da ita." [12] A cikin wasiyyarsa, ya ce "Ta kasance ana girmama ta a matsayin matata kuma don haka ni na yarda da ita, kuma ba na tunanin gaskiyarta, mutuncinta, mutuncinta, halinta na ɗabi'a ko hankali mai kyau zai rasa idan aka kwatanta da kowa."

A cikin 1813 a matsayin mace mai 'yanci, Anna Kingsley ta roki gwamnatin Spain don ƙasa. An ba ta 5 acres (20,000 m2) a Mandarin, Florida, hayin kogin daga Laurel Grove. Ta sayi kaya da dabbobi don fara aikin gonarta, da ma’aikata 12 da aka bautar. Bautar da ke tsakanin al'ummomin Afirka, gabaɗaya sakamakon kamawa a lokacin yaƙi, al'ada ce da wataƙila Anna ta saba da ita, gami da cewa bayi mata sukan auri iyayengijinsu domin su sami 'yanci.

An yi garkuwa da Kingsley a wannan shekarar kuma aka tsare shi har sai da ya amince da Tawayen Patriot, tashin hankalin da Amurkawa suka yi bai yi nasara ba don mamaye Florida zuwa Amurka. Amurkawa da Indiyawan Creek da Amurka ke kawowa sun kai hari a garuruwa da gonaki a (arewa) Florida, suna aika duk wani baƙar fata da suka kama zuwa bauta, ba tare da la'akari da matsayinsu na doka ba. 'Yan Patriots sun dauki Laurel Grove da 41 na bayinsa, suna amfani da wuraren a matsayin hedkwatarsu yayin da suka kai irin wannan farmaki a yankin. Kingsley ya gudu bayan an sake shi, ba a san inda yake ba. Don guje wa Amurkawa, Anna ta kusanci Mutanen Espanya kuma ta yi shawarwarin tserewa, tare da 'ya'yanta da bayi goma sha biyu. Ta kona shukar Kingsley a kasa yayin da Mutanen Espanya ke kallo. [13] Anna ta nemi Mutanen Espanya su mayar da ita gidanta, kuma ta kona shi, kuma, ta hana amfani da Patriots. Don ayyukanta, bayan yakin gwamnatin Spain ta ba Anna 350 acres (1.4 km2) . [14]

Fort George Island

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Gidajen Maam Anna, waɗanda Hukumar Kula da Kayayyakin Wuta ta gyara yanzu, suna saman dakunan girki. Babban gidan yana bayan gida.

A cikin 1814 Zephaniah Kingsley ya sayi wani shuka, wanda yake a tsibirin Fort George, kusa da bakin kogin St. Johns. An wawashe gidan mai gidan tare da lalata duk wani gini da ke cikin gidan. Yayin da ake sake gina wuraren bauta da wasu gine-gine, Anna ta ƙaura, ta ɗauki nauyin kula da shuka a lokacin da Kingsley ba ya kasuwanci. :46–47

A wani lokaci a cikin 1820s, sun gina wani ɗakin dafa abinci daban. Yana da daki a samansa inda Anna ke zaune tare da 'ya'yanta. Wanda ake wa lakabi da “Ma’am Anna House”, wannan ya biyo bayan al’adar da aka saba yi a yammacin Afirka na auren mata da mazajensu, musamman a auren mata fiye da daya. :50Kingsley ya auri wasu mata uku, dukansu bayi, yayin da yake tsibirin Fort George. Biyu daga cikinsu sun kawo yara. [6] Ya haifi ’ya’ya 9 a cikin matansa guda hudu na Afirka, kuma ba farare ba.

An gina dakunan bayi 32 ba da nisa da gidan Kingsley ba. An yi su ne da tabby, an yi su ta hanyar buga bawo na kawa zuwa lemun tsami da ƙara ruwa da yashi. Harsashin sun fito ne daga manyan tsaunuka da Timucua suka bari wanda a baya suka zauna a tsibirin. Masana ilimin ɗan adam sun ce wataƙila Anna tana da ilimin da za ta koya wa bayinta yadda za su kafa tabby domin ana amfani da ita sosai a Yammacin Afirka. :53Har ila yau, an gina harsashin "Ma'am Anna House" da tabby, wanda ya tabbatar da cewa ba ya da wuta kuma ya fi itace. An shirya wuraren bautar a cikin wani tsari na madauwari mai ma'ana wanda ya kasance abin ban mamaki a Kudu. Wasu ’yan tarihi sun ce Kingsley ya shirya su don su kula da bayinsa da kyau. Marubuci Daniel Schafer yayi hasashe cewa mai yiwuwa Anna ita ce ke da alhakin tsara wuraren bauta: yawancin ƙauyuka na Afirka an tsara su a cikin madauwari. [3] :55

A shekara ta 1824, Anna ta haifi ɗanta na huɗu, John, wanda ya yi baftisma a bikin Katolika tare da ’yar wani daga cikin matan Kingsley. Anna ta yi abota da wata farar fata mai suna Susan L'Engle, wadda ta ji daɗin Anna sosai kuma ta kira ta "Gimbiya ta Afirka". (Yarinyar L'Engle, marubuciyar yara Madeleine L'Engle, ta rubuta labarinta a cikin wani littafi mai suna The Summer of the Great-Grandmother .) Susan L'Engle na da ra'ayi cewa Anna ta kasance mai kaɗaici duk da cewa ayyukanta a shuka. ta ci gaba da shagaltuwa. :58Yarinyar Kingsley ta tuna da yawa daga baya tunaninta na farko game da Anna:

Ina tunawa da ita sosai. Ba baƙar fata ba ce, kuma tana da mafi kyawun siffofi da kuka taɓa gani. Ta kasance mace mai ban sha'awa kuma kyakkyawa. Fatarta mai santsi, launin ruwan kasa mai haske, idanuwanta masu duhu da kaushi [sic] ya sa ta yi fice, kuma ba zan kawar da idona don sha'awa ba. Ta yi shiru tana motsi cikin mutunci - ban taba ganin wani abu kamarta ba, kafin ko tun daga lokacin. Ita ma 'yarta tana can, ita ma tana da haske sosai, amma ba kyan gani kamar mahaifiyarta. Ina da shekara shida ko bakwai a lokacin. Ni yar'uwar Kingsley ce. Washegari kawata, Misis Gibbs, ta aiko mana da bayi biyu da doki da ’yan tudu, kuma aka kai mu Newcastle. Mahaifiyata ta yi fushi da mun kwana a wurin Ma’am Anna, amma ba a iya taimaka mana. [15] </link>[ <span title="A complete citation is needed. (September 2022)">cikakkiyar magana da ake bukata</span> ]

Haiti kuma komawa Florida

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Bayan Spain ta ba da ikon mallakar Florida ga Amurka a cikin 1822, sabuwar gwamnatin jihar ta ci gaba da aiwatar da tsauraran ka'idoji da ke raba "jinin," kamar yadda ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin sauran jihohi a Kudancin Amurka . Jihohin Kudancin sun haɓaka hane-hane akan Blacks kyauta bayan Tawayen Nat Turner na 1831. Iyalan Kingsley masu gauraya sun sami tasiri kai tsaye da kuma mummunan tasirin waɗannan "dokokin marasa sassaucin ra'ayi da rashin adalci", kamar yadda Kingsley ya faɗa a cikin wasiyyarsa. :62Kingsley ya tura duk abin da suka mallaka zuwa manyan yara uku kuma ya koma Haiti a 1835. (Yankin da ya ƙaura yanzu yana cikin Jamhuriyar Dominican .) ’Ya’yansu mata biyu sun riga sun auri farar shuka a Florida kuma suka zauna a wurin. Anna da ƙaramin ɗansu sun bi Kingsley zuwa Haiti a 1838. Gabaɗaya, bayi 60, ’yan uwa, da ma’aikatan da aka ’yanta sun ƙaura tare da Kingsley zuwa Haiti don yin noma wani shuka da ake kira Mayorasgo de Koka . Domin an hana bautar da bauta a Haiti, Kingsley ya mai da bayinsa zuwa bayin da ba a ba su ba, waɗanda za su iya samun ’yancinsu da wasu shekaru tara na aiki. Kingsley ya kwatanta rayuwa a Haiti a matsayin abin banza. A shekara ta 1843, lokacin da Anna ke da shekara 50, Kingsley ya mutu a hanyarsa ta zuwa New York, inda aka binne shi. [6]

Ɗaya daga cikin dokokin da Majalisar Yankin Florida ta zartar wanda ya firgita Kingsley shine tanadin cewa yara masu gauraya ba za su iya gadon dukiya daga ubanninsu ba. Har ila yau yankin bai amince da auren "tsakanin kabilanci" ko auren mata fiye da daya a matsayin doka ba. Shekarar da ta biyo bayan mutuwar Kingsley, 'yar uwarsa Martha da 'ya'yanta sun yi hamayya da nufinsa a matsayin "marasa lahani kuma mara inganci". :60'Yar'uwar Kingsley ta yi misali da dokar Florida da ta haramta wa Baƙar fata mallakar dukiya, kuma ta yi iƙirarin cewa sauran matan Anna da Kingsley sun ƙaura zuwa Haiti ba tare da bata lokaci ba, suka watsar da kadarorin a Florida don zama mutane masu 'yanci. Anna ta koma Florida a cikin 1846 don shiga cikin tsaron gida na Kingsley, duk da karuwar yanayin launin fata a Duval County . [3] :72

Kotun ta amince da yarjejeniyar da aka rattabawa hannu tsakanin Amurka da Spain da ke nuna cewa duk Bakar fata da aka haifa kafin 1822 a Florida suna da gata iri daya da suka samu a lokacin da Spain ta mallaki Gabashin Florida. Anna ta kuma nemi kuma an ba ta izinin mallakar bayi waɗanda aka aika zuwa gonar San Jose lokacin da dangi suka ƙaura zuwa Haiti. Kotu ta ki amincewa da bukatar ta na hayar bayi zuwa wasu gonaki don kara yawan ribar da take samu.

Anna da 'ya'yanta sun zama masu goyon bayan Tarayyar lokacin da yakin basasar Amurka ya barke a shekara mai zuwa. Ita da sauran 'yan baƙar fata masu kyauta sun kori daga sojojin Union lokacin da suka kama Jacksonville a 1862. Ta koma gida a shekara mai zuwa don kusanci da 'ya'yanta mata, kuma ta mutu a 1870 tana da shekaru 77. An binne ta a Jacksonville amma babu wanda ya san inda; Kabarinta ya bata.

Zuriya

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Anna Kingsley tana da zuriyar da suka bayyana a matsayin farare, Baƙar fata, da/ko Latino (na kowace kabila) kuma suna rayuwa da farko a cikin Amurka da Jamhuriyar Dominican. Zuriyarta da aka gane baƙar fata a Jacksonville, Florida, sun kafa wani ɓangare na Black Upper Class fiye da karni guda bayan mutuwarta: babbar jikanta Mary Kingsley Sammis ita ce matar Abraham Lincoln Lewis, bakar fata na farko na Florida, da Sammis da Lewis ' zuriyar sun hada da sanannen malami Johnnetta Betsch Cole, ma'aikacin kiyayewa MaVynee Betsch da mawaƙin jazz John Betsch.[16]

Yana aiki game da Anna Kingsley

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Gidan wasan kwaikwayo

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  • Madjigeen, na Jennifer Chase, waƙar kida ce ta fara samarwa a shekara ta 2005.
  • Anna shine batun taƙaitaccen shirin gaskiya a cikin tarin 2018 Buɗe Jax .

Littattafai

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  • Bound Freedom, ta Rosalie Turner (2006), labari ne na tarihi game da Anna.
  • 'Yar Anna Maryamu ita ce jarumar littafin yara na 2008 The Treasure of Amelia Island, na MC Finotti.

Kayan koyarwa

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  • Tilford, Kathy (1997). "Anna Kingsley: A Free Woman". OAH Magazine of History. 12: 35–37. JSTOR 25163192.

Bayanan kula

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  1. ↑ "Anna Kingsley, Former Slave, Abolitionist, Plantation Owner". African American Registry. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
  2. ↑ Girard, Philippe (2016). "Kingsley, Anna Madgigine Jai (c. 1793–1870)". In Knight, Franklin W.; Gates, Jr., Henry Louis (eds.). Dictionary of Caribbean and Afro–Latin American Biography. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199935796.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Schafer, Daniel L. (2003). Anna Madgigine Jai Kingsley: African Princess, Florida Slave, Plantation Slaveowner. University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-2616-4.
  4. ↑ Wu, Kathleen Gibbs Johnson (2009). "Manumission of Anna: Another Interpretation". El Escribano. St. Augustine Journal of History: 51–68.
  5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Schafer2018
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 May, Philip S. (January 1945). "Zephaniah Kingsley, Nonconformist". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 23 (3): 145–159. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "may" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Williams, Edwin (October 1949). "Negro Slavery in Florida". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 28: 94–110.
  8. ↑ Schafer 2003, p. 24.
  9. ↑ Schafer 2003 pp. 27–28.
  10. ↑ Schafer 2003, pp. 32–33.
  11. ↑ Schafer 2003, p. 34.
  12. ↑ Schafer 2003, p. 26.
  13. ↑ Schafer 2003, pp. 41–42.
  14. ↑ Schafer 2003, p. 43.
  15. ↑ Jackson and Burns, pp. 20–21.
  16. ↑ Dickinson, Joy Wallace (2019-03-03). "Historic sites meet challenge of telling true stories of past". Orlando Sentinel (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-12-25.


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