Yaren Proto-Niger-Congo
| Yaren Proto-Niger-Congo | |
|---|---|
| |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
Proto-Niger–Congo shine hasashe da aka sake ginawa na yaren da aka tsara na dangin yaren Nijar-Congo .
Tabbatacce
gyara sasheBa kamar Nilo-Saharan ba, ƙwararrun harsunan Nijar-Congo na samun karɓuwa daga manyan masana harsuna da ƴan Afirka. Atlantic–Congo (kusan Nijar – Kongo amma ban da Mande, Kru, Siamou, Kordofanian, Dogon da Harsunan Ijoid ) Glottolog 4.4 ta karbe shi.
Asalin
gyara sasheBlench (2006, 2016 [1] ) ya ba da shawarar cewa Proto-Niger-Congo ya samo asali ne kimanin shekaru 11-10,000 kafin yanzu a yammacin " Koren Sahara " na Afirka (kusan Sahel da kudancin Sahara ), da kuma cewa Ana iya danganta tarwatsewarta tare da yaduwar baka da kibiya ta hanyar ƙaura mafarauta .
Fassarar sauti
gyara sasheSautuna
gyara sasheLarry Hyman (2016) ya sake gina sautunan matakan daidaitawa guda biyu don Proto-Niger – Kongo, waɗanda sune: [2]
- *H (sauti mai girma)
- * L (ƙananan sautin)
Sillabi tsarin
gyara sasheProto-Niger–Congo ana ɗauka bisa al'ada cewa yana da tsarin tushen disyllabic kama da na Proto-Bantu, wato (C)V-CVCV [3] ( Williamson 2000, [4] da sauransu). Duk da haka, Roger Blench (2016) ya ba da shawarar tsarin trisyllabic (CVCVCV) don tushen Proto-Niger-Congo, [3] yayin da Konstantin Pozdniakov (2016) ya nuna cewa babban tsarin tsarin Proto-Niger-Congo shine * CVC, tare da shi. tare da disyllabic, trisyllabic, da sauran bambancin. [5]
Ilimin Halitta
gyara sasheDarasi na suna
gyara sasheZa a iya sake gina azuzuwan suna don Proto-Niger-Congo. Sunan ajin prefixes a cikin Proto-Niger–Congo sun haɗa da:
- suna class 1 : prefix for human singular
- suna class 2 : prefix for human plural
- suna class 6A : prefix for liquid and mass nouns ("uncountables")
A ƙasa akwai alamun ajin suna Neja-Congo (Good 2020:145, [6] daga Schadeberg 1989:72 [7] ):
| Reshe | 1 | 1 (Kashi na Semantic) | 3 | 4 | 4 (Kashi na Semantic) | 5 | 6 | 6 (nau'i na ma'ana) | 6 a ba | 6a (Kashi na Semantic) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kordofanian | *gu- | mutane | *gu- | *j- | 'itace' | *li- | *ku- | 'kwai' | *ŋ- | ruwaye |
| Atlantic | *gu- | mutane | *gʊ- | *ci- | 'bishiyoyi' | *da- | *ga- | 'kafa, suna' | *ma- | ruwaye |
| Oti-Volta ( Gur ) | * - ʊ | mutane | *-ba | *- Ci | 'itace' | *- kawo | *- a | 'kwai, kai' | *-ma | ruwaye |
| Ghana – Togo ( Kwa ) | *o- | mutane | *o- | *i- | ' itacen wuta' | *li- | *a- | 'kwai, kai, suna' | *N- | ruwaye |
| Benue – Kongo | *ku- | mutane | *ku- | * (t) da - | 'itace' | *li- | *a- | 'kwai, kai, suna' | *ma- | ruwaye |
| Bantu (suna) | *mu- | mutane | *mu- | *mi- | 'itace' | *i̧- | *ma- | 'kwai, suna' | *ma- | ruwaye |
| Bantu (lafazi) | * ju- | *gu- | *gi- | *di- | *ga- | *ga- |
Tsawaita magana
gyara sasheA ƙasa akwai wasu Proto-Niger-Congo, Proto-Bantu, da Proto- Atlantic ƙwanƙolin magana (Good 2020:146, [6] daga Hyman 2007:157 [8] ):
| Nau'in kari | Proto-Nijar-Congo | Proto-Bantu | Proto-Atlantic |
|---|---|---|---|
| m | *-da | * -d | *-ed |
| m | *-ci, *-ti | *-ci-i | *-wani |
| m | *- ba | *-ƙa-ƙa | *-V[+baya] |
| m | *- na | *-wani | *-ad |
| juyawa | *-zuwa | *-ɗ | *-ƙa |
Misali, a cikin Swahili :
- tushen kalmar aiki: penda 'to love'
- reciprocal : pendana 'son juna'
- m: pendea 'don son'
- sanadin : pendeza 'don farantawa'
Karin magana
gyara sasheGüldemann's (2018) Proto-Niger–Congo pronoun reconstructions, na mutum na farko da na biyu karin magana (mufurai da jam'i), an bayar da su a ƙasa.
| guda ɗaya | jam'i | |
|---|---|---|
| Mutum na 1 | *mV gaba | * TV rufe |
| Mutum na 2 | *mV baya | *NV kusa |
Babaev (2013) cikakken bincike ne na karin magana a cikin harsunan Nijar–Congo, tare da sake ginawa dalla-dalla.
Lambobi
gyara sasheKonstantin Pozdniakov (2018) ya wallafa cikakken gyare-gyaren lambobi na Proto-Niger – Kongo, da kuma cikakken sake ginawa ga ƙananan ƙananan rassan Niger-Congo phylum. Pozdniakov (2018: 293) [9] da Güldemann (2018: 147) sun sake gina waɗannan lambobi don Proto-Niger-Congo.
| Lambobi | Proto-Niger – Kongo </br> (Pozdniakov 2018) |
Proto-Niger – Kongo </br> (Güldemann 2018) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | *ku-(n)-di (> ni/-in), *do, *gbo/*kpo | |
| 2 | *ba-di | *Ri |
| 3 | *tat/*ta | *ta (C) |
| 4 | *na (h) i | *na (C) |
| 5 | *tan,*nu(n) | *NU |
| 6 | 5+1 | |
| 7 | 5+2 | |
| 8 | *na (i) nai (< 4 reduplicated) | |
| 9 | 5+4 | |
| 10 | *pu/*fu | |
| 20 | <'mutum' |
An ƙirƙiri lambobi 6-9 ta hanyar haɗa ƙananan lambobi, yayin da '20' ya samo asali daga 'mutum'.
A halin yanzu babu wani ingantaccen tsarin sake ginawa don tushen ƙamus na Proto-Niger-Congo. Duk da haka, gyare-gyaren gyare-gyare (na farko, na farko, wanda aka yiwa alama ta amfani da alamar lamba #) Roger Blench, wanda a halin yanzu yana tattara ƙamus na Nijar-Congo ya yi ƙoƙari. Wasu misalai daga Blench (2016:
| Proto-Niger – Kongo | Gloss |
|---|---|
| *keɗeri | a raba, yanke, karya |
| *suŋguri | wanka ( mai wucewa ) |
| #tokori | tauna |
| *siŋguri | shafa, shafa |
| *ɗumigbi | binne, tona, kabari, shuka |
| #ggbʊ́rɪ́ | kai |
| #gbukuru | kunkuru, kunkuru |
| #goŋgboro | kirji |
| #kpagara | kafa, kafa |
| #ku(n)duŋo | gwiwa |
| #-bugbulu | rami |
| #kVn | daya |
| *tunuru | biyar |
Hans Günther Mukarovsky's reconstruction of Proto-Western Nigritic (roughly equivalent to Proto-Atlantic–Congo[10]) was published in 2 volumes in 1976 and 1977.[11]
Tsire-tsire
gyara sasheBlench (2009) ya lissafa wasu gyare-gyaren gyare-gyare na Nijar da Kongo don shuke-shuke masu amfani da tattalin arziki masu mahimmanci (a lura cewa ba lallai ba ne a sake gina su zuwa Proto-Niger-Congo). Waɗannan tushen gabaɗaya nau'ikan yanki ne ( Wanderworts ), tare da wasu daga cikinsu kuma ana samun su cikin yarukan Afroasiatic da Nilo-Saharan. [12] Ana kuma ƙara wasu 'yan fom daga wasu ayyukan Blench (2006, 2012, 2016).
| Niger–Congo form | Common name | Scientific name(s) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| #-bal- | palm spp. | Raphia sudanica; Elaeis guineensis | |
| #-kundi- | dryzone palm | Phoenix reclinata; Borassus aethiopum; Raphia sp. | |
| #-bila- | oil-palm (?) | Elaeis guineensis | |
| #-eli- | oil-palm | Elaeis guineensis | |
| #-ten- | oil-palm | Elaeis guineensis | |
| #(n)gbaŋ- | fan-palm | Borassus aethiopum | |
| #lona | locust bean tree | Parkia biglobosa | |
| #-(g)be | cola nut | Cola nitida, Cola acuminata | |
| #goro | cola nut | Cola nitida, Cola acuminata | |
| #kum | silk-cotton tree | Ceiba pentandra | |
| #kom- | African mahogany | Khaya senegalensis | |
| #ŋ-kpunu | shea tree; ‘oil, fat’ | Vitellaria paradoxa | |
| #-par | African olive, bush-candle | Canarium schweinfurthii | |
| #kVN- | sorghum, guinea-corn | Sorghum bicolor | |
| #mar(d)a | pearl millet | Pennisetum glaucum | also widespread in West Chadic |
| #fundi[13] | fonio | Digitaria exilis | in Mande, Atlantic, Gur, etc. |
| #ku; #ji | yam | Dioscorea spp. | |
| #-tom | aerial yam | Dioscorea bulbifera | widespread in Nigeria and western Cameroon[14] |
| #koko | cocoyam, taro | Colocasia esculenta | |
| #zo(ko) | cowpea | Vigna unguiculata | in Central Nigeria; Benue-Congo has *kón (Proto-Manenguba) and *-kʊ́ndè (Proto-Bantu)[15] |
| #-kpa[15] | Bambara groundnut | Vigna subterranea | West Benue-Congo |
| #-gunu[15] | Bambara groundnut | Vigna subterranea | East Benue-Congo |
| #-wi | Bambara groundnut | Vigna subterranea | Plateau languages |
| #-kora | calabash, gourd | Lagenaria siceraria; Cucurbita spp. | |
| #kom- | enset, banana | Musa spp. | |
| #konde | plantain | Musa paradisiaca | |
| #màaló (?) | rice | Oryza glaberrima | Proto-Manding reconstruction; widespread form across West Africa[15] |
Sauran sunayen tsire-tsire masu yaɗuwar yanki a Afirka ta Yamma:
- Milicia excelsa : odum, iroko (a Ghana da Najeriya)
- Funtumia elastica (bishiyar roba): o-fruntum (a Ghana) [15]
- Sesamum indicum (sesame): #-sVwa (Benue-Congo) [15]
- Abelmoschus esculentus (okra): ɔ́kʊrʊ, ɪkɪabʊ, akɛnɛta (a kudancin Nijeriya) [14]
Dabbobi
gyara sasheA ƙasa akwai wasu gyare-gyare na ƙayyadaddun tsarin yanki na Nijar-Congo na sunayen dabbobi da Blench ya bayar (2007 [16] ), tare da wasu gyare-gyaren da aka yi akan Blench (2006).
| Niger-Congo form | Sunan gama gari | Rarrabawa |
|---|---|---|
| #jata | zaki | Mande-Congo |
| #guni | zaki | siffar yanki |
| #-bungu | hyena | Volta-Congo |
| #-biti | hyena | Proto-Benue-Kwa |
| #murum | hyena | Najeriya ta tsakiya |
| #gbali | giwa | Mande-Congo |
| #-yi | giwa | Benue-Kwa ? ; yana nufin 'tusk' |
| #-sulu | giwa | Volta-Congo |
| #- ba | kare | Proto-Nijar-Congo |
| #kuru | kada | Niger-Congo ( Proto-Bantu yana da #-gandu) [15] |
| #budi [15] | akuya | Niger-Congo (Afroasiatic da Nilo-Saharan suna da #kr-) [15] |
| #-ga [15] | masakar kauye | Benue-Congo [15] |
Duba kuma
gyara sashe- Harshen Proto-Bantu
- Harshen Proto-Afroasiatic
- Haplogroup E-M2
- Empty citation (help)
- Grollemund, Rebecca, Simon Branford, Jean-Marie Hombert & Mark Pagel. 2016. Genetic unity of the Niger-Congo family. Paper presented for the 2nd International Congress "Towards Proto-Niger-Congo: Comparison and Reconstruction", Paris, 1-3 September, 2016.
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ Blench, Roger. 2016. Can we visit the graves of the first Niger-Congo speakers?. Paper presented for the 2nd International Congress "Towards Proto-Niger-Congo: Comparison and Reconstruction", Paris, 1-3 September, 2016.
- ↑ Hyman, Larry. 2016. Can we visit the graves of the first Niger-Congo speakers?. Paper presented for the 2nd International Congress "On Reconstructing Tone in Proto-Niger-Congo", Paris, 1-3 September, 2016.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Blench, Roger. 2016. Supposing we have been completely wrong about the shape of early Niger-Congo roots?. Paper presented for the 2nd International Congress "Towards Proto-Niger-Congo: Comparison and Reconstruction", Paris, 1-3 September, 2016.
- ↑ Williamson, Kay. 2000. Proto-Niger-Congo. In: H. Ekkehard Wolff, Orin D. Gensler (eds). Proceedings of the 2nd World Congress of African Linguistics, Leipzig 1997, pp.49-70. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe. ISBN 9783896451248.
- ↑ Pozdniakov, Konstantin. 2016. Proto-Niger-Congo root structures. Paper presented for the 2nd International Congress "On Reconstructing Tone in Proto-Niger-Congo", Paris, 1-3 September, 2016.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Good, Jeff. 2020. Niger-Congo, with a special focus on Benue-Congo. In: Vossen, Rainer and Gerrit J. Dimmendaal (eds.). 2020. The Oxford Handbook of African Languages, pp. 139-160. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- ↑ Schadeberg, Thilo C. (1989). ‘Kordofanian’, in J. Bendor-Samuel (ed.). The Niger-Congo Languages: A classification and description of Africa's largest language family, 66-80. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
- ↑ Hyman, L. M. (2007). ‘Niger-Congo verb extensions: overview and discussion’, in D. L. Payne and J. Pena (eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 37th Annual Conference on African Linguistics. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla, 149-63.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ Blench, Roger. Kordofanian and Niger-Congo: new and revised lexical evidence. Cambrdige: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.
- ↑ Mukarovsky, Hans. 1976-1977. A study of Western Nigritic (2 vols). Wien: Institut für Ägyptologie und Afrikanistik, Universität Wien.
- ↑ Blench, Roger. 2009. New reconstructions of West African economic plants. In: Jörg Adelberger & Rudolf Leger (eds.): Language, History and Reconstructions. Frankfurter Afrikanistische Blätter 21 (2009) XX-XX. Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, Köln.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Blench, Roger. 2016. Reconstructing African agrarian prehistory by combining different sources of evidence: methodological considerations and examples for west African economic plants. In: News from the Past; Progress in African Archaeobotany. Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on African Archaeobotany, Vienna, 2-5th July, 2012. U. Thanheiser ed. 13-26. Groningen: Barkhuis.
- ↑ 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedBlenchAfricanPast - ↑ Blench, Roger. 2007. Lexical avoidance taboos and the reconstruction of names for large animals in Niger-Congo, an African language phylum. In: Edmond Dounias, Elisabeth Motte-Florac and Margaret Dunham (eds). Le symbolisme des animaux - l’animal “clef de voûte” dans la tradition orale et les interactions homme-nature. 545-569 + unpaginated appendices. Paris: Editions IRD.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
gyara sashe- Zuwa Proto-Niger-Congo: Kwatanta da Sake Ginawa
- Neja-Congo aikin sake ginawa Archived 2021-05-09 at the Wayback Machine a LLACAN