'ya'yan itace

A cikin ilimin shuke-shuke, 'Ya'yan itace shine tsarin shuke-shiryen fure (angiosperms) wanda aka kafa daga Ovary bayan fure (duba jikin 'ya'ya'yan itatuwa).

'Ya'yan itace sune hanyar da angiosperms ke yada tsaba. An yadu da 'ya'yan itace masu cin abinci musamman ta hanyar amfani da motsi na mutane da sauran dabbobi a cikin Dangantaka ta symbiotic wato, hanyar watsa iri ga ɗayan rukuni da Abinci mai gina jiki ga ɗayan. Mutane, da sauran dabbobi da yawa, sun dogara da 'ya'yan itace a matsayin tushen abinci. Sakamakon haka, 'ya'yan itatuwa suna da babban bangare na aikin noma na duniya, kuma wasu (kamar apple da pomegranate) sun sami ma'anoni masu yawa na al'adu da alama.

A cikin harshe na yau da kullun da amfani da abinci, 'Ya'yan itace yawanci suna nufin tsarin nama mai alaƙa da iri (ko samarwa) na tsire-tsire waɗanda yawanci suna da daɗi (ko mai zaki) kuma ana iya cinye su a cikin ƙasa, kamar apples, ayaba, inabi, lemun tsami, orange, da strawberries. A cikin amfani da shuke-shuke, kalmar 'Ya'yan itace ta haɗa da tsarin da yawa waɗanda ba a kira su kamar haka a cikin yaren yau da kullun, kamar kwayoyi, wake, masara, tumatir, da hatsi na alkama.

Botanical vs. abinci

Shirye-shiryen 'ya'yan itace da aka fi sani da kayan lambu, gami da masara (mai), Tumatir, da kuma squash daban-daban

Yawancin kalmomin harshe da aka saba amfani da su don 'ya'yan itace da tsaba sun bambanta da rarrabawar botanical. Misali, a cikin botany, 'Ya'yan itace ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta ne ko carpel wanda ke ƙunshe da tsaba, misali, orange, pomegranate, tumatir ko kabewa. Kwaya itace wani nau'in 'ya'yan itace ne (kuma ba iri ba), kuma iri ita ce kwai mai nunawa.^[1]

A cikin harshen abinci, 'Ya'yan itace mai ɗanɗano ne- ko ba mai ɗanɗana ba- (har ma mai ɗanɗwano) na takamaiman shuka (misali, peach, pear ko lemun tsami); kwayoyi suna da wuya, mai, shuka marar ɗanɗano da ke samarwa a cikin harsashi (hazelnut, acorn). Abincin kayan lambu, wanda ake kira, yawanci kayan lambu ne ko kayan da ba su da dadi (zucchini, lettuce, broccoli, da tumatir). amma wasu na iya zama mai ɗanɗano (dankali mai ɗanɗana).

Sabon 'ya'yan itace.

Misalan 'ya'yan itace da aka rarraba a cikin shuke-shuke waɗanda galibi ake kira kayan lambu sun haɗa da cucumber, pumpkin, da squash (duk su cucurbits ne); wake, peanuts, da wake (duk kayan lambu); da masara, eggplant, bell pepper (ko sweet pepper), da tumatir. Yawancin kayan yaji 'ya'yan itace ne, a cikin magana da shuke-shuke, gami da baƙar fata, chili, cumin da allspice.^[1] Sabanin haka, ana kiran rhubarb sau da yawa 'ya'yan itace lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi wajen yin pies, amma kayan abinci na rhubark shine ainihin ganyen ganye ko peciole na shuka. Ana ba da tsaba na gymnosperm mai cin abinci sau da yawa sunayen 'Ya'yan itace, misali, kwayoyin Ginkgo da kwayoyin pine.

A fannin shuke-shuke, hatsi, kamar masara, shinkafa, ko alkama wani nau'in 'ya'yan itace ne (wanda ake kira caryopsis). Koyaya, bangon 'ya'yan itace yana da ƙanƙanta kuma ya haɗu da gashin iri, don haka kusan dukkanin' ya'yan itacen da za a iya cinyewa a zahiri iri ne.

Tsarinsa

'Ya'yan itace na pomegranate - gaba ɗaya da yanki tare da arils

'Ya'yan itace Platter- 'Ya'ya'yan itacen yanayi.

Layer na waje, sau da yawa mai cinyewa, na mafi yawan 'ya'yan itace ana kiransa pericarp. Yawanci an kafa shi daga ovary, yana kewaye da tsaba; a wasu nau'o'in, duk da haka, wasu ƙwayoyin tsari suna ba da gudummawa ko samar da ɓangaren da za a iya cinyewa. Ana iya bayyana pericarp a cikin yadudduka uku daga waje zuwa ciki, watau, epicarp, mesocarp da endocarp.

An ce 'ya'yan itace da ke ɗauke da sanannen tsinkaye na ƙarshe an ce suna da baki.^[2]

Ci gaba

'Ya'yan itace suna fitowa ne daga taki da balaga na furanni ɗaya ko fiye. gynoecium, wanda ya ƙunshi tsarin Stigma-style-ovary, yana tsakiyar a cikin furen-kai, kuma yana samar da duka ko wani ɓangare na 'ya'yan itace. A cikin Ovary (ies) akwai ƙwai ɗaya ko fiye. A nan ne ya fara wani tsari mai rikitarwa da ake kira fertilization sau biyu: mace gametophyte tana samar da kwai don manufar haihuwa. (An kira mace gametophyte megagametophyte, kuma ana kiranta embryo sac.) Bayan ninki biyu, ƙwai za su zama tsaba.

Ana amfani da ƙwai a cikin tsari wanda ke farawa tare da pollination, wanda shine motsi na pollen daga stamens zuwa tsarin stigma-style-ovary a cikin furen-kai. Bayan pollination, bututun pollen yana girma daga pollen (wanda aka ajiye) ta hanyar stigma zuwa cikin salon zuwa cikin ovary zuwa kwai. Ana canja maniyyi biyu daga pollen zuwa megagametophyte. A cikin megagametophyte, maniyyi ɗaya ya haɗu da kwai, ya samar da zygote, yayin da maniyyi na biyu ya shiga cikin tantanin halitta na tsakiya wanda ya samar da tantanin halitta, wanda ya kammala tsarin ninka sau biyu. Daga baya, zygote zai haifar da tayin na iri, kuma kwayar mahaifiyar endosperm za ta haifar da endosperme, kwayar abinci mai gina jiki da tayin ke amfani da ita.

Yayin da ƙwai suka girma zuwa tsaba, ovary ya fara nunawa kuma bangon ovary, pericarp, na iya zama nama (kamar yadda yake a cikin 'ya'yan itace ko drupes), ko kuma yana iya samar da murfin waje mai wuya (kamar a cikin kwayoyi). A wasu 'ya'yan itatuwa masu yawa, yadda tsarin nama ke tasowa daidai yake da yawan ƙwai masu amfani. Ana rarraba pericarp zuwa nau'o'i biyu ko uku daban-daban; ana kiran waɗannan exocarp (Layer na waje, wanda ake kira epicarp), mesocarp (Tsakiyar Tsakiya), da endocarp (Layer ta ciki).

A wasu 'ya'yan itace, sepals, petals, stamen ko salon furen sun fadi yayin da 'ya'ya'yan itatuwa masu nama suka girma. Koyaya, don 'ya'yan itace masu sauƙi waɗanda aka samo daga Ƙananan ovary - watau, wanda ke ƙasa da haɗin wasu ɓangarorin furanni - akwai ɓangarori (ciki har da petals, sepals, da stamens) waɗanda suka haɗu da ovary kuma suka nuna tare da shi. Ga irin wannan yanayin, lokacin da sassan furanni ban da ovary suka zama wani muhimmin bangare na 'ya'yan itace da ke tasowa, ana kiransa 'ya'ya mai amfani. Misalan 'ya'yan itace masu amfani sun haɗa da apple, rose hip, strawberry, da pineapple.

Saboda sassa da yawa na furen ban da ovary na iya ba da gudummawa ga tsarin 'ya'yan itace, yana da mahimmanci a fahimci yadda wani 'ya'ya'yan itatuwa ke samuwa. Akwai hanyoyi uku na ci gaban 'ya'yan itace:

'Ya'yan itace na Apocarpous suna tasowa daga furen guda ɗaya (yayinda suke da ɗaya ko fiye daban, ba a haɗa su ba, carpels); su ne 'ya'yan itacen masu sauƙi.
'Ya'yan itace na Syncarpous suna tasowa daga gynoecium guda ɗaya (suna da carpels biyu ko fiye da suka haɗu tare).
'Ya'yan itace da yawa suna samuwa daga furanni da yawa - watau, fure-fure na furanni.

The development sequence of a typical drupe, the nectarine (Prunus persica) over a 7.5-month period, from bud formation in early winter to fruit ripening in midsummer
The parts of a flower, showing the stigma-style-ovary system.
An apple is a simple, fleshy fruit. Key parts are the epicarp, or exocarp, or outer skin (not labelled); and the mesocarp and endocarp (labelled).
Insertion point: There are three positions of insertion of the ovary at the base of a flower: I superior; II half-inferior; III inferior. The 'insertion point' is where the androecium parts (a), the petals (p), and the sepals (s) all converge and attach to the receptacle (r). (Ovary=gynoecium (g).)
In the noni, flowers are produced in time-sequence along the stem. It is possible to see a progression of flowering, fruit development, and fruit ripening.
Twin apples.

Rarraba 'ya'yan itace

Fure-fure na Dewberry. Lura pistils da yawa, kowannensu zai samar da Drupelet. Kowane furen zai zama 'ya'yan itace mai kama da blackberry.

'Ya'yan itace Dewberry

Dangane da hanyoyi uku na ci gaban 'ya'yan itace, masana kimiyya na shuke-shuke sun rarraba' ya'yan itaci zuwa manyan rukuni uku: 'ya'ya masu sauƙi, 'ya'yansa masu yawa, da' ya'ya itatuwa masu yawa (ko hadaddun). Ƙungiyoyin suna nuna yadda aka shirya ovary da sauran gabobin furanni da kuma yadda 'ya'yan itatuwa ke tasowa, amma ba su da mahimmanci ga juyin halitta kamar yadda nau'ikan shuke-shuke daban-daban zasu iya kasancewa a cikin rukuni ɗaya.

Duk da yake ɓangaren fungus wanda ke samar da ƙwayoyin cuta ana kiransa jikin 'ya'yan itace, ^[3] ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta cikin masarautar fungi ba na masarautar shuka ba.

'Ya'yan itace masu sauki

'Ya'yan itace mai sauƙi mai bushewa: milkweed (Asclepias syriaca); dehiscence na 'ya'yan itacen follicular yana nuna tsaba a ciki.

'Ya'yan itace masu sauƙi sune sakamakon ripening-to-fruit na mai sauƙi ko mai fili ovary a cikin furen guda ɗaya tare da pistil guda ɗaya. Sabanin haka, furen guda ɗaya tare da pistils da yawa yawanci yana samar da 'ya'yan itace; kuma haɗuwa da furanni da yawa, ko 'ya'ya furanni da 'ya yawa', yana haifar da 'ya-ya'yan itatuwa da yawa'. Ana rarraba 'ya'yan itace masu sauƙi a matsayin bushe ko nama.

Don rarraba tsaba su, 'ya'yan itatuwa masu bushe na iya buɗewa kuma su fitar da tsaba zuwa iska, wanda ake kira dehiscence. Ko tsarin rarraba na iya dogaro da lalacewa da lalacewar 'ya'yan itace don fallasa tsaba; ko kuma yana iya dogarowa da cin 'ya'ya itace da fitar da tsaba ta hanyar frugivores - dukansu ana kiransu indehiscence. 'Ya'yan itace masu nama ba sa raba su, amma kuma ba su da kyau kuma suna iya dogaro da kayan lambu don rarraba tsaba su. Yawanci, duk layin waje na bangon ovary yana girma cikin pericarp mai iya cinyewa.

yNau'o'in 'ya'yan itace masu sauƙi, (tare da misalai) sun haɗa da:

Achene - wanda aka fi gani a cikin 'ya'yan itace (misali, strawberry, duba ƙasa).
Capsule - (Brazil nut: botanically, ba kwai ba ne).
Caryopsis - (gurasa, gami da alkama, shinkafa, oats, sha'ir).
Cypsela - 'ya'yan itace mai kama da achene wanda aka samo daga kowane furanni a cikin capitulum: (Dandelion).
Fibrous drupe - (koconut, walnut: botanically, babu wani nut na gaskiya).
Follicle - follicles an kafa su ne daga carpel guda Ƙarya, kuma suna buɗewa ta hanyar sutura ɗaya: (milkweed); kuma ana ganin su a cikin 'ya'yan itace: (Magnolia, peony).
Legumes - (bean, wake, peanut: botanically, peanut shine iri na legume, ba kwai ba).
Loment - wani nau'in legume indehiscent: (sweet vetch ko dankali na daji).
Nut - (beechnut, hazelnut, acorn (na itacen oak): a fannin shuke-shuke, waɗannan ƙwayoyin gaskiya ne).
Samara - (ash, elm, maple key).
Schizocarp, duba ƙasa - (tsuntsu).
Siliki - (tsuntsu mai tsayi).
Silicle - (kayan makiyayi).
Utricle - (beet, Rumes).

'Ya'yan itace wanda wani bangare ko duk pericarp (bango na' ya'yan itacen) yana da nama a lokacin da ya girma ana kiransu' ya'ya'yan itaci masu sauƙi.

Nau'o'in 'ya'yan itace masu sauƙi, (tare da misalai) sun haɗa da:

Berry - berry shine mafi yawan nau'in 'ya'yan itace masu nama. Dukan Layer na waje na bangon ovary yana girma cikin "pericarp" mai iya cinyewa, (duba ƙasa).
'Ya'yan itace na dutse ko drupe - ainihin halayyar drupe shine dutse mai wuya, "mai laushi" (wani lokacin ana kiransa "pit"). An samo shi ne daga bangon ovary na fure: Apricot, cherry, zaitun, peach, plum, mango.
Pome - 'ya'yan itace na pome: apples, pears, rosehips, saskatoon berry, da dai sauransu, 'ya'ya ce mai laushi, 'ya-ya'yan itatuwa masu sauƙi, suna tasowa daga rabin-ƙasa. Pomes suna cikin iyalin Rosaceae .

'Ya'yan itace

'Ya'yan itatuwa na nau'ikan ayaba daban-daban guda huɗu (Ayan itace ne berries.)

Strawberry, yana nuna achenes a haɗe da farfajiya. A fannin shuke-shuke, strawberries ba 'ya'yan itace ba ne; an rarraba su azaman kayan haɗi.

Fure na Magnolia × wieseneri yana nuna pistils da yawa da ke samar da gynoecium a tsakiyar furen. 'Ya'yan itacen wannan furen shine tarin follicles.

Berries wani nau'in 'ya'yan itace ne mai laushi wanda ke fitowa daga ovary guda ɗaya. (Ovary kanta na iya zama fili, tare da carpels da yawa.) Kalmar botanical ta gaskiya ta haɗa da inabi, currants, cucumbers, eggplants (aubergines), tumatir, chili peppers, da ayaba, amma ya cire wasu 'ya'yan itatuwa da ake kira "-berry" ta hanyar al'adar abinci ko ta hanyar amfani da kalmar - kamar strawberries da raspberries. Ana iya samar da 'ya'yan itace daga ɗaya ko fiye da carpels (watau, daga mai sauƙi ko mai faɗi) daga wannan, furen guda ɗaya. Ana saka tsaba a cikin ciki mai nama na ovary.

Misalan sun hada da:

Tomato - a cikin sharuddan abinci, ana ɗaukar Tumatir a matsayin kayan lambu, amma an rarraba shi a matsayin 'ya'yan itace da 'ya'ya.^[4]
Banana - an bayyana 'ya'yan itace a matsayin "berry na fata". A cikin nau'ikan da aka noma, tsaba suna raguwa kusan zuwa rashin wanzuwar.
Pepo - 'ya'yan itace tare da fata wanda ya yi tauri: cucurbits, gami da gourds, squash, melons.
Hesperidium - 'ya'yan itace tare da fata da ciki mai ɗanɗano: mafi yawan' ya'yan itacen citrus.
Cranberry, gooseberry, redcurrant, inabi.

Strawberry, ba tare da la'akari da bayyanarsa ba, an rarraba shi azaman bushe, ba 'ya'yan itace mai nama ba. A fannin shuke-shuke, ba 'Ya'yan itace ba ne; 'ya'ya ce mai amfani da kayan haɗi, kalmar ƙarshe tana nufin ɓangaren nama ba daga ovaries na shuka ba amma daga abin da ke riƙe da ovaries. Yawancin busassun Achenes suna haɗe a waje na 'ya'yan itace-naman; sun bayyana a matsayin tsaba amma kowannensu a zahiri ovary ne na furen, tare da iri a ciki.^[5]

Schizocarps 'ya'yan itatuwa ne masu bushe, kodayake wasu suna da nama. Sun samo asali ne daga ovaries na syncarpous amma ba su da ainihin dehisce; maimakon haka, sun rabu zuwa ɓangarori tare da iri ɗaya ko fiye. Sun haɗa da nau'o'i daban-daban daga iyalai da yawa, gami da carrot, parsnip, parsley, cumin.

'Ya'yan itace da aka haɗa

Bayani game da furen raspberry: akwai tarin pistils a tsakiyar furen. (A pistil kunshi Stigma, style, da Ovary.) The stigma ne apical (a salon) nodule cewa karbar pollen; style ne mai kama da tushe cewa ya shimfiɗa zuwa ovary, wanda shine basal part cewa dauke da kwai-kafa.

Lilium unripe capsule fruit; wani aggregate 'ya'yan itace.

Ana kuma kiran 'ya'yan itace da aka tara a tara, ko etaerio; yana tasowa daga furen guda ɗaya wanda ke gabatar da pistils masu sauƙi da yawa. Kowane pistil yana dauke da carpel guda ɗaya; tare, suna samar da 'ya'yan itace. Babban ci gaba (ya'yan itace) na tarin pistils ana kiransa 'ya'yan itatuwa, 'ya'ya itace etaerio, ko kuma kawai etaerio.

Nau'o'i daban-daban na 'ya'yan itace na iya samar da etaerios daban-daban, kamar su achenes, drupelets, follicles, da berries.

Misali, nau'in Ranunculaceae, gami da Clematis da Ranunculus, suna samar da etaerio na Achenes;
Rubus jinsuna, ciki har da raspberry: wani etaerio na Drupelets;
Nau'in Calotropis: wani etaerio na 'ya'yan itace;
Annona species: wani etaerio na 'Ya'yan itace.

Wasu wasu nau'o'in da aka sani da yawa da kuma etaerios (ko tarawa) sune:

Teasel; 'ya'yan itace tarin cypselas ne.
Tuliptree; 'ya'yan itace tarin samaras ne.
Magnolia da peony; 'ya'yan itace tarin follicles ne.
Gishiri mai zaki na Amurka; 'ya'yan itace tarin capsules ne.
Sycamore; 'ya'yan itace tarin achenes ne.

Ana kiran pistils na raspberry drupe saboda kowane pistil yana kama da karamin drupe da aka haɗe da akwatin. A wasu 'ya'yan itace, kamar su blackberry, akwati, wani sashi na kayan haɗi, ya yi tsawo sannan ya bunkasa a matsayin wani ɓangare na' ya'yan itacen, yana mai da blackberry ya zama 'ya'ya'yan haɗi. Strawberry kuma 'ya'yan itace ne mai haɗawa, wanda tsaba ke ƙunshe a cikin Achenes. Musamman a cikin waɗannan misalai, 'ya'yan itace suna tasowa daga furen guda ɗaya, tare da pistils da yawa.

'Ya'yan itace kala kala

An kafa 'ya'yan itace da yawa daga tarin furanni, ('ya'yan furanni da yawa) - wanda kuma ake kira inflorescence. Kowane ('ƙaramin') furen yana samar da 'ya'yan itace guda ɗaya, wanda, yayin da duk ke tasowa, duk suna haɗuwa cikin tarin' ya'yan itacen. Misalan sun hada da pineapple, fig, Mulberry, Orange na Osage, da breadfruit. An samar da fure (ƙungiya) na fararen furanni, wanda ake kira kai, da farko. Bayan taki, kowane furen a cikin tarin ya bunkasa ya zama drupe; yayin da drupes ke fadada, suna bunkasa a matsayin kwayar halitta, suna haɗuwa cikin 'ya'yan itace masu yawa da ake kira syncarp.

Za'a iya lura da matakai masu ci gaba na fure da yawa da ci gaban 'ya'yan itace a reshe ɗaya na mulberry na Indiya, ko Noyi. A lokacin jerin ci gaba, ana fara ci gaba na biyu, na uku, da kuma karin inflorescences bi da bi a kan reshe ko tushe.

Siffofin 'ya'yan itace masu amfani

'Ya'yan itace na iya haɗawa da ƙwayoyin da aka samo daga wasu sassan furanni ban da ovary, gami da akwati, hypanthium, petals, ko sepals. 'Ya'yan itace masu amfani suna faruwa a cikin dukkan nau'o'i uku na ci gaban' ya'yan itacen - mai sauƙi, tarawa, da yawa. Ana sanya 'ya'yan itace masu amfani akai-akai ta hanyar kalmar hyphenated da ke nuna haruffa biyu. Misali, pineapple 'ya'yan itace ne mai kayan haɗi da yawa, blackberry 'ya'ya ce mai kayan haɗe-haɗe, kuma apple 'ya'yi ne mai kayan aiki mai sauƙi.

Misalai na 'ya'yan itace masu nama

Nau'ikan 'ya'yan itace masu nama
Irin wannan	Misalan
'Ya'yan itace masu nama	'Ya'yan itace na Gaskiya, 'ya'yan itacen dutse, pome
'Ya'yan itace da aka haɗa	Boysenberry, Lilium, Magnolia, raspberry, pawpaw, blackberry, strawberry
'Ya'yan itace da yawa	Fig, osage orange, Mulberry, pineapple
'Ya'yan itace na Gaskiya	Banana, blackcurrant, blueberry, chili pepper, kwai" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Cranberry">cranberry, eggplant, gooseberry, inabi, guava, kiwifruit, lucuma, pomegranate, redcurrant, Tumar, watermelonalade
'Ya'yan itace na gaskiya: Pepo	Cucumber, gourd, melon, pumpkinkabewa
'Ya'yan itace na gaskiya: Hesperidium	Grapefruit, lime" data-linkid="433" href="./Lemon" id="mwAlg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Lemon">lemun tsami, lemun zuma, orange
'Ya'yan itace masu amfani	Apple, rose hip, dutse 'ya'yan itace, pineapple, blackberry, strawberry

'Ya'yan itace marasa iri

'Ya'yan itace na pineapple sun haɗa da nama daga sepals da kuma pistils na furanni da yawa. 'Ya'yan itace ne mai kayan haɗi da yawa.

Rashin shuka wani muhimmin fasalin wasu 'ya'yan itace ne na kasuwanci. Kasuwancin shuke-shuke na ayaba da pineapples misalai ne na 'Ya'yan itace marasa iri. Wasu nau'ikan 'ya'yan itace (musamman grapefruit, mandarin orange, navel orange, satsumas), inabi na tebur, da na watermelons suna da daraja saboda rashin iri. A wasu nau'o'in, rashin iri shine sakamakon parthenocarpy, inda 'ya'yan itace suka sauka ba tare da taki ba. 'Ya'yan itace na Parthenocarpic na iya (ko ba zai iya) buƙatar pollination, amma yawancin' ya'yan itacen citrus marasa iri suna buƙatar motsawa daga pollination don samar da' ya'ya itace. Banana da inabi marasa iri sune triploids, kuma rashin iri yana haifar da zubar da ciki na shuka mai ciki wanda aka samar ta hanyar taki, wani abu da aka sani da stenospermocarpy, wanda ke buƙatar pollination na al'ada da taki.

Yaduwar tsaba

Bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin 'ya'yan itace ya dogara da hanyoyin warwatsewa da aka yi amfani da su ga tsaba. Ana samun warwatse ta iska ko ruwa, ta hanyar fashewa, da kuma hulɗa da dabbobi.

Wasu 'ya'yan itatuwa suna gabatar da fatarsu ta waje ko kwarangwal da aka rufe da spikes ko ƙugiya; waɗannan sun samo asali ne ko dai don hana masu neman abinci daga cin su ko kuma su yi amfani da su don haɗe kansu da gashi, gashin tsuntsaye, ko tufafin dabbobi, don haka amfani da su a matsayin wakilai na watsawa. Wadannan tsire-tsire ana kiransu zoochorous; misalai na yau da kullun sun haɗa da cocklebur, tsire-shuke na unicorn, da beggarticks (ko allurar Mutanen Espanya) .

Ta hanyar ci gaban juyin halitta na juna, kayan 'ya'yan itace masu nama yawanci suna kira ga dabbobi masu fama da yunwa, don haka ana ɗaukar tsaba da ke ciki, ana ɗauke su, kuma daga baya ana ajiye su (watau, an zubar da su) a nesa da shuka na iyaye. Hakazalika, ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta masu gina jiki, masu mai yawanci suna motsa tsuntsaye da Squirrels su tara su, suna binne su a cikin ƙasa don dawo da su daga baya a lokacin hunturu na ƙarancin; don haka, ana shuka tsaba da ba a ci ba yadda ya kamata a ƙarƙashin yanayin halitta don tsiro da girma sabon shuka mai nisa daga iyaye.^[1]

Sauran 'ya'yan itace sun samo asali ne daga fuka-fuki masu laushi da tsawo ko fuka-fuka masu kama da helikofta, misali, elm, maple, da tuliptree. Wannan hanyar tana ƙara nisan warwatse daga iyaye ta hanyar iska. Sauran 'ya'yan itace da iska ke watsawa suna da ƙananan "parachute", misali, Dandelion, milkweed, salsify.

'Ya'yan itacen kwakwa na iya iyo dubban mil a cikin teku, don haka yada tsaba. Sauran 'ya'yan itatuwa da za su iya warwatsewa ta hanyar ruwa sune Nipa dabino da screw pine.

Wasu 'ya'yan itatuwa sun samo asali ne daga hanyoyin motsawa waɗanda ke jefa tsaba mai nisa - watakila har zuwa 100 m (330 ft) a cikin yanayin sand treebox - ta hanyar fashewar fashewa ko wasu irin waɗannan hanyoyin (duba rashin haƙuri da squirting cucumber).

Amfani da abinci

Zaɓin 'ya'yan itace don sayarwa a kasuwa a Faransa

Karɓar blackberries a Oklahoma

Yawancin 'ya'yan itace - 'ya'ya masu nama (mai sauƙi) daga apples zuwa berries zuwa watermelon; 'ya' ya'yan itacen bushe (mai sauƙi), ciki har da wake da shinkafa da kwakwa; 'ya-ya'yan itatuwa da suka hada da strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, pawpaw; da' ya'ya da yawa kamar pineapple, ɓaure, mulberries - suna da daraja a kasuwanci a matsayin abincin mutum. Ana cinye su sabo kuma a matsayin jams, marmalade da sauran kayan adana 'ya'yan itace. Ana amfani da su sosai a cikin kayan da aka ƙera da kuma sarrafawa (keke, kukis, kayan burodi, dandano, ice cream, yogurt, kayan lambu, kayan lambobi masu daskarewa da abinci) da abin sha kamar ruwan 'ya'yan itace da Abin sha mai barasa (brandy, giya na'yan itacen, ruwan inabi). An samo kayan yaji kamar vanilla, baƙar fata, paprika, da allspice daga 'ya'yan itace. Ana matse 'Ya'yan itacen zaitun don Man zaitun kuma ana amfani da irin wannan aikin ga wasu' ya'yan itace da kayan lambu masu mai. Wasu 'ya'yan itatuwa suna samuwa a duk shekara, yayin da wasu (kamar blackberries da apricots a Burtaniya) suna ƙarƙashin wadatar yanayi.

Ana kuma amfani da 'Ya'yan itace don zamantakewa da bayar da kyauta a cikin nau'ikan kwando na' ya'yan itacen da furanni na' yaza.^[6]^[7]

Yawanci, ana sayen 'ya'yan itatuwa da yawa - "abincin lambu" a cikin harshen abinci - (ciki har da tumatir, wake mai kore, ganye, bel, cucumber, eggplant, okra, pumpkin, squash, zucchini) ana sayar da su kowace rana a cikin kasuwannin kayan lambu da kayan lambu kuma ana dawo da su zuwa gidajen abinci, a gida ko gidan abinci, don shirya abinci.

Adanawa

Dukkanin 'ya'yan itace suna amfana daga kulawa mai kyau bayan girbi, kuma a cikin' ya'yan itaces da yawa, hormone na tsire-tsire ethylene yana haifar da nunawa. Sabili da haka, kiyaye mafi yawan 'ya'yan itace a cikin ingantaccen sarkar sanyi shine mafi kyau don adanawa bayan girbi, tare da manufar fadadawa da tabbatar da rayuwar ajiya.^[8]

Comparing fresh fruits for fiber, potassium (K), and vitamin C.^{[ana buƙatar hujja]} Each disk-point refers to a 100 g (3.5 oz) serving of the fresh fruit named. The size of the disk represents the amount of fiber (as percentage of the recommended daily allowance, RDA) in a serving of fruit (see key at upper right). The amount of vitamin C (as percent RDA) is plotted on the x–axis and the amount of potassium (K), in mg on the y–axis. Bananas are high in value for fiber and potassium, and oranges for fiber and vitamin C. (Apricots are highest in potassium; strawberries are rich in vitamin C.) Watermelon, providing low levels of both K and vitamin C and almost no fiber, is of least value for the three nutrients together.

Fiber na abinci da aka cinye a cin 'ya'yan itace yana inganta gamsuwa, kuma yana iya taimakawa wajen sarrafa nauyin jiki da taimakawa rage cholesterol na jini, haɗari ga Cututtukan zuciya.^[9] Amfani da 'ya'yan itace yana ƙarƙashin bincike na farko don yiwuwar inganta abinci mai gina jiki da kuma shafar cututtukan da ba su da tsanani.^[10]^[11] Amfani da 'ya'yan itace na yau da kullun yana da alaƙa da rage haɗarin cututtuka da yawa da raguwar aiki da ke da alaƙa ti tsufa.^[12]^[13]^[14]

Tsaro na abinci

Don amincin abinci, CDC ta ba da shawarar yadda za a yi amfani da 'ya'yan itace da kuma shirye-shirye don rage haɗarin gurɓataccen abinci da cututtukan abinci. Ya kamata a zaɓi sabbin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu a hankali; a shagon, bai kamata a lalata su ba ko a gurgunta su; kuma ya kamata a yi amfani da su a firiji ko a kewaye su da kankara.

Ya kamata a wanke dukkan 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu kafin a ci. Wannan shawarar ta shafi samar da fata ko fata da ba a ci ba. Ya kamata a yi shi kafin a shirya ko a ci don kauce wa lalacewa da wuri.

Rashin jituwa

Rashin lafiyan 'ya'yan itace ya kai kusan kashi 10 cikin 100 na duk rashin lafiyan da suka shafi abinci.^[15]

Amfani da ba abinci ba

Ana yawan dasa Itacen inabi na porcelain saboda kyawawan 'ya'yan itace masu launi.^[16]

Saboda 'ya'yan itace sun kasance babban bangare na abincin ɗan adam, al'adu daban-daban sun haɓaka amfani daban-daban ga' ya'yan itacen da ba su dogara da su don abinci ba. Misali:

Manazarta

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Empty citation (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "McGee247" defined multiple times with different content
↑ "Glossary of Botanical Terms". FloraBase. Western Australian Herbarium. Archived from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
↑ "Sporophore from Encyclopædia Britannica". Archived from the original on 2011-02-22.
↑ Mark Abadi (26 May 2018). "A tomato is actually a fruit — but it's a vegetable at the same time". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Esau
↑ "Best Gift Baskets for the Holidays - Consumer Reports". www.consumerreports.org (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-03-13.
↑ O'Connor, Clare. "How Edible Arrangements Sold $500 Million Of Fruit Bouquets In 2013". Forbes (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2022-05-21. Retrieved 2021-03-13.
↑ Why Cold Chain for Fruits: Kohli, Pawanexh (2008). "Fruits and Vegetables Post-Harvest Care: The Basics". Crosstree Techno-visors. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-04. Retrieved 2009-09-28.
↑ Brown, L.; Rosner, B.; Willett, W. W.; Sacks, F. M. (January 1999). "Cholesterol-lowering effects of dietary fiber: a meta-analysis". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 69 (1): 30–42. doi:10.1093/ajcn/69.1.30. ISSN 0002-9165. PMID 9925120.
↑ Aune D, Giovannucci E, Boffetta P, Fadnes LT, Keum N, Norat T, Greenwood DC, Riboli E, Vatten LJ, Tonstad S. (2017). "Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease". International Journal of Epidemiology. 46 (3): 1029–1056. doi:10.1093/ije/dyw319. PMC 5837313. PMID 28338764. Archived from the original on 2017-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-12.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ Angelino D, Godos J, Ghelfi F, Tieri M, Titta L, Lafranconi A, Marventano S, Alonzo E, Gambera A, Sciacca S, Buscemi S, Ray S, Galvano F, Del Rio D, Grosso G. (2019). "Fruit and vegetable consumption and health outcomes: an umbrella review of observational studies". International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 70 (6): 652–667. doi:10.1080/09637486.2019.1571021. PMID 30764679. S2CID 73455999. Archived from the original on 2024-01-30. Retrieved 2023-06-19.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ Lim, Stephen S.; Vos, Theo; Flaxman, Abraham D.; Danaei, Goodarz; Shibuya, Kenji; Adair-Rohani, Heather; Amann, Markus; Anderson, H. Ross; Andrews, Kathryn G. (2012-12-15). "A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet. 380 (9859): 2224–60. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8. ISSN 1474-547X. PMC 4156511. PMID 23245609.
↑ Wang X, Ouyang Y, Liu J, Zhu M, Zhao G, Bao W, Hu FB (2014). "Fruit and vegetable consumption and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies". BMJ. 349 (Jul 29): g4490. doi:10.1136/bmj.g4490. PMC 4115152. PMID 25073782.
↑ Yip, Cynthia Sau Chun; Chan, Wendy; Fielding, Richard (March 2019). "The Associations of Fruit and Vegetable Intakes with Burden of Diseases: A Systematic Review of Meta-Analyses". Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 119 (3): 464–481. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2018.11.007. ISSN 2212-2672. PMID 30639206. S2CID 58628014.
↑ "Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America". Aafa.org. Archived from the original on 2012-10-06. Retrieved 2014-04-25.
↑ "Porcelain vine". The Morton Arboretum. Archived from the original on 2020-12-25. Retrieved 2020-11-24.

[McGee247-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Empty citation (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "McGee247" defined multiple times with different content

[2] "Glossary of Botanical Terms". FloraBase. Western Australian Herbarium. Archived from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2014.

[3] "Sporophore from Encyclopædia Britannica". Archived from the original on 2011-02-22.

[abadi-4] Mark Abadi (26 May 2018). "A tomato is actually a fruit — but it's a vegetable at the same time". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2019.

[Esau-5] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Esau

[6] "Best Gift Baskets for the Holidays - Consumer Reports". www.consumerreports.org (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-03-13.

[7] O'Connor, Clare. "How Edible Arrangements Sold $500 Million Of Fruit Bouquets In 2013". Forbes (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2022-05-21. Retrieved 2021-03-13.

[pxkf-8] Why Cold Chain for Fruits: Kohli, Pawanexh (2008). "Fruits and Vegetables Post-Harvest Care: The Basics". Crosstree Techno-visors. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-04. Retrieved 2009-09-28.

[9] Brown, L.; Rosner, B.; Willett, W. W.; Sacks, F. M. (January 1999). "Cholesterol-lowering effects of dietary fiber: a meta-analysis". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 69 (1): 30–42. doi:10.1093/ajcn/69.1.30. ISSN 0002-9165. PMID 9925120.

[10] Aune D, Giovannucci E, Boffetta P, Fadnes LT, Keum N, Norat T, Greenwood DC, Riboli E, Vatten LJ, Tonstad S. (2017). "Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease". International Journal of Epidemiology. 46 (3): 1029–1056. doi:10.1093/ije/dyw319. PMC 5837313. PMID 28338764. Archived from the original on 2017-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-12.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[11] Angelino D, Godos J, Ghelfi F, Tieri M, Titta L, Lafranconi A, Marventano S, Alonzo E, Gambera A, Sciacca S, Buscemi S, Ray S, Galvano F, Del Rio D, Grosso G. (2019). "Fruit and vegetable consumption and health outcomes: an umbrella review of observational studies". International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 70 (6): 652–667. doi:10.1080/09637486.2019.1571021. PMID 30764679. S2CID 73455999. Archived from the original on 2024-01-30. Retrieved 2023-06-19.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[12] Lim, Stephen S.; Vos, Theo; Flaxman, Abraham D.; Danaei, Goodarz; Shibuya, Kenji; Adair-Rohani, Heather; Amann, Markus; Anderson, H. Ross; Andrews, Kathryn G. (2012-12-15). "A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet. 380 (9859): 2224–60. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8. ISSN 1474-547X. PMC 4156511. PMID 23245609.

[13] Wang X, Ouyang Y, Liu J, Zhu M, Zhao G, Bao W, Hu FB (2014). "Fruit and vegetable consumption and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies". BMJ. 349 (Jul 29): g4490. doi:10.1136/bmj.g4490. PMC 4115152. PMID 25073782.

[14] Yip, Cynthia Sau Chun; Chan, Wendy; Fielding, Richard (March 2019). "The Associations of Fruit and Vegetable Intakes with Burden of Diseases: A Systematic Review of Meta-Analyses". Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 119 (3): 464–481. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2018.11.007. ISSN 2212-2672. PMID 30639206. S2CID 58628014.

[15] "Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America". Aafa.org. Archived from the original on 2012-10-06. Retrieved 2014-04-25.

[16] "Porcelain vine". The Morton Arboretum. Archived from the original on 2020-12-25. Retrieved 2020-11-24.

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