Yaren Adamawa
A Adamawa harsuna ne a putative iyali na 80-90 harsuna warwatse ko'ina cikin Adamawa Filato a tsakiyar Afirka, a Najeriya, Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Afrika ta Tsakiya, da kuma Chadi, magana gaba ɗaya da ɗaya kawai, kuma a rabin miliyan (kamar na shekarar 1996). Joseph Greenberg ya sanya su a matsayin reshe daya na dangin Adamawa – Ubangi na harsunan Nijar – Congo . Suna kuma daga cikin ƙananan yaruka da ake nazari a cikinsu a Afirka, kuma sun haɗa da yarukan da ke cikin haɗari ; kusan mafi girma shine Mumuye, tare da masu magana da shi mutane a kalla guda 400,000. Wasu harsunan da ba a rarraba su ba - musamman Laal da Jalaa - an samo su a gefen yankin Adamawa.
Yaren Adamawa | |
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Linguistic classification | |
Glottolog | adam1259 adam1256[1] |
A yanayin kasa, yaren Adamawa suna kwance kusa da inda aka sanya Niger-Congo - Tsakiyar Sudan ta Tsakiya wanda wataƙila ya haifar da dangin Atlantic-Congo, don haka yana iya wakiltar tsakiyar hasken gidan.[ana buƙatar hujja] .
Rarrabuwa
gyara sasheJoseph Greenberg ya buga yarukan Adamawa a matsayin wani yanki na Adamawa – Ubangian (wanda ake kira da Adamawa – Gabas), ya kuma raba su zuwa kungiyoyi 14 masu lamba. Rukunin G3, Daka (ko Dakoid), yanzu an san shi reshe ne na Benuwe-Congo . Dangantakar sauran rassa ta sami babban kwaskwarima.
Greenberg (1963)
gyara sasheKungiyoyin Adamawa guda 14 na lambobin Greenberg sune kamar haka:
Lamba | Rukuni |
---|---|
G1 | Tula – Waja |
G2 | Leko |
G3 | Daka |
G4 | Duru |
G5 | Mumuye – Yendang |
G6 | Mbum |
G7 | Bəna – Mboi (Yungur) |
G8 | Nyimwom (Kam) |
G9 | Bikwin – Jen |
G10 | Longuda |
G11 | Fali |
G12 | Nimbari |
G13 | Bua |
G14 | Kim |
Boyd (1989)
gyara sasheBoyd a shekara ta (1989) ya ƙara harshen Rana kuma ya rarraba su kamar haka:[2]
- Leko – Nimbari (ko Chamba – Mumuye).
- Duru : G4
- Leko : G2
- Mumuye – Yendang : G5
- Nimbari : G12
- Mbum-Day
- Bua : G13
- Kim : G14
- Mbum : G6
- Rana
- Waja – Jen
- Bikwin – Jen (ko Jen): G9
- Tula – Wiyaa (ko Waja): G1
- Bəna – Mboi (ko Yungur): G7
- Baa (aka Kwa)
- Longuda : G10
- Nyimwom (ko Kam: G8)
Ya cire harsunan Fali (G11).
Güldemann (2018)
gyara sasheGüldemann (2018) ya amince da "ɗumbin asali" guda 14 na Adamawa, amma yana da masaniya game da matsayin su a cikin Nijar-Congo sune kamar haka.
- Tula-Waja
- Longuda
- Bena-Mboi
- Bikwin-Jen
- Samba-Duru
- Mumuyic
- Maya (Yendangic)
- Kebi-Benue (Mbumic)
- Kimic
- Buaic
- Rana
- Baa = Kwa
- Nyingwom = Kam
- Fali
Kleinewillinghöfer (2019)
gyara sasheKleinewillinghöfer (2019), a cikin Gidan yanar gizon Project Harsuna na Adamawa, ya amince da rukunoni guda 17 masu zuwa a matsayin yarukan Adamawa sune kamar haka.[3]
- Tula-Waja ( Waja ): G1[4][5]
- Bikwin-Jen (Burak, Jen): G9[6][7]
- Kam (Nyiŋɔm, Nyiwom, Nyingwom) : G8[8]
- Longuda (Nʋngʋra tari): G10[9][10]
- Baa (Kwa)[11][12]
- Mumuye : G5
- Yandang (Yendang): G5[13]
- Samba - Duru (Chamba-Leko, Leko, Duru, Sama-Duru, Samba Leeko): G2, G4[14][15]
- Ɓəna-Mboi (Yungur): G7[16][17][18]
- Kebi-Benue ( Mbum ): G6
- Kim : G14
- Rana
- Bua : G13
- Nimbari (Baari, Bari) : G12 [ya bace][19]
- Duli - Gewe (Gey, Gueve) [dadaddun]
- ? Fali : G11
- ? Chamba-Daka ( Daka ) : G3
Kungiyoyin Tula-Waja, Longuda, Ɓəna-Mboi, Samba - Duru, da Bua ne kawai ke da darajojin suna . Sauran rukunin suna nuni ne kawai da tsarin tsoffin sunaye.[20]
Blench (2012, 2020)
gyara sasheRoger Blench (2012)[21] kammala da cewa harsunan Adamawa rukuni ne na yanki, ba dangin yare ba, kuma ya rabu da rassa daban-daban a cikin dangin Savannas da yake nema. Ya sanya wasu daga cikin yarukan yammacin Adamawa kusa da na yaren Gur fiye da sauran dangin Adamawa. Fali an kaɗance daga Savannas gaba ɗaya. Blench (2020) yana riƙe da haɗi tsakanin Mumuye da Yendang, amma ya fasa Samba-Duru na Kleinewillinghöfer.
Languagesananan harsunan adamawa
gyara sasheHarshen Oblo na Kamaru an haɗa shi a cikin juzu'i da yawa na ƙungiyar Adamawa, amma matsayinta a ciki ba shi da tabbas.[22]
An yi ta rade-radin cewa harshen Laal da ba a rarrabawa na Chadi na iya zama Adamawa; yaren Jalaa na Najeriya tabbas ba adamawa bane, amma yana nuna tasirin Adamawa sosai. Koyaya, duka ɗayansu yanzu ana ɗauke dasu a matsayin keɓe harshe .
Kwatanta ƙamus
gyara sasheSamfurin asali ƙamus na Adamawa harsuna daga Kleinewillinghöfer ta Adamawa Harsuna Project website da kuma daban-daban da sauran kafofin sune kamar haka:[23]
Lura : A cikin sassan tebur tare da yankin, ana ba da muɗaɗɗen sifa kafin laushi, yayin da sigar jam'in ke biyo bayan slash.
Rarrabuwa | Harshe | Rukunin harshe | ido | kunne | hanci | haƙori | harshe | baki | jini | ƙashi | ruwa | bishiya | ci | suna |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baa | Baa | nu(ví) / rínù | ǹtú / ríǹtú | gyo̰ / rigyó̰ | nyanwívì / rí- | dyḛǹ(vì) | nyààvì | twèèn | kukút | mán | kii / rikii | gyâ | zin | |
Bikwin-Jen | Proto-Jen (Proto-Bikwin-Jen) | up I | *núŋ | *tswi | *lúr(i) | *le | *ɗək; (*lyəN) | *ɲwa | *ɥe/*zwi | *kub | *kəb | *mɛ/*mɨŋ | *tə́ŋ | *lɨn/*ɗwín |
Bikwin-Jen | Burak (Ɓʊʊrak) | núŋ | twíi ? | lúúri | lée | ɗá̰k | nyúwaa, nywaa | wɪ́ɪ́ | kúb, kúp ? | mɛ́ɛ́ | ɗít / yéɗit | tá̰ŋ | lín̄ | |
Bikwin-Jen | Loo (Shʊŋɔ) | Galdemaru | ɛrɛ nuŋ | twɪ́ɪ́ | lúúrì | lei | ɗak | nywa | dùm | kúp | mɛ́ɛ́ | ɗít | táŋ | nin |
Bikwin-Jen | Loo (Shʊŋɔ) | Waamura | ɛrɛ nuŋ | twɪ́ɪ́ | lúúrì | lei | ɗak | nywa | dùm | kúp | mɛ́ɛ́ | káp | táŋ | nin |
Bikwin-Jen | Maɣdi (Tala) | núŋ / yéénuŋ | cwéé | luuli | léí | ɗák | nyuwaa | ywee | kób, kúób / yéé kób | míshì | káp / yéékáp | taŋ | lin | |
Bikwin-Jen | Lee Mak | Panya | nuŋ | dɔkswíì | ɗuurə | lei | lén | nuwaa | lyüé | kóp | mui kya | kap / yeekâp | táŋ | ɗín |
Bikwin-Jen | Lee Mak | Zoo | nuŋ | (ɗɔ́k)shwìyè | ɗuurə | lei | lén | nuwa | lyüé | kúóp | mwui kya | kàp | táŋ | ɗin |
Bikwin-Jen | Kya̰k (Bambuka) | núŋ | ɗɔ́kswì | ɗúr | lɛ́ɛ́ | ɗyím | ŋwaà | zwìì | kəkəp | mùŋ | káp | táŋ | ɗwín | |
Bikwin-Jen | Mɔɔ (Gomu) | nə́ŋ | ɗɔ́kfíì | ɗúr | lɛ́ɛ́ | ɗyík | ŋwaa | zìì | kúp | mùŋ kwâm | kaap | taŋ | ɗwín | |
Bikwin-Jen | LeeLau (Munga, Munga Leelau) | núŋ | ɗɔkswî | ɗurr, ndurr | léí | lyén | ŋwaà | zìì | kukup; (kʊkʊp ?) | munki | kâp | tâŋ | ɗún | |
Bikwin-Jen | Dza (Jen) | Kaigama | nə́ŋ | tshwötshwí | bwaadjwí | djìì | lʌ̰́ | nnwâ | hywṵi, hywḭ | kʊʊkʊ́, kʊkʊ́ | mmə́ŋ | kɐ́ɐ / ekʌ́(ʌ) | táŋ, tháŋ | djwuŋ |
Bikwin-Jen | Munga (Məngaŋ) Doso | nəŋ | cúcwì | kádwì | íì | lyêm | ŋwàà | ehywü; (exwü) | kúkwə̀ | məŋ tsər | kaa / lékaa | tâŋ | ɗyíìŋ | |
Bikwin-Jen | Joole | nə́ŋ / ee- | tʃwü tʃwí | nwá̰ dwí | jì(ì) (calabash) | lʌ́ | ká̰ nw̰á̰ | hṵ̈̀ḭ̀ | kùkú | mə́ŋ | kʌ́ / èèkʌ́ | táŋ | dzuŋ | |
Bikwin-Jen | Jòòle | Joole Manga | bwàà nù | bwaa tywi | bwàà dṵ̀ | gigi | láŋ | kányua | vi (?) | kúkú | míkyá | nyááká / nyááká búbáí | tà̰à̰ | dumà |
Tula-Waja | Wɪya, Waja, Wajan Kasa | nuŋè | twɪ́yaʊ | boocu | nwii | bɛnɛ | nɪyaʊ | tumà | kuu | gundù | sou | jɛ | dənè | |
Tula-Waja | Waja | Deeri, Wajan Dutse | gɔn niŋi | podou / podoru | ||||||||||
Tula-Waja | Kutule, Tula | Wange | kwalaŋɛ / kwalaŋi | kətɛ́ɛ́lɛ̀ / kətɛ́ɛ́lɪ | cʊʊn / cʊʊni | kunuwaŋ / nǔǔm, tunuri | ben / beni | yii / yiini | kʊtʊm | kətiyaŋ / tətiini | mwɛ̀ / mwɛti | tíyaŋ / tííní | cáú ~ ʃáú | dən / dimbi |
Tula-Waja | Tula | Baule | nù / núl | kə̀tɛ́ɛ́lɛ̀ / kə̀tɛ́ɛ́lɪ̀ | sʊ́ʊ́n / sʊ́ʊ́nɪ́, sʊ́ŋə́n | kə́núwáŋ / núúm, tə́núri | been / bééni | yí / yiiní | kʌtùùm | kətiyá námáŋ / tətiini náiyé | mwɛ̀ | kətíyá / tətííní | saʊ; sa (mwàn) | də́n / də́mbí |
Tula-Waja | Tula | Yili (Yiri) | nuù / nuuto | kətɛ́ɛ́lɪ / kətɛ́ɛ́nɪ́ | ʃʊ́ʊ́l / ʃʊ́ʊ́wɪ̀ | kunuuŋ / nuum | bííl / bííwí | yii / yiiní | kʊtʊʊ̀m | kukúkó / tukútó | mwɛ | tiyaŋ / tiini | caʊ̀; ca (mwân) | diń / dimən |
Tula-Waja | Yebu, Awak | núŋí | bwaará | suur ~ sʊʊr | nuŋún | beén | nìí | tuum | kuukú | mwê; mwɛ̀ | tii | sáb | duń | |
Tula-Waja | Baŋjiŋe, Bangwinji | nuwe / nuwetini | tuù / tuuní | ʃóór, cóór | nuǹ / nuǹtini | bien / bienni ? | nyii / nyiini | bwiyalɛ̀ | kúk / kútí | mwɛ́m | tu / tum | câm | dén | |
Tula-Waja | Dadiya | nuu / nuutin | lɔɔ̀l | jʊl | núŋùn | ben | níyò / níyétìn | tʊ́ʊ́m | kuto | mwḛ̂ | tiyà / tiyàntin | jáá | dùń | |
Tula-Waja | Maa, Kamo | núŋé | kúmó | cóór | nugun | bén̄ | nyiyé | tʊ́ʊ́m | kúúbú | mwɛ́ | nyáŋlá | dágʊ́m (wúrgé) | dìń | |
Tula-Waja | Dijim, Cham | Kindiyo | kʌmɪ / kámtɛ | suu; suwoŋ | jʊ̀r, jʊ̀ʊ̀r | nuŋun / nuŋtɛ́ | lʌŋər / laŋtɛ́ | nyʷii / nyʷiini | dʊ̀gʊ́m | kuk / kute | híí | riyaŋ / riitɛ | jau | dun / duntɛ̀ |
Tula-Waja | Bwilim, Cham | Mɔna | nu / nute | getuwaŋ / getuwai | taanù / taantɔ́ʊ́ | bemnù / bemtou | nyii / nyiini | gə̀mí | záà | |||||
Tula-Waja | Tso | Suwabou | nuŋ / nuntóú | wɔɔnʊ́ / wɔɔntáú | nyulóónù / nyulóóntù | nunu / núntòù | lameno / lamtʊ̀ | nyii / nyiini | dɔɔ̀m | tsá / tseni | láà / laátóú | tsá / tsenì | za | dín / díntòù |
Tula-Waja | Tso | Gusubo | nùŋ / nùntù | fə̀là / fə̀lààni | dətəmòròù / tə̀tə̀mòtòù | taanʊ̀ / taantú | béémnó / béémtóú | nyii / nyiini | tsá / tseni | la / latóú | tsá / tsénì | zaà | dín / díntú | |
Tula-Waja | Tso | Barbou | dʊ̀m | tsá / tsáni | yìbè / laátóú | |||||||||
isolate | Jalaa | dyiríì / dyitə̂ | buŋôŋ | yamə-r / yamə-ta | tənəm / tənemté̩ | laŋe̩r / laŋté̩ | bo̩o̩, bwo̩ / bo̩o̩-ní | bwiirùm | kùsì-gò̩ / -nìó | gwìì-ràŋ, gwìì-ròŋ / -tè̩ | mwê̩ | hâl | nuŋ kúlájí; kwáráŋ wò̩gə́n ? | |
Longuda | Cerii (Ceriŋ, Banjiram) | nyʊ̰lá / nyʊ̰ʔá | thʊ́lá / thwíyá | dɔ́ŋkhá / dɔ́ŋthá | gàràlá / gará | dhilimkha / dhilimtha | nyàkhá / nyàthá | thùmá | kwacalá / kwacáá | mámá | thíká / thímá | dhà | zííndé / zíné | |
Longuda | Deele (Jessu) | nyʊ̀ʊ̀là / nyʊ̀ʊ̀lʔà | tʊ́là / twáʔà | jɔ́ɔ́(ŋ)khà / jɔ́ɔ́(ŋ)thà | galáwa / galáhà | dhələ́mkhà | nyàkà | thʊ́mà; surmə̀ | kukubə́lə̀ / kukubə́ʔə̀ | mámà | thikhà | já, jáʔà | jááunla / jááunʔà | |
Longuda | Koola (Thaarʊ) | nyʊ̰lá | tʊ́lá / twáʔá | zɔɔŋkha | gàlàwá / gàlàhá | dələmka | nyalá / nyaʔá | tʊmá | tsakəbla / tsakəbʔa | mama | thíká | zà ; zà nyoomò | dəmla / dəmʔá | |
Longuda | Wala Lunguda | Guyuk | nyuŋlá | thʊ́wá / thwáá | joonka | garala / garaʔa / | zilimkha | nyakhá | tumá, thuma | kwaca, kwacalá | mámá | thíkhá | jà | zindè / zinè |
Longuda | Gwaanda (Nyuwar) | nyṵnla | zingala / zingaʔa | jɔ̰ŋka | nyile / nyiʔe | dhilimka | nyàkà / nyàthà | sirme | kwacala / kwacaʔa | mama, dwaama | waha̰ka / waha̰ma | dháà | dzaunla; dziiŋle | |
Longuda | Gwaanda | nyṵlà | dzíngálá | jónká | nyúlə́ | dhílímká | súrmá, súrmé ? | kwàcàlà / kwàcàà | mámá, dwàmà | wàhàkà | dà; thà | dzínlə́ | ||
Bena-Mboi | Ɓəna (Yungur) | Dumne | núú / nṵ́ṵ́sâ | gwḛ́ḛ́ / gwḛ́ḛ́mé | tímrá / címtá | ɗə́fá / ɗə́mtá | ɗəlmaarà / ɗəlmaatà | ʔéé / ʔéémé | kẃadmá | tə́fá / tə́ptá | mbraá | ɓota / nbwece | kə́fə́ | ɗənda / ɗənta |
Bena-Mboi | Ɓəna (Yungur) | Pirambe | núú / nṵ́ṵ́śa | gwe / gweme | tímrá / tímtá | ɗə́mbá / ɗə́mtá | ɗəlmaarà / ɗəlmaatà | ʔḛḛ / ʔéémé | munma | tə́fá / tə́ptá | mbərá / mbəramsî | ɓota / nɓétè | kə́fə́ | ɗənda / ɗənta |
Bena-Mboi | Voro | Waltaandi | núú / núúza | gwḛ́ḛ́ / gwḛ́ḛ́mé | tímrá / tímtá | ɗə́mbá / ɗə́mtá | ɗəlḿáará / ɗəlḿáatá | ʔḛḛ / ʔḛ́ḛ́mé | kẃadmá, mùnmà | tə́fá / tə́ptá | mbráá [muwa ?] | ɓòtà / ŋbété | kə́fə́ | ɗə́ndá / ɗə́ntá |
Bena-Mboi | Voro | Ɓéttandi | kẃadmá | tə́fá / tə́ptá | mbra̰a̰ | ɓòtà / ŋbété | kə́fə́ | ɗə́ndá / ɗə́ntá | ||||||
Bena-Mboi | Ɓəna (Laala) | Bodei (Bodwai) | nuú / nuujà | gwḛḛ / gwḛḛmé | timrá / timtá, timté | ɗəmbá / ɗəmtá | ɗə̀lmààrà / ɗə̀lmààtà | nyḛ́ḛ́ / nyḛ́ḛ́mé | bòblà / bòbjà | təpa / təutá | mbrá̰à̰ / mbráámjà | ɓotá / ngwaaté | jeè | ɗíndá / ɗíntá |
Bena-Mboi | Ɓəna (Laala) | Yang | nuú / nùùzà | gwɛ̰ɛ̰ / gwɛ̰ɛ̰mé | tìmrá / tìmtí | ɗimbá / ɗimtá | ɗilmará / ɗilmaatá | ḛ̀yḛ́ / ḛ̀yḛ̀mé | mónmá | təfá / tòùtá | bərà̰à̰ | ɓotá / ngwbaté | kəwə́ | díndá / díntá |
Bena-Mboi | Robma (Laala Roba) | nuu / nuuwà | gwee / gweemé | tìmrá / tìmtí | ɗimbá / ɗimtá | dilmará / dilmatá | ḛḛ́ / eḛ́msà | monma | təfá / təfáámse | bura / buráámsà | ɓotá / ngbaté | sewò | dinda / dinta | |
Bena-Mboi | Mboi | Gulungo | ɗəmbó / ɗìmda | aʔəhḛ | matəma | ngɔdɔ́ / angedé | ndià / ndiidà | |||||||
Bena-Mboi | Mboi | Livo | núú / núúźa | tṵṵ̀ / tṵṵzà | ifiya / ifita | dúmbó / dimtà | lemiya / lemta | ahʔhi / ʔhimza | matəma | tutto / acicé | mbiya | ngɔ́tɔ́ / ángété | ʒé | ndíà / ndiità |
Bena-Mboi | Mboi | Haanda | nuu / nuuzà | tuŋ / atʃw̄i | rifḛḛrà / rifḛḛtà | dúmbó / dimtà | leembərà / leemtà | ahʔhḭ̀ / mbai hímzà | mátə́má | túftò / atʃúfè | mbra | ŋbótó / aŋbécè | zé | ndera / ndərtata |
Bena-Mboi | Kaan (Libo) | sunu / (sunuḿa) | twḭ / twiiḿa | shimbə́r / shimbətəmá | təmbər / təmbərmâ | ɗəlaamíì / ɗəlaamííʔóó | ʔii / ʔiim | morúm | təfəra / təfətəmá | barə̀m | mərə̂m / mərəməmá | zə́ | ndə̀r / ndərmá | |
Yendang | Bali | ní | tɛ́ | sɛ́ | síbí | ŋwɛ́lɛ | ɲɛ́ | míɗɛnɛ́ | kṹɓí | tí | mí | mò[k] | lím | |
Yendang | Kpasham | núɛ̃́ | wàswé | ɲɛ́swɛ́ | síbí | ŋwɔ́le | ɲɛ́ | mídwíne | kũ̀bi | sí | mí | mɔk | nə̌ŋ | |
Yendang | Yoti | dóo | tóo | sɔ́ɔ̃́ | ʃúu | wúlɛ̀ | ɲâ | dii | kúnwí | tí | mii | mòk | níŋ | |
Yendang | Yandang | nɔk | tòk | ɲánsũ | rùk | lɛka | ɲǎk | le | kún | dĩ̀hĩ̀ | mí | mogí | inaŋ | |
Mumuye | Proto-Mumuye | *nu-ng, *nung; *gí-ǹg | *co-V, *coo | *su-ng, *sung | *tná-li/-ri | *ɗè-V/ng-ti | *nyaa | *kpa-V̀; *zing, *zi-ng | *ka (redup.), *kak-V | *mi-V, *mii, *min ? | *la-V, *laa | *caa | *ríǹg, *rí-ǹg | |
Mumuye | Mumuye (Zing) | nung | shoo | sung | tnári | rèétè | nyaa | kpaà | kaka | mee | laa | shaa | ríńg | |
Kam | Nyiŋɔm (Kam) | Din Kamaajin | ànùŋ | àkàr | àmə̀ràk | àshàg / àshàgìyo | àlímə́ní | ŋwé | wò | àkùb | mə̀ŋ káŋá | bàl / bàl yo | nìm; nəm níì (imp.) | |
Vere | Jango | nɔ́ru / nɔ́ī | tóŋ / tónnun | míŋ; míŋ̄ / mínnùŋ | núúrù / núúi | mbéélu / mbéī | ndáŋ̄ / ndántun | kpa'arú / kpaˀatɛ́ | rɛ́ndúkú / rɛ́ndɛ́ | máŋ / mántúŋ | rák / ratú | rɛɛ kóp | ríírú / rííté | |
Vere | Jango (Southern) | nɔ́ru / nɔ́(t)tí | míŋ̄ / mínnùŋ | núúrù / núúyì | mbéélu / mbéétɛ́ | ndáŋ̄ / ndántùŋ | kpààˀru / kpàˀɛ | rɛɛŋ | ||||||
Vere | Were | nǒrrō | tōn(g) | mi(n)(g) | nūī (pl.) | bēlō | dǎ(n)(g) | pǎrū | gaemām | |||||
Vere | Batəm | nɔr / nɔˀ | tok / toˀ | míˀ / miin | núúr / núˀ | mɛ́ɛ́l / mɛ́ˀté | súˀ / sut | kwaal / kwaaˀ | niŋg / nin | maam / máámə̀t | teh / tɛt | règùm; rɛ̀ká | ríˀír / ríˀtɛ | |
Vere | Momi | nɔ̀r / nɔ̀ˀ | tɔ̀k / tɔ̀ˀˀ | mii / miin | nùùr / nùùˀ | meel / meeli | suu / suut | kpààl / kpaai | nènk / nèn | máàm / máŋ̀bət | tè / tèt | règùm; rɛ̀ká; rèèká | ríír / rííti | |
Vere | Vɔkba | nɔr / nɔˀti | tok / torum | nik (?) | núˀ | mɛ́l | súˀ | kòàl | néŋ / néŋti | mám | tɛˀ / tɛtə | regɨm | ríí | |
Vere | Wɔmmu | nɔ́r / núɔ́ | tór / tóó (tʋ́r) | míí / mííne | nuurə̀/ núútə́ | míɛ́le / mɛ́ɛ́té ~ míɛ́té | dóbʒɩ̀ / dówwi | kwaalə / kwaasə | nɛ́ŋkə / nɛ́nté | máám | tɛ́ɛ́ / tɛ́tə | rɛgum kwɔ́ú | níìr / nííté | |
Vere | Nissim | nɔ́ɔ́l / núɔ́ | tóól / tɔ́ɔ́tə́ | míí / mííne | núúlə / núúté | mɛɛ́lə / mɛɛ́té | dóbzə/ dóbpe | kpaalə / kpaate | neŋke / neŋte | máám , máám bonúm àm | tɛ́ɛ́ / tɛ́tə | lem kúɔ́; lekə | níllə / níttə́ | |
Vere | Eilim | nɔ́l / nɔ́ɔ́ | tól / tóó | míí / míímtə̀ | núúl / núúté | mɛɛ́l / mɛɛ́té | dám / damderei | kpaal / kpaatə | mám̀ | tɛ́ɛ̄ | lem kúɔ́; lekə | líllə / níttə́ | ||
Vere | Kobom | nɔ́rì / nɔ́ɔ́ | tókù / tóó | mí / míímītī | núúrì / nuute | mɛ́ɛ́ni / mɛ́té | dám / dámtíréí | mɛɛm | nɛ́ŋkù / nɛ́ŋté | tɛ́ / tɛ́ti | réí; rékɔ́ | rííri / rííté | ||
Vere | Vɔmnəm | nɔr / nɔɔ | tukò / tuŋbərəm | míì / míìm | nuurò / nuute | mɛɛlò / mɛɛte | súú / sútò | kwaalò / kwaasò | nɛ́ŋkò / nɛŋté | maàm | tɛɛ / tɛɛtə | rɛm; rɛkò | niirò / niite | |
Vere | Damtəm | nuɔ̀l / nuɔ̀rɛ | tɔ́l / tɔrɛ, tɔɔtɛ | míl / mííté | núl / núúte | mɛl / mɛɛte | dám / damtər | kpaal / kpaaʃe | lyɛngə̀ / lɛŋsyɛ | tii / tiitə̀ | nʌ́l / nʌʌtə́ | |||
Vere | Gəunəm-Yar (Gə-Yarəm) | nual / nuare | cul / curie, tuure | míəl / mííré | núúl / núúré | míál / mɛ́re | dám / dámdə́ | kpàal/ kpààsə̀də̀ | nyáŋsə́l / nyáŋsé, nyáŋgə | mám | lau / lasə | lìní kúə́; lìə̀- kúə́ | lə́l / lérə | |
Vere | Gə-Lim | nual / nuarie | túl / túríé | míil / mííré | nuul / nuurie | mɛ́rl / mɛ́ɛ́rɛ̄ | dám / dámdə́ | kpaal / kpaarie | nyángə́ | mám | láú / lásə́ | lìní; lìə̀- kúʌ́ | lʌl / lʌʌrie | |
Gəmnəm | Beiya | nol / nootə | tol / tootə | mííl / míítə | núŋlə̄ / núŋ | mɛ́ɛ́l / mɛ́ɛ́tə | nok / noŋtə | meem / meemtə | néngə, nɛ́ngə / néŋzə, nɛ́ŋzə | má:m / máámtə̄ | téé / teete | liiná ; lìì kɔ́p | nííl / níítə | |
Gəmnəm | Gindoo | nɔl | tol | míl | nɨŋ́ lə | mɛ́l | nɔk | mem | nɨŋ́ ə / nɨŋ́ gə | mám | teˀ/ tetə | níl | ||
Gəmnəm | Riitime | nɔ́lé / nɔ́ˀɔ́ | tólé / tóˀó | mííle / mííˀe | lúŋle / lúŋe | méle / méˀē | nogúsa / nóŋté | mēēmē | léngo / léŋē | máámē / mámte | téˀé / tété | lii kóóp | lə́lē / lə́ˀə | |
Gəmme | Gəmme | nólé / nóˀɛ́ | tólé / tóˀó | míhˀle / míhˀie | níŋlē / níŋē | méhˀle / méhyē | yòlé / yòé | míímé | níngē / níŋmē | memˀe | téˀé / teˀnē | lee lená | nímlē / nímē | |
Gəmme | Baanma | nɔla / nɔˀɔ | toga, toˀga / toˀma | míhla / míˀi | níŋla / níŋa | mɛ́hla / mɛˀɛ | yòla / yòˀo | miima / miimda | nɨŋ́ ga / nɨ́ŋma | mema / memda | teˀɛ/ teˀna | lee lená | nɨḿ la / nɨḿ a | |
Doyayo | Doyayo | lɔ¹lɛ¹ ~ yɔ̰¹lɛ¹ | tɔ̰n¹ɛ¹ | mḭḭl²; gɔ̰ɔ̰s²ɛ³ | nuŋ⁴go² | mɛlɛ³² | ya̰a̰¹yɔ¹ | ga̰a̰⁴mɛ² | lɛ̰ŋ³ko² ~ lɛ̰ŋ²ko³ | mɛ¹mɛ³ | tɛ̰ɛ̰¹yɔ¹ | le², lek¹yɔ¹ | nuŋ² | |
Fali | Proto-Fali | *nisu (pl.) | *tuuyV; *tuuCV | *unɨ | *rɛɛŋgu | *ndʒĩĩmV | *kopfti | *sɔɔ- | *rii- | *ĩn- (v.) | ||||
Mbum | Proto-Lakka | *nún | *sú-k | *cɔN-k | *sˣɛl/ŋ | *rím | *nɟá-k | *sˣɛ́-m | *hū-t/-k | *kpə̀(-k) | *mbì | *lʳak | *rìn | |
Kim | Goundo | ndʊɾʊ | huba | vw̃ãl | ɲu̯aɾ | ɗɛl | wʊ | tʃʊm | kal | mam | ura | dʒam | jɛmi | |
Kim | Besmé | ndua | hoɾo | vũãl | hĩjɪm | ɗelɛm | wu | tʃɔm | kaːl | mam | ura | dʒʊ̝m | dĩː | |
Kim | Kim | Kosop | ndʷaɾa | togor | vɔ̝̃r | kĩj̃ar | ɗɛl | wak ̚ | sɔma | kal | mam | ʔwaɾa | za | dĩːl |
Day | Day | nɔ́n | sɔ́g | mbúr | ngìì | lélì/lélè/lèè | nām | dém | bō̰ | ʔém | mīɲ | -rì, lāà | jōō | |
Bua | Proto-Bua | *diil; *ʔiil | *to(l)(-) | *fo̰/ḛl/ɲ(-) ? | *nii(-); *ɲ- ? | *l₁el(-) | *mu/i | *s₂e/um(-) / *s₂ḛr- | *te/o(l/g-) | *l₂i/um(-); *me/on- ? | *l₁e; *tu(y) | *l₂iil | ||
isolate | Laal | mɨla / mɨní | sɨ̀gál / sɨ̀gɨ́y | pən / - | yàmál / yèmí | mal / mə̀lí | yəwəl / - | suna / - | kòːg / kuagmi | miàdál / miàr ~ miariɲ | su / sùgá | kaw / kɨw; ɲag / ɲɨg; guru / guru; cíd / cíd | meːl / - |
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
gyara sashe- Ayyukan Harshen Adamawa ( Jami'ar Johannes Gutenberg Mainz )
- AdaGram Archived 2019-09-04 at the Wayback Machine ( CNRS - INALCO ). Binciken arzikin harsunan Najeriya: nazarin nahawu da takaddun yare na harsunan Adamawa.
- Jerin yarukan Adamawa - Blench
- Harsunan Tula-Wiyaa - Blench
- Kungiyar Leeko - Blench
- Harshen Perema (Wom) na arewa maso gabashin Najeriya: rarrabuwa, salon magana da kuma sunan surar (PDF) na Roger M. Blench, 2000. Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
- Gaggawa game da binciken Gbete (PDF) na Jason Diller & Kari Jordan-Diller, 2002. Rahoton Binciken Lantarki na SIL SILESR 2002-050.
- Binciken zamantakewar al'umma na harshen Mambay na Chadi da Kamaru (PDF) na Cameron Hamm, 2002. Rahoton Binciken Lantarki na SIL SILESR 2002-039.
- Bincike mai sauri da bincike na lexicostatistical na Dama, Mono, Pam, Ndai da Oblo (PDF) na Michael & Charlene Ayotte, 2002. Rahoton Binciken Lantarki na SIL SILESR 2002-048.
- Karang - SIL-Kamaru
- Littafin SIL-Kamaru
- Ocamus na kwatancen kayan ƙa'idodi aratoires dans le Nord-Cameroun, Tourneaux
- Idiatov, Dmitry. 2017-08-29. Sakamakon binciken AdaGram na farko a jihohin Adamawa da Taraba, Nigeria Archived 2023-06-01 at the Wayback Machine . (tare da Mark Van de Velde, Tope Olagunju da Bitrus Andrew). 47th Colloquium akan Harsunan Afirka da Harsunan Afirka (KIRA) (Leiden, Netherlands).
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/adam1259 adam1256
|chapterurl=
missing title (help). Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. - ↑ Boyd, Raymond. 1989. Adamawa-Ubangi. In Bendor-Samuel, John (ed.), The Niger-Congo Languages: A Classification and Description of Africa's Largest Language Family, 178-215. Lanham MD, New York & London: University Press of America.
- ↑ Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2019. Adamawa Language Groups. Adamawa Languages Project.
- ↑ Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. Tula-Waja comparative wordlist (Swadesh 100). (1995 field notes.) Adamawa Languages Project.
- ↑ Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. Tula-Waja pronouns and numbers. Adamawa Languages Project.
- ↑ Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2015. Bikwin-Jen Comparative wordlist (Swadesh 100). (1995 field notes.) Adamawa Languages Project.
- ↑ Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. Bikwin-Jen Pronouns and Numbers 1-10. Adamawa Languages Project.
- ↑ Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2015. Some notes on Nyiŋɔm (aka Nyingwom or Kam). (2011 field notes.) Adamawa Languages Project.
- ↑ Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. Longuda ~ Nʋngʋra wordlist (Swadesh 100). Adamawa Languages Project.
- ↑ Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. Longuda Pronouns and Numbers. Adamawa Languages Project.
- ↑ Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 1993. Baa Wordlist (Swadesh 100). Adamawa Languages Project.
- ↑ Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. Baa pronouns and numbers. Adamawa Languages Project.
- ↑ Blench, Roger; Barau Kato; Zachariah Yoder. 2009. The Maya (Yendang) languages.
- ↑ Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2015. Gimme-Vere-Doyayo wordlists. Adamawa Languages Project.
- ↑ Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2015. Vere wordlists. Adamawa Languages Project.
- ↑ Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. Ɓəna-Mboi comparative wordlist (Swadesh 100). Adamawa Languages Project.
- ↑ Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. Ɓəna-Mboi pronouns and numbers. Adamawa Languages Project.
- ↑ Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 1992 [2014]. Evidence of noun classes in languages of the Yungur group. Adamawa Languages Project.
- ↑ Kastenholz, Raimund; Ulrich Kleinewillinghöfer. 2012. Nimbari as a language name. Adamawa Languages Project.
- ↑ Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. Adamawa. ‘Linguistisches Kolloquium’, Seminar für Afrikawissenschaften, 04 Februar 2014. Institut für Asien- und Afrikawissenschaften, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.
- ↑ Blench, Roger. 2012. Niger-Congo: an alternative view.
- ↑ Ayotte, Michael and Charlene Ayotte. 2002. Sociolinguistic language survey of Dama, Mono, Pam, Ndai and Oblo. SIL International.
- ↑ Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2019. Adamawa Language Groups. Adamawa Languages Project.