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'Yancin Dan Adam a Rwanda

An tauye hakkin bil adama a kasar Ruwanda sosai. Babban cin zarafi shine kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa Tutsi a Rwanda a 1994. Gwamnatin bayan kisan kiyashi kuma ita ce ke da alhakin take hakkin dan Adam.

'Yancin Dan Adam a Rwanda

Kafin kisan kare dangi

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Yayin da ra'ayoyin raba mulkin mallaka suka bazu a fadin Afirka, an kirkiro jam'iyyar Tutsi da jam'iyyar Hutu . Dukansu sun zama soja, kuma a cikin 1959, Tutsi ya yi ƙoƙari ya kashe Grégoire Kayibanda, shugaban PARMEHUTU . Wannan ya haifar da iskar halaka da aka fi sani da "Juyin Juyin Jama'a" a Ruwanda, tashin hankalin da ya barke tsakanin 'yan Hutu da Tutsi, inda suka kashe Tutsi 20,000 zuwa 100,000 tare da tilasta wasu yin gudun hijira.

Bayan ficewar Belgium daga Afirka a shekara ta 1962, Rwanda ta rabu da Ruwanda-Urundi ta hanyar kuri'ar raba gardama, wanda kuma ya kawar da daular Tutsi, mwami . A shekarar 1963, gwamnatin Hutu ta kashe 'yan kabilar Tutsi 14,000, bayan da 'yan tawayen Tutsi suka kai wa Rwanda hari daga Burundi. Gwamnati ta tanadi katin shaida na kabilanci, kuma ta kayyade adadin Tutsi a jami'o'i da ma'aikatan gwamnati.

1994 Kisan kare dangi akan Tutsi

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  A lokacin kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa 'yan kabilar Tutsi a shekarar 1994, an kashe 'yan kabilar Tutsi kusan 800,000. [1]

Bayan kisan kare dangi al'amurran da suka shafi hakkin dan adam

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Hotunan wadanda aka yi wa kisan kare dangi aka baje a cibiyar tunawa da kisan kare dangi da ke Kigali

Gwamnatocin da suka biyo baya, ciki har da gwamnati mai ci a karkashin jagorancin shugaba Paul Kagame, sun tabka cin zarafin bil adama.

A ranar 22 ga Afrilun 1995 Sojojin Kishin Kibeho sun kashe mutane fiye da 4,000.

A cikin watan Satumban 1996 Ruwanda ta mamaye Zaire, wanda ya haifar da yakin Kongo na farko . Wuraren da aka kai hari a kai a kai su ne manyan sansanonin 'yan gudun hijirar Hutu da ke kan iyaka a cikin yankin Goma da Bukavu, wadanda aka shirya a karkashin jagorancin tsohuwar gwamnatin. Sojojin Rwanda sun fatattaki 'yan gudun hijirar a cikin zafafan rarrabuwar kawuna a duk fadin Zaire, yayin da suke taimakawa wajen girka AFDL kan madafun iko a Kinshasa . Masanin tarihi Gérard Prunier ya kiyasta adadin wadanda suka mutu a cikin 'yan gudun hijirar da ke gudun hijira tsakanin 213,000-280,000.

A shekara ta 2010, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta fitar da wani rahoto da ke binciken tashe-tashen hankula 617 da ake zargin sun faru a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo tsakanin Maris 1993 da Yuni 2003. [2] Ya ba da rahoton cewa "hare-haren da aka bayyana na tsare-tsare da tartsatsin da aka bayyana a cikin wannan rahoto sun bayyana abubuwa da dama wadanda, idan an tabbatar da su a gaban kotun da ta dace, za a iya bayyana su a matsayin laifukan kisan kiyashi" kan Hutus. Gwamnatin Rwanda ce ta yi watsi da rahoton.

A cikin watan Disamba 1996 gwamnatin Rwanda ta kaddamar da wani shiri na kauye da aka tilastawa wanda ya nemi tattara dukkan mutanen karkara a kauyukan da aka fi sani da Imidugudu, [3] wanda ya haifar da take hakkin bil'adama na dubban 'yan Rwanda, a cewar Human Rights Watch. [4]

A cewar rahoton Amnesty International, tsakanin Disamba 1997 da Mayu 1998, dubban 'yan Rwanda "sun bace" ko kuma wasu jami'an tsaron gwamnati da na 'yan adawa masu dauke da makamai suka kashe su. Galibin kashe-kashen dai an yi su ne a lardunan Gisenyi da Ruhengeri da ke arewa maso yammacin kasar Rwanda inda aka yi ta tayar da kayar baya. Amnesty ta rubuta cewa "Dubban fararen hular da ba su dauke da makami ne sojojin RPA suka kashe ba bisa ka'ida ba sakamakon binciken da sojoji ke yi a yankin arewa maso yamma." [5]

A lokacin da Kagame ya ziyarci Washington a farkon shekara ta 2001, Human Rights Watch ta soki kasar Rwanda da hannu a yakin Kongo na biyu inda "fararen hula miliyan 1.7 suka mutu." [6]

Dangane da batun kare hakkin bil'adama a karkashin gwamnatin shugaba Paul Kagame, kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch a shekara ta 2007 ta zargi 'yan sandan Rwanda da kisan gilla da kisan gilla a gidan yari. [7] [8] A watan Yunin 2006, Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Duniya da Human Rights Watch ta bayyana abin da suka kira "mummunan take hakki na dokokin jin kai na ƙasa da ƙasa da Sojojin Kishin Ruwan Ruwanda suka aikata". [9]

A cewar The Economist a shekara ta 2008, Kagame "ya ba da damar kasa da sarari na siyasa da 'yancin 'yan jarida a gida fiye da Robert Mugabe a Zimbabwe ", kuma "[a] duk wanda ya yi wa gwamnatin kasar barazana ko kadan ta siyasa za a yi masa da rashin tausayi". [10]

An zargi Kagame da yin amfani da abubuwan tunawa da kisan kiyashin da aka yi domin murza masa adawa. A shekara ta 2009, Human Rights Watch ta yi iƙirarin cewa a ƙarƙashin rikidar kiyaye zaman lafiya na ƙabilanci, gwamnatin Kagame ta nuna "ƙananan rashin haƙuri ga mafi yawan nau'ikan rashin amincewa." Har ila yau, ta yi iƙirarin cewa dokokin da aka kafa a shekara ta 2009 da suka haramta "aƙidar kisan kiyashi" ana yawan amfani da su wajen damfarar 'yan adawa bisa doka. [11] A cikin 2010, tare da irin wannan layi, The Economist ya yi iƙirarin cewa Kagame akai-akai yana zargin abokan hamayyarsa da "rarrabuwa," ko kuma haifar da ƙiyayya ta launin fata. A cikin 2011, Freedom House ta lura cewa gwamnati ta ba da hujjar ƙuntatawa kan 'yancin ɗan adam a matsayin matakin da ya dace don hana tashin hankalin kabilanci. Waɗannan hane-hane sun yi muni sosai ta yadda hatta tattaunawar ƙabilanci na yau da kullun na iya haifar da kama da rarrabuwa. [12]

Gwamnatin Amurka a shekara ta 2006 ta bayyana tarihin kare hakkin dan Adam na gwamnatin Kagame a matsayin "tsaka-tsaki", inda ta yi nuni da "bacewar" 'yan adawar siyasa, da kuma kame ba bisa ka'ida ba, da azabtarwa, da kisan kai da 'yan sanda ke yi. Hukumomin Amurka sun lissafa matsalolin haƙƙin ɗan adam da suka haɗa da kasancewar fursunonin siyasa da ƙayyadaddun ƴan jaridu, ƴancin taro da yancin addini.

Kungiyar Reporters Without Borders ta lissafa Rwanda a matsayi na 147 a cikin 169 don samun 'yancin 'yan jarida a 2007, kuma sun ruwaito cewa "'yan jaridar Rwandan suna fama da kiyayya ta dindindin daga gwamnatinsu da kuma sa ido daga jami'an tsaro". Ta ba da misali da yadda aka yi wa ‘yan jarida barazana, muzgunawa, da kame saboda sukar gwamnati. A cewar kungiyar Reporters Without Borders, "Shugaba Paul Kagame da gwamnatinsa ba su taba amincewa da cewa a baiwa 'yan jarida 'yanci na gaske ba".

A shekara ta 2010, Rwanda ta fadi a matsayi na 169, daga cikin 178, inda ta shiga sahun kasashe goma mafi karancin matsayi a duniya wajen ‘yancin ‘yan jarida. Kungiyar Reporters Without Borders ta bayyana cewa "Rwanda, Yemen da Syria sun shiga Burma da Koriya ta Arewa a matsayin kasashen da suka fi muni a duniya kan 'yan jarida", ya kara da cewa a Ruwanda, "kasa ta uku mafi karanci a Afirka", "wannan raguwar. An yi sanadiyar dakatar da manyan kafafen yada labarai masu zaman kansu, yanayin ta'addancin da ya dabaibaye zaben shugaban kasa, da kuma kisan da aka yi a Kigali, na mataimakin editan Umuvugizi, Jean-Léonard Rugambage A daidai gwargwado kamar na Somalia, Rugambage tana fantsama kan 'yan jaridunta, wadanda ke ficewa daga kasar saboda fargabar danniya".

A watan Disamba 2008, wani daftarin rahoto da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da, don gabatar da shi ga kwamitin takunkumi na Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ya yi zargin cewa Kagame na Rwanda na ba da yara sojoji ga 'yan tawayen Tutsi a Nord-Kivu, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, mahallin rikici a Nord-Kivu a 2008 . Rahoton ya kuma yi zargin cewa Rwanda tana baiwa Janar Laurent Nkunda “kayan soji, da yin amfani da bankunan Rwanda, da kuma baiwa ‘yan tawayen damar kai hare-hare daga yankin Rwanda kan sojojin Kongo ”.

A cikin watan Yulin 2009, Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Commonwealth ta fitar da wani rahoto mai suka game da halin haƙƙin ɗan adam a Ruwanda. [13] Ya yi nuni da "rashin 'yancin siyasa da cin zarafin 'yan jarida". Ta bukaci gwamnatin Rwanda da ta samar da dokar da za ta ba da damar 'yancin yada labarai da kuma "ba da izinin kasancewar 'yan adawa a zabe mai zuwa". [14] Har ila yau, ta jaddada cin zarafi da sojojin Rwanda ke yi a Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango, tare da bayyana halin da ake ciki na kare hakkin bil'adama gaba daya a Ruwanda da cewa yana da matukar talauci:

2010s da kuma daga baya

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A gabanin zaben shugaban kasa na 2010, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya " ta bukaci a gudanar da cikakken bincike kan zargin kisan gillar da aka yi wa 'yan adawar siyasa". An gano André Kagwa Rwisereka, shugaban jam'iyyar Democratic Green Party ta Rwanda, an fille kansa. "An harbe wani lauya da ya halarci shari'ar kisan kare dangi a wata kotun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya." An yi yunkurin kashe Kayumba Nyamwasa, "tsohon babban janar na Rwanda wanda ya yi takun-saka da Kagame". Kuma Jean-Léonard Rugambage, ɗan jarida mai binciken yunƙurin kisan kai, an kashe shi da kansa. [15]

A cikin 2011, Amnesty International ta soki ci gaba da tsare tsohon ministan sufuri kuma abokin Bizimungu Charles Ntakirutinka, wanda aka daure shekaru bakwai a gidan yari na Kigali . [16] Amnesty International ta kira shi fursuna na lamiri tare da sanya masa suna a shekarar 2011 "harka mai mahimmanci". [16]

A watan Oktoban 2012, an gano gawar Théogène Turatsinze, wani dan kasuwa dan kasar Rwanda da ke zaune a Mozambique, wanda ake tunanin "yana da damar samun bayanan kudi na siyasa masu alaka da wasu masu shiga tsakani na gwamnatin Rwanda", a daure yana yawo a cikin teku. 'Yan sanda a Mozambik "da farko sun nuna gwamnatin Rwanda da hannu a kisan kafin tuntubar gwamnati tare da sauya salonta zuwa wani laifi na gama-gari. Jami'an gwamnatin Rwanda sun fito fili sun yi tir da kisan tare da musanta hannu." [17] Kafofin watsa labaru na waje sun danganta kisan da na wasu fitattun masu sukar gwamnatin Rwanda a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata. [18]

Domin inganta fahimtar yadda take haƙƙin ɗan adam, gwamnatin Ruwanda a shekara ta 2009 ta haɗu da wani kamfanin hulda da jama'a na Amurka, Racepoint Group, wanda ya inganta darajar Gaddafi na Libya, Tunisia, Angola, Equatorial Guinea, Habasha, da Senegal. Masu ba da shawara na BTP, wani kamfani na Biritaniya ne suka kafa wani rukunin yanar gizo don kai hari ga masu suka. Yarjejeniyar Racepoint da gwamnati ta bayyana cewa za ta "zubar da" yanar gizo da kuma kafofin yada labarai tare da labarai masu kyau game da Rwanda. [19]

A cikin 2020, mai sukar gwamnatin Paul Rusesabagina wanda ya tsere daga kasar kuma ya zama dan kasar Belgium, an yaudare shi ya shiga jirgi mai zaman kansa zuwa Rwanda, aka kama shi, kuma a shekara mai zuwa aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru 25 a gidan yari bisa zargin da masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama suka kira na siyasa.

Masu sukar gwamnatin Rwanda sun mutu ko sun bata

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  • 1995: Dan jarida Manasse Mugabo ya bace a Kigali; ba a sake ganinsa ba. [20]
  • 1996: Kanar RPF kuma tsohon dan majalisa Théoneste Lizinde da dan kasuwa Augustin Bugirimfura sun harbe a Nairobi . [21]
  • 1998: Dan jarida Emmanuel Munyemanzi ya bace daga Kigali; gawar da aka hange a birni amma ba a koma ga iyali. [20]
  • 1998: An harbe ministan cikin gida na farko Seth Sendashonga bayan kisan kare dangi a Nairobi. An yi ƙoƙari a rayuwarsa a baya a 1996. [21]
  • 2000: Na farko bayan kisan kiyashi mai ba shugaban kasa Pasteur Bizimungu shawara, Asiel Kabera, an harbe shi a Kigali. [20]
  • 2003: Tsohon jami'in RPF kuma babban alkali Augustin Cyiza da alkali Eliezar Runyaruka sun bace daga Kigali; ba a sake ganinsa ba. [20]
  • 2003: Dan majalisar adawa Leonard Hitimana ya bace daga Kigali; ba a sake ganinsa ba. [20]
  • 2010: Tsohon jami'in RPF Faustin Kayumbas Nyamwasa ya harbe ya raunata a Johannesburg . [20]
  • 2010: An kashe dan jarida Jean-Leonard Rugambage a Kigali. [20]
  • 2010: Dan jarida Dominique Makeli ya tsira daga sace a Kampala. [20]
  • 2010: André Kagwa Rwisereka, mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar Democratic Green Party, an same shi da fille kansa.
  • 2011: Charles Ingabire, dan jarida kuma "mai sukar gwamnatin Rwanda", an harbe shi a Kampala. [22]
  • 2014: Patrick Karegya, tsohon shugaban hukumar leken asiri na kasashen waje kuma mai goyon bayan 'yan adawa, an same shi makare a wani otal a Johannesburg. [23]
  • 2020: Kizito Mihigo, marubucin waka wanda ya fada cikin rashin amincewa da gwamnatin bayan wata waka da aka saki a 2014, ya mutu a cikin dakin 'yan sanda kwanaki bayan kama shi.

Halin tarihi

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Jadawalin da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Rwanda tun 1972 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba". [24] 1

Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya

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Matsayin Rwanda game da yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa sune kamar haka:

Sukar kasa da kasa

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A ranar 26 ga Yuli, 2022, shugaban kwamitin kula da harkokin waje na Majalisar Dattijan Amurka ya nuna damuwarsa game da yadda gwamnatin Rwanda ke ta haƙƙin ɗan adam da rawar da take takawa a rikicin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. A cikin wata wasika da ya aike wa sakataren harkokin wajen Amurka Antony Blinken, Sanata Robert Menendez ya yi kira da a yi nazari sosai kan manufofin Amurka game da kasar Rwanda. [25]

Duba kuma

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  • Kisan kare dangi na Rwanda
  • Kisan gillar da aka yi wa Hutu a lokacin yakin Kongo na farko
  • Fataucin mutane a Rwanda
  • Binciken Intanet da sa ido a Ruwanda
  • Hakkin LGBT a Rwanda

Bayanan kula

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1. Lura cewa "Shekarar" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Don haka bayanin shekara ta 2008 ta fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu.
2. ^ Tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairu.
3. ^ Rahoton na 1982 ya shafi shekara ta 1981 da rabi na farko na 1982, kuma rahoton na 1984 mai zuwa ya shafi rabin na biyu na 1982 da kuma gaba ɗaya 1983. Don samun sauƙi, waɗannan rahotannin "shekaru da rabi" guda biyu masu banƙyama an raba su zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa.

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ "Mandats d'arrêt contre des proches de Kagame"[permanent dead link], Nouvel Observateur
  2. ↑ "OHCHR | DRC: Mapping human rights violations 1993-2003". www.ohchr.org. United Nations. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
  3. ↑ Hilhorst, Dorethea; Leeuwen, Mathijs van (1 September 2000). "Emergency and Development: the Case of Imidugudu, Villagization in Rwanda". Journal of Refugee Studies (in Turanci). 13 (3): 267. doi:10.1093/jrs/13.3.264. ISSN 0951-6328.
  4. ↑ "Uprooting The Rural Poor In Rwanda – XVII. Conclusion". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 4 June 2017.
  5. ↑ "Rwanda: The hidden violence: "disappearances" and killings continue". Amnesty International (in Turanci). 22 June 1998. AFR 47/023/1998. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
  6. ↑ "Congo, Rwanda Responsible for Severe Abuses". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). 1 February 2001. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
  7. ↑ "Rwanda: Police Killings Tarnish Rule of Law" Archived 2008-11-02 at the Wayback Machine, Human Rights Watch, 24 July 2007
  8. ↑ "'There Will Be No Trial': Police Killings of Detainees and the Imposition of Collective Punishments", Human Rights Watch, July 2007
  9. ↑ "ICTR Should Address Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed by the RPA", Human Rights Watch, 2 June 2006
  10. ↑ "A flawed hero", The Economist, 21 August 2008
  11. ↑ Roth, Kenneth (11 April 2009). "The power of horror in Rwanda". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
  12. ↑ "Countries at the Crossroads: Rwanda". Freedom House. 2011. Archived from the original on 2018-11-01. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  13. ↑ Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative report on human rights in Rwanda, July 2009
  14. ↑ "Le Rwanda, 54e État membre", Radio Canada, 29 November 2009
  15. ↑ "Violence rises in Rwanda as election nears", Associated Press, 28 June 2010
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "CHARLES NTAKIRUTINKA, PRISONERS OF CONSCIENCE". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
  17. ↑ "2012 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - Rwanda", United States Department of State
  18. ↑ "Rwanda timeline: Descent into tyranny", Channel 4 News, 25 November 2012
  19. ↑ "How a U.S. agency cleaned up Rwanda's genocide-stained image". The Globe and Mail. 31 January 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 20.7 "Profile: Rwanda's President Paul Kagame", BBC, 10 December 2010
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "Rwanda: Repression Across Borders". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). 28 January 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2017.
  22. ↑ "RWANDAN EXILE JOURNALIST GUNNED DOWN IN KAMPALA" Archived 2013-05-09 at the Wayback Machine, Reporters Without Borders, 2 December 2011
  23. ↑ « Rwanda: l’ex-chef du renseignement assassiné en Afrique du Sud » Archived 2014-01-02 at the Wayback Machine, Agence France-Presse, 2 January 2014
  24. ↑ Freedom House (2012). "Country ratings and status, FIW 1973-2012" (XLS). Retrieved 2012-08-22.
  25. ↑ "US senator questions aid to Rwanda over human rights, role in Congo". CNN. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
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