Yaren Proto-Niger-Congo
  • Yaren Proto-Niger-Congo
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3

Proto-Niger–Congo shine hasashe da aka sake ginawa na yaren da aka tsara na dangin yaren Nijar-Congo .

Tabbatacce

gyara sashe

Ba kamar Nilo-Saharan ba, ƙwararrun harsunan Nijar-Congo na samun karɓuwa daga manyan masana harsuna da ƴan Afirka. Atlantic–Congo (kusan Nijar – Kongo amma ban da Mande, Kru, Siamou, Kordofanian, Dogon da Harsunan Ijoid ) Glottolog 4.4 ta karbe shi.

Blench (2006, 2016 [1] ) ya ba da shawarar cewa Proto-Niger-Congo ya samo asali ne kimanin shekaru 11-10,000 kafin yanzu a yammacin " Koren Sahara " na Afirka (kusan Sahel da kudancin Sahara ), da kuma cewa Ana iya danganta tarwatsewarta tare da yaduwar baka da kibiya ta hanyar ƙaura mafarauta .

Fassarar sauti

gyara sashe

Larry Hyman (2016) ya sake gina sautunan matakan daidaitawa guda biyu don Proto-Niger – Kongo, waɗanda sune: [2]

  • *H (sauti mai girma)
  • * L (ƙananan sautin)

Sillabi tsarin

gyara sashe

Proto-Niger–Congo ana ɗauka bisa al'ada cewa yana da tsarin tushen disyllabic kama da na Proto-Bantu, wato (C)V-CVCV [3] ( Williamson 2000, [4] da sauransu). Duk da haka, Roger Blench (2016) ya ba da shawarar tsarin trisyllabic (CVCVCV) don tushen Proto-Niger-Congo, [3] yayin da Konstantin Pozdniakov (2016) ya nuna cewa babban tsarin tsarin Proto-Niger-Congo shine * CVC, tare da shi. tare da disyllabic, trisyllabic, da sauran bambancin. [5]

Ilimin Halitta

gyara sashe

Darasi na suna

gyara sashe

Za a iya sake gina azuzuwan suna don Proto-Niger-Congo. Sunan ajin prefixes a cikin Proto-Niger–Congo sun haɗa da:

  • suna class 1 : prefix for human singular
  • suna class 2 : prefix for human plural
  • suna class 6A : prefix for liquid and mass nouns ("uncountables")

A ƙasa akwai alamun ajin suna Neja-Congo (Good 2020:145, [6] daga Schadeberg 1989:72 [7] ):

Reshe 1 1 (Kashi na Semantic) 3 4 4 (Kashi na Semantic) 5 6 6 (nau'i na ma'ana) 6 a ba 6a (Kashi na Semantic)
Kordofanian *gu- mutane *gu- *j- 'itace' *li- *ku- 'kwai' *ŋ- ruwaye
Atlantic *gu- mutane *gʊ- *ci- 'bishiyoyi' *da- *ga- 'kafa, suna' *ma- ruwaye
Oti-Volta ( Gur ) * - ʊ mutane *-ba *- Ci 'itace' *- kawo *- a 'kwai, kai' *-ma ruwaye
Ghana – Togo ( Kwa ) *o- mutane *o- *i- ' itacen wuta' *li- *a- 'kwai, kai, suna' *N- ruwaye
Benue – Kongo *ku- mutane *ku- * (t) da - 'itace' *li- *a- 'kwai, kai, suna' *ma- ruwaye
Bantu (suna) *mu- mutane *mu- *mi- 'itace' *i̧- *ma- 'kwai, suna' *ma- ruwaye
Bantu (lafazi) * ju- *gu- *gi- *di- *ga- *ga-

Tsawaita magana

gyara sashe

A ƙasa akwai wasu Proto-Niger-Congo, Proto-Bantu, da Proto- Atlantic ƙwanƙolin magana (Good 2020:146, [6] daga Hyman 2007:157 [8] ):

Nau'in kari Proto-Nijar-Congo Proto-Bantu Proto-Atlantic
m *-da * -d *-ed
m *-ci, *-ti *-ci-i *-wani
m *- ba *-ƙa-ƙa *-V[+baya]
m *- na *-wani *-ad
juyawa *-zuwa *-ɗ *-ƙa

Misali, a cikin Swahili :

  • tushen kalmar aiki: penda 'to love'
    • reciprocal : pendana 'son juna'
    • m: pendea 'don son'
    • sanadin : pendeza 'don farantawa'

Karin magana

gyara sashe

Güldemann's (2018) Proto-Niger–Congo pronoun reconstructions, na mutum na farko da na biyu karin magana (mufurai da jam'i), an bayar da su a ƙasa.

guda ɗaya jam'i
Mutum na 1 *mV gaba * TV rufe
Mutum na 2 *mV baya *NV kusa

Babaev (2013) cikakken bincike ne na karin magana a cikin harsunan Nijar–Congo, tare da sake ginawa dalla-dalla.

Konstantin Pozdniakov (2018) ya wallafa cikakken gyare-gyaren lambobi na Proto-Niger – Kongo, da kuma cikakken sake ginawa ga ƙananan ƙananan rassan Niger-Congo phylum. Pozdniakov (2018: 293) [9] da Güldemann (2018: 147) sun sake gina waɗannan lambobi don Proto-Niger-Congo.

Lambobi Proto-Niger – Kongo



</br> (Pozdniakov 2018)
Proto-Niger – Kongo



</br> (Güldemann 2018)
1 *ku-(n)-di (> ni/-in), *do, *gbo/*kpo
2 *ba-di *Ri
3 *tat/*ta *ta (C)
4 *na (h) i *na (C)
5 *tan,*nu(n) *NU
6 5+1
7 5+2
8 *na (i) nai (< 4 reduplicated)
9 5+4
10 *pu/*fu
20 <'mutum'

An ƙirƙiri lambobi 6-9 ta hanyar haɗa ƙananan lambobi, yayin da '20' ya samo asali daga 'mutum'.

A halin yanzu babu wani ingantaccen tsarin sake ginawa don tushen ƙamus na Proto-Niger-Congo. Duk da haka, gyare-gyaren gyare-gyare (na farko, na farko, wanda aka yiwa alama ta amfani da alamar lamba #) Roger Blench, wanda a halin yanzu yana tattara ƙamus na Nijar-Congo ya yi ƙoƙari. Wasu misalai daga Blench (2016:

Proto-Niger – Kongo Gloss
*keɗeri a raba, yanke, karya
*suŋguri wanka ( mai wucewa )
#tokori tauna
*siŋguri shafa, shafa
*ɗumigbi binne, tona, kabari, shuka
#ggbʊ́rɪ́ kai
#gbukuru kunkuru, kunkuru
#goŋgboro kirji
#kpagara kafa, kafa
#ku(n)duŋo gwiwa
#-bugbulu rami
#kVn daya
*tunuru biyar

Hans Günther Mukarovsky [de]'s reconstruction of Proto-Western Nigritic (roughly equivalent to Proto-Atlantic–Congo[10]) was published in 2 volumes in 1976 and 1977.[11]

Tsire-tsire

gyara sashe

Blench (2009) ya lissafa wasu gyare-gyaren gyare-gyare na Nijar da Kongo don shuke-shuke masu amfani da tattalin arziki masu mahimmanci (a lura cewa ba lallai ba ne a sake gina su zuwa Proto-Niger-Congo). Waɗannan tushen gabaɗaya nau'ikan yanki ne ( Wanderworts ), tare da wasu daga cikinsu kuma ana samun su cikin yarukan Afroasiatic da Nilo-Saharan. [12] Ana kuma ƙara wasu 'yan fom daga wasu ayyukan Blench (2006, 2012, 2016).

Niger–Congo form Common name Scientific name(s) Notes
#-bal- palm spp. Raphia sudanica; Elaeis guineensis
#-kundi- dryzone palm Phoenix reclinata; Borassus aethiopum; Raphia sp.
#-bila- oil-palm (?) Elaeis guineensis
#-eli- oil-palm Elaeis guineensis
#-ten- oil-palm Elaeis guineensis
#(n)gbaŋ- fan-palm Borassus aethiopum
#lona locust bean tree Parkia biglobosa
#-(g)be cola nut Cola nitida, Cola acuminata
#goro cola nut Cola nitida, Cola acuminata
#kum silk-cotton tree Ceiba pentandra
#kom- African mahogany Khaya senegalensis
#ŋ-kpunu shea tree; ‘oil, fat’ Vitellaria paradoxa
#-par African olive, bush-candle Canarium schweinfurthii
#kVN- sorghum, guinea-corn Sorghum bicolor
#mar(d)a pearl millet Pennisetum glaucum also widespread in West Chadic
#fundi[13] fonio Digitaria exilis in Mande, Atlantic, Gur, etc.
#ku; #ji yam Dioscorea spp.
#-tom aerial yam Dioscorea bulbifera widespread in Nigeria and western Cameroon[14]
#koko cocoyam, taro Colocasia esculenta
#zo(ko) cowpea Vigna unguiculata in Central Nigeria; Benue-Congo has *kón (Proto-Manenguba) and *-kʊ́ndè (Proto-Bantu)[15]
#-kpa[15] Bambara groundnut Vigna subterranea West Benue-Congo
#-gunu[15] Bambara groundnut Vigna subterranea East Benue-Congo
#-wi Bambara groundnut Vigna subterranea Plateau languages
#-kora calabash, gourd Lagenaria siceraria; Cucurbita spp.
#kom- enset, banana Musa spp.
#konde plantain Musa paradisiaca
#màaló (?) rice Oryza glaberrima Proto-Manding reconstruction; widespread form across West Africa[15]

Sauran sunayen tsire-tsire masu yaɗuwar yanki a Afirka ta Yamma:

A ƙasa akwai wasu gyare-gyare na ƙayyadaddun tsarin yanki na Nijar-Congo na sunayen dabbobi da Blench ya bayar (2007 [16] ), tare da wasu gyare-gyaren da aka yi akan Blench (2006).

Niger-Congo form Sunan gama gari Rarrabawa
#jata zaki Mande-Congo
#guni zaki siffar yanki
#-bungu hyena Volta-Congo
#-biti hyena Proto-Benue-Kwa
#murum hyena Najeriya ta tsakiya
#gbali giwa Mande-Congo
#-yi giwa Benue-Kwa ? ; yana nufin 'tusk'
#-sulu giwa Volta-Congo
#- ba kare Proto-Nijar-Congo
#kuru kada Niger-Congo ( Proto-Bantu yana da #-gandu) [15]
#budi [15] akuya Niger-Congo (Afroasiatic da Nilo-Saharan suna da #kr-) [15]
#-ga [15] masakar kauye Benue-Congo [15]

Duba kuma

gyara sashe
  • Harshen Proto-Bantu
  • Harshen Proto-Afroasiatic
  • Haplogroup E-M2
  •  
  • Empty citation (help)
  • Grollemund, Rebecca, Simon Branford, Jean-Marie Hombert & Mark Pagel. 2016. Genetic unity of the Niger-Congo family. Paper presented for the 2nd International Congress "Towards Proto-Niger-Congo: Comparison and Reconstruction", Paris, 1-3 September, 2016.

Manazarta

gyara sashe
  1. Blench, Roger. 2016. Can we visit the graves of the first Niger-Congo speakers?. Paper presented for the 2nd International Congress "Towards Proto-Niger-Congo: Comparison and Reconstruction", Paris, 1-3 September, 2016.
  2. Hyman, Larry. 2016. Can we visit the graves of the first Niger-Congo speakers?. Paper presented for the 2nd International Congress "On Reconstructing Tone in Proto-Niger-Congo", Paris, 1-3 September, 2016.
  3. 3.0 3.1 Blench, Roger. 2016. Supposing we have been completely wrong about the shape of early Niger-Congo roots?. Paper presented for the 2nd International Congress "Towards Proto-Niger-Congo: Comparison and Reconstruction", Paris, 1-3 September, 2016.
  4. Williamson, Kay. 2000. Proto-Niger-Congo. In: H. Ekkehard Wolff, Orin D. Gensler (eds). Proceedings of the 2nd World Congress of African Linguistics, Leipzig 1997, pp.49-70. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe. ISBN 9783896451248.
  5. Pozdniakov, Konstantin. 2016. Proto-Niger-Congo root structures. Paper presented for the 2nd International Congress "On Reconstructing Tone in Proto-Niger-Congo", Paris, 1-3 September, 2016.
  6. 6.0 6.1 Good, Jeff. 2020. Niger-Congo, with a special focus on Benue-Congo. In: Vossen, Rainer and Gerrit J. Dimmendaal (eds.). 2020. The Oxford Handbook of African Languages, pp. 139-160. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  7. Schadeberg, Thilo C. (1989). ‘Kordofanian’, in J. Bendor-Samuel (ed.). The Niger-Congo Languages: A classification and description of Africa's largest language family, 66-80. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
  8. Hyman, L. M. (2007). ‘Niger-Congo verb extensions: overview and discussion’, in D. L. Payne and J. Pena (eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 37th Annual Conference on African Linguistics. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla, 149-63.
  9. Empty citation (help)
  10. Blench, Roger. Kordofanian and Niger-Congo: new and revised lexical evidence. Cambrdige: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.
  11. Mukarovsky, Hans. 1976-1977. A study of Western Nigritic (2 vols). Wien: Institut für Ägyptologie und Afrikanistik, Universität Wien.
  12. Blench, Roger. 2009. New reconstructions of West African economic plants. In: Jörg Adelberger & Rudolf Leger (eds.): Language, History and Reconstructions. Frankfurter Afrikanistische Blätter 21 (2009) XX-XX. Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, Köln.
  13. Empty citation (help)
  14. 14.0 14.1 Blench, Roger. 2016. Reconstructing African agrarian prehistory by combining different sources of evidence: methodological considerations and examples for west African economic plants. In: News from the Past; Progress in African Archaeobotany. Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on African Archaeobotany, Vienna, 2-5th July, 2012. U. Thanheiser ed. 13-26. Groningen: Barkhuis.
  15. 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named BlenchAfricanPast
  16. Blench, Roger. 2007. Lexical avoidance taboos and the reconstruction of names for large animals in Niger-Congo, an African language phylum. In: Edmond Dounias, Elisabeth Motte-Florac and Margaret Dunham (eds). Le symbolisme des animaux - l’animal “clef de voûte” dans la tradition orale et les interactions homme-nature. 545-569 + unpaginated appendices. Paris: Editions IRD.

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

gyara sashe