Wikipedia

Sophocles

Sophocles / / ˈsɒfə kliːz / ; [1] [so.pʰo.klɛ̂ːs], Sophoklễs; c. 406/5 BC) [2] ɗaya ne daga cikin tsoffin 'yanwasan Girka guda uku, aƙalla wasanninsu ya dara gabaɗaya. An rubuta wasanninsa na farko daga baya, ko kuma na zamani tare da na Aeschylus; kuma a baya, ko na zamani tare da, na Euripides. Sophocles ya rubuta fiye da wasanni 120, [3] amma bakwai kawai sun tsira a cikin cikakkiyar tsari: Ajax, Antigone, Mata na Trachis, Oedipus Rex, Electra, Philoctetes da Oedipus a Colonus.[4] Kusan shekaru hamsin, Sophocles ya kasance marubucin wasan kwaikwayo da aka fi yin bikin a cikin gasa mai ban sha'awa na birnin Athens wanda ya gudana a lokacin bukukuwan addini na Lenaea da Dionysia . Ya fafata a gasa talatin, ya lashe ashirin da hudu, kuma ba a taba tantance shi kasa da matsayi na biyu ba. Aeschylus ya lashe gasa goma sha uku, kuma wani lokacin Sophocles ya sha kaye shi; Euripides ya lashe hudu.

Sophocles
Rayuwa
Haihuwa Colonus (en) Fassara, 496 "BCE"
ƙasa Classical Athens (en) Fassara
Harshen uwa Ancient Greek (en) Fassara
Mutuwa Atene (en) Fassara da Athens, 406 "BCE"
Ƴan uwa
Yara
Karatu
Harsuna Ancient Greek (en) Fassara
Sana'a
Sana'a tragedy writer (en) Fassara, marubucin wasannin kwaykwayo, marubuci, priest (en) Fassara da ɗan siyasa
Wurin aiki Ancient Greece (en) Fassara
Muhimman ayyuka Oedipus Rex (en) Fassara
Oedipus at Colonus (en) Fassara
Antigone (en) Fassara
Philoctetes (en) Fassara
Ajax (en) Fassara
Electra (en) Fassara
Trachiniae (en) Fassara
Ichneutae (en) Fassara
Artistic movement Greek tragedy (en) Fassara
IMDb nm0814668

Shahararrun bala'o'i na Sophocles sun ƙunshi Oedipus da Antigone: ana kiran su gabaɗaya da wasan kwaikwayo na Theban, kodayake kowannensu ya kasance wani ɓangare na tetralogy daban-daban (sauran membobin waɗanda yanzu sun ɓace). Sophocles ya rinjayi ci gaban wasan kwaikwayo, mafi mahimmanci ta hanyar ƙara ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na uku (wanda aka danganta da Sophocles ta Aristotle; zuwa Aeschylus ta Themistius), don haka rage mahimmancin mawaƙa a cikin gabatar da shirin.[ana buƙatar hujja]Ya kuma haɓaka halayensa wasan kwaikwayo na baya. [5]

Rayuwa

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Wani taimako na marmara na mawaƙi, watakila Sophocles

Sophocles, ɗan Sophilus, ya kasance mazaunin ƙauyen deme (ƙananan al'umma) na Hippeios Colonus a Attica, wanda zai zama saitin daya daga cikin wasan kwaikwayo; kuma tabbas an haife shi a can,[2] [6] ƴan shekaru kafin Yaƙin Marathon a 490 BC: ainihin shekarar ba ta da tabbas, amma 497/6 yana yiwuwa.[2] [7] An haife shi a cikin dangi masu arziki (mahaifinsa mai kera sulke ne), kuma yana da ilimi sosai. Nasarar fasaha ta farko ita ce a cikin 468 BC, lokacin da ya ɗauki lambar yabo ta farko a Dionysia, inda ya doke shugaban wasan kwaikwayo na Athenia, Aeschylus.[2] [8] A cewar Plutarch, nasarar ta zo ne a cikin yanayi mai ban mamaki: maimakon bin al'ada na al'ada na zabar alƙalai ta hanyar kuri'a, archon ya tambayi Cimon, da sauran strategoi, don yanke shawarar wanda ya ci nasara. Plutarch ya kara da cewa, bayan wannan asarar, Aeschylus ya tashi zuwa Sicily. [9] Ko da yake Plutarch ya ce wannan shine farkon samar da Sophocles, yanzu ana tunanin cewa farkon samar da shi ya kasance a cikin 470 BC. [6] Triptolemus mai yiwuwa ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin wasan kwaikwayo da Sophocles ya gabatar a wannan bikin. [6]

A cikin 480 BC an zaɓi Sophocles don ya jagoranci paean (waƙar waƙar waƙa ga allah), yana murna da nasarar Girkawa akan Farisa a Yaƙin Salamis.[10] A farkon aikinsa, ɗan siyasar Cimon zai iya kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin masu goyon bayansa; amma, idan ya kasance, babu wata rashin lafiya da Pericles, abokin hamayyar Cimon, ya yi, lokacin da Cimon ya rabu a cikin 461 BC.[2] A cikin 443/2, Sophocles ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Hellenotamiai, ko ma'aji na Athena, yana taimakawa wajen sarrafa kuɗin birni a lokacin hawan siyasa na Pericles. [2] A cikin 441 BC, bisa ga Vita Sophoclis, an zabe shi daya daga cikin janar goma, jami'an zartarwa a Athens, a matsayin ƙaramin abokin aiki na Pericles; kuma ya yi hidima a yaƙin Atheniya da Samos . Ya kamata a zabe shi zuwa wannan matsayi sakamakon samar da Antigone, [11] amma wannan shine "mafi yuwuwa". [12]

A cikin 420 BC, an zaɓe shi don karɓar siffar Asclepius a cikin gidansa, lokacin da ake gabatar da al'ada zuwa Athens, kuma ya rasa wurin da ya dace (τέμενος). [13] Don wannan, an ba shi ma'anar Dexion (mai karɓa) ta bayan mutuwar Atheniya. [14] Amma "wasu shakku sun danganta da wannan labarin". [13] An kuma zabe shi, a cikin 411 BC, daya daga cikin kwamishinonin ( probouloi ) wanda ya mayar da martani ga mummunan halakar sojojin Athenia a Sicily a lokacin yakin Peloponnesia . [15]

 
Sophocles

Sophocles ya mutu yana da shekaru 90 ko 91 a cikin hunturu na 406/5 BC, bayan da ya gani, a cikin rayuwarsa, duka nasarar Girka a cikin Wars Persian, da zubar da jini na yakin Peloponnesia. [2] Kamar yadda yake da shahararrun mutane a zamanin da, mutuwarsa ta ƙarfafa yawancin labaran apocryphal. Mafi shahara[ana buƙatar hujja] shine shawarar cewa ya mutu ne daga yanayin ƙoƙarin karanta dogon jimla daga Antigone ɗin sa ba tare da tsayawa ba don ɗaukar numfashi. Wani labarin kuma ya nuna cewa ya shake yayin da yake cin inabi a bikin Anthesteria a Athens. Na uku ya ce ya mutu da farin ciki bayan ya ci nasararsa ta karshe a City Dionysia. [16] Bayan 'yan watanni, wani mawaki mai ban dariya, a cikin wasan kwaikwayo mai suna The Muses, ya rubuta wannan yabo: "Mai albarka ne Sophocles, wanda ya yi rayuwa mai tsawo, mutum ne mai farin ciki da basira, kuma marubucin bala'o'i masu yawa; kuma ya ƙare. rayuwarsa lafiya ba tare da ya sha wahala ba." [17] A cewar wasu bayanan, duk da haka, 'ya'yansa sun yi ƙoƙari su bayyana shi bai cancanta ba a kusa da ƙarshen rayuwarsa; kuma ya karyata zarginsu a kotu ta hanyar karantawa daga sabon Oedipus a Colonus . [18] Ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yansa, Iophon, da jikan, mai suna Sophocles, sun zama mawallafin wasan kwaikwayo. [19]

 
Sophocles

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Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Jones, Daniel; Roach, Peter, James Hartman and Jane Setter, eds. Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary. 17th edition. Cambridge UP, 2006.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Sommerstein (2002), p. 41.
  3. ↑ The exact number is unknown, the Suda says he wrote 123, another ancient source says 130, but no exact number "is possible", see Lloyd-Jones 2003, p. 3.
  4. ↑ Suda (ed. Finkel et al.): s.v. Σοφοκλῆς Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine.
  5. ↑ Freeman, p. 247.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Sommerstein (2007), p. xi.
  7. ↑ Lloyd-Jones 1994, p. 7.
  8. ↑ Freeman, p. 246.
  9. ↑ Life of Cimon 8. Plutarch is mistaken about Aeschylus' death during this trip; he went on to produce dramas in Athens for another decade.
  10. ↑ McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Drama: An International Reference Work in 5 Volumes, Volume 1, "Sophocles".
  11. ↑ Beer 2004, p. 69.
  12. ↑ Lloyd-Jones 1994, p. 12.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Lloyd-Jones 1994, p. 13.
  14. ↑ Clinton, Kevin "The Epidauria and the Arrival of Asclepius in Athens", in Ancient Greek Cult Practice from the Epigraphical Evidence, edited by R. Hägg, Stockholm, 1994.
  15. ↑ Lloyd-Jones 1994, pp. 12–13.
  16. ↑ Schultz 1835, pp. 150–51.
  17. ↑ Lucas 1964, p. 128.
  18. ↑ Cicero recounts this story in his De Senectute 7.22.
  19. ↑ Sommerstein (2002), pp. 41–42.
  20. ↑ Empty citation (help)
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