Wikipedia

Shan taba a kasar Sin

Shan taba a kasar Sin ya zama ruwan dare, saboda Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin ita ce mafi yawan mabukaci da kuma samar da taba a duniya. As of 2022, akwai kusan masu shan sigari miliyan 300 na kasar Sin, kuma ana sayar da sigari biliyan 2.4 a can a kowace shekara, 46% na jimlar duniya.[1]

Shan taba a kasar Sin
aspect in a geographic region (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Facet of (en) Fassara smoking (en) Fassara
Ƙasa Sin
Wuri
Shan taba a kasar Sin

Kamfanin Taba na Kasa na kasar Sin ta hanyar tallace-tallace shine mafi girman masana'antar kayayyakin taba a duniya kuma yana alfahari da mallakar kasar Sin, yana samar da kusan dala biliyan 213 a shekarar 2022.[1] A cikin tsarin guanxi na kasar Sin, taba har yanzu kyauta ce mai karba a kowane lokaci, musamman a waje da birane.[2] Kula da taba sigari ya wanzu a matsayin haramtacciyar shan sigari, amma tilasta wa jama'a ba ta da yawa a waje da manyan biranen, kamar Shanghai da Beijing. Bugu da kari, a waje da manyan biranen kasar Sin, shan sigari ana daukarsa abin karba a ko'ina a kowane lokaci, koda kuwa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne.  [ana buƙatar hujja]Shan taba al'ada ce ta zamantakewa a cikin PRC, kuma ba da sigari a kowane hulda na zamantakewa alama ce ta girmamawa da abokantaka.

Kungiyar China kan Kula da taba sigari (中国控制吸烟协会 ) tana da hannu a kula da taba sigari ta hanyar mambobin bangaren sa kai, gami da kungiyoyin ilimi, zamantakewa da na jama'a, [3] saboda tilasta aiwatar da dokokin kula da taba da ke akwai ba ta da goyon bayan Gwamnatin kasar Sin. [4]

Dokar kula da taba sigari

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Alamar da ba ta shan sigari ta duniya ana watsi da ita akai-akai a kasar Sin

A ranar 20 ga Mayu, 2009, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta kasar Sin ta ba da shawarar hukuma don hana shan sigari gaba daya a duk ofisoshin kula da lafiya da wuraren kiwon lafiya a shekara ta 2011. [5] Kafa shirin na 20 ga Mayu ya wakilci muhimmiyar alama a cikin sadaukarwar kasar Sin ga kula da taba. Koyaya, saboda rikitarwa na gwamnatin kasar Sin da manufofin taba sigari (alal misali, yankuna da yawa sun dogara da kudaden shiga na harajin taba sigari a matsayin tushen samun kudin shiga), akwai damuwa da yawa game da amfanin aiwatar da manufofin kasa.[6]

Baya ga ma'auni na 20 ga Mayu, gwamnatocin lardin da na birni da yawa a kasar Sin sun kuma kafa manufofi don sarrafa yaduwa da tasirin lafiyar shan sigari a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata.

Tasirin Yarjejeniyar Tsarin WHO kan Kula da Taba

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A ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2005, kasar Sin ta zama kasa ta 78 a duniya da ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Tsarin WHO kan Kula da Taba sigari (FCTC), yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa da aka nufa don rage cututtukan da suka shafi taba sigari da mutuwa.[7] A karkashin yanayin FCTC, ana bukatar kasar Sin ta haramta gaba daya "tabawa da tallafawa a rediyo, talabijin, kafofin watsa labarai da Intanet a cikin shekaru biyar, " da kuma hana kamfanonin taba sigari daga tallafawa abubuwan da suka faru ko ayyukan duniya. [8][9] Har ila yau, kasar Sin ta yanke shawarar hana dukkan injunan sayar da taba, da kuma shan taba a wuraren aiki na cikin gida, wuraren jama'a, da motocin sufuri na jama'a. [9][10]

Duk da yaduwar matsalar shan sigari ta kasar Sin, tabbatar da FCTC a kasar Sin yana wakiltar muhimmiyar sadaukarwa ga kula da taba a cikin manufofin kiwon lafiyar jama'a na duniya. A cewar Dokta Shigeru Omi, Darakta na Yammacin Yammacin Pacific, "aikace Yarjejeniyar ba za ta kasance mai sauki ba, saboda shan sigari al'ada ce a kasar Sin ... amma Gwamnati ta bayyana jajircewarta na daukar mataki. " [8] A cikin hasken FCTC, damuwa game da hoton kasa da kasa, da goyon baya mai karfi daga 'yan kasa da hukumomin kiwon lafiya na cikin gida, gwamnatin kasar Sin ta kara shiga cikin rigakafin taba da shirye-shiryen inganta lafiyar da suka shafi taba.

Rahoton Ma'aikatar Lafiya

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Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta riga ta ci gaba da kasancewa da hannu sosai wajen sukar mummunan tasirin shan sigari da kuma kokarin rage yawan amfani da taba. A ranar 29 ga Mayu, 2007, Ma'aikatar ta fitar da wani rahoto (2007年中国控制 shan sigari rahoton - Rahoton Kula da Shan sigari na 2007 China) wanda ke ba da cikakkun bayanai game da matakan firgici na bayyanar hayaki na biyu (wanda ya shafi sama da 'yan kasar Sin miliyan 540), shawarwari don doka don rage lahani daga hayaki na baya, da kuma yiwuwar aiwatar da haramtacciyar taba na jama'a bisa ga bayanan zabe.[11] Musamman, rahoton ya amince da yarjejeniyar kimiyya ta duniya game da hayaki na biyu, yana ambaton binciken da yawa daga hukumomin kiwon lafiya na jama'a a wasu ƙasashe [11] don tabbatar da cewa "babu wani matakin aminci na bayyanar hayaki na hannu na biyu", [11] cewa kayan aikin iska ba su da tasiri wajen rage lahani daga bayyanar hayakin hannu na biyu, kuma cewa mafi inganci na kariya ga jama'a game da shan sigari shine haramtacciyar doka ta shan sigari a wuraren jama'a.[12] Tare da manufar da aka bayyana a bayyane na "gina mahalli marar hayaki don jin daɗin rayuwa mai lafiya", [11] rahoton ya sami goyon baya da yabo mai ƙarfi daga Kamfen don Yara marasa Taba, ƙungiyar bayar da shawarwari ta kiwon lafiya ta Amurka da ke zaune a Washington, DC.[12]

Bugu da kari, rahoton ya ba da shawarar yiwuwar samun nasara don aiwatar da cikakkiyar haramtacciyar shan sigari a cikin manyan birane guda bakwai bisa ga nuna goyon baya ga irin wadannan matakan.[11] Dangane da bincike na Kamfen don Yara marasa Taba sigari, bayanan zabe a cikin rahoton Ma'aikatar Lafiya sun bayyana:

"Taimakon jama'a da yawa don aiwatar da wuraren jama'a marasa hayaki ... goyon baya ga haramcin shan sigari ya wuce goyon baya ga takunkumin shan sigari ... Daga cikin masu shan sigari, binciken ya gano cewa kashi 93.5% sun goyi bayan haramtacciyar haramtacciya a duk makarantu, kashi 75.5% sun goyan bayan haramtaccen haramtacciyan haramtacciyu a asibitoci, kuma kashi 94.3% sun goyi bayar haramtacciin haramtacciyo a duk sufuri na jama'a. Daga cikin wadanda ba masu shan sigari ba, kashi 95.1% suna goyon bayan haramtacciyar haramtacciya a duk makarantu, kashi 78.1% suna goyon baya ga haramtacciyan haramtacciyu a asibitoci kuma sama da kashi 93.8% suna goyon bayan hana haramtacciyyar haramtaccen sufuri na jama'a. Kimanin kashi 70.6% na wadanda ba masu shan sigari ba suna tallafawa wasu nau'ikan haramta shan sigari a mashaya da gidajen cin abinci.[11]

haramtacciyar kasa

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Kodayake har yanzu kasar Sin tana bayan kasashe da yawa wajen aiwatar da manufofin kula da taba, shirin Ma'aikatar Lafiya na 20 ga Mayu ya taimaka wajen kafa karin kula da taba sigari da kuma tsara ikon kiwon lafiyar jama'a a manyan matakan gudanarwa.[13] Daga shekara ta 2009, an tsara ayyukan da Bloomberg Initiative ta tallafawa kuma Yang Tingzhong ya jagoranta a matsayin shirin farko don hana duk wani nau'in shan sigari a makarantun jami'a a kasar Sin.[14] "Sakamako" na Ma'aikatar ta nemi a hukumance hukumomin karamar hukuma da su "samar da hukumomin FCTC da ke jagorantar kananan kungiyoyi" don taimakawa tare da dabarun tilasta aiki na yanki, tare da bayyane burin cewa:[5]

"a shekara ta 2010, duk ofisoshin kula da lafiya, na soja da wadanda ba na soja ba, da kuma akalla kashi 50% na dukkan cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da kiwon lafiya ya zama raka'a marasa hayaki, don haka burin haramta shan sigari a duk ofisoshi na kiwon lafiya le cibiyoyin lafiya da kiwo da kiwon lafiyar jiki za a iya cika su ta hanyar 2011. "[5]

"Sakamako" kuma yana karfafa ofisoshin kula da lafiya su yi amfani da albarkatun kafofin watsa labarai da kuma yin amfani da manyan kamfen din talla kamar Ranar Babu Taba sigari ta Duniya don "daidaita muhimmancin aiwatar da haramcin shan sigari a ofisoshin soja da na kiwon lafiya na farar hula da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya". [5]

Ra'ayi na jama'a

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Kamar yadda kuri'un da aka yi daga rahoton Ma'aikatar Lafiya na 2007 suka nuna, akwai amincewar jama'a game da haramtacciyar shan sigari tsakanin mazaunan birane.[12] Masana kiwon lafiya daban-daban, masu fafutuka, da kungiyoyin kare hakkin jama'a suna kallon kokarin da gwamnatin kasar Sin ke yi game da manufofin taba sigari a matsayin "labari mai kyau ga ci gaban kula da shan sigari na kasar". Har ila yau, akwai goyon baya mai kyau a cikin bangaren siyasa na wakilci; ana zargin, masu ba da shawara na siyasa na CPPCC sun kai ga kiran zaman majalisa ba tare da hayaki ba. [10]

Koyaya, yaduwar rashin kulawa da karbar ka'idodin shan sigari na iya zama mafi rinjaye a cikin yawancin jama'ar kasar Sin. Kasar Sin tana da karancin rashin amincewar jama'a game da shan sigari - bisa ga Shirin Binciken Manufofin Kula da Taba na Duniya (ITC), "kashi 59% na masu shan sigari suna tunanin cewa al'ummar kasar Sin ba su yarda da shan sigogi ba, kashi na hudu mafi kasashe 14 na ITC da aka bincika. "[15]

Rashin jituwa da batutuwan da ba a warware su ba

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Idan aka ba da rikitarwa da kuma nau'o'i daban-daban na ajanda na siyasa a kasar Sin, abubuwan da suka shafi lafiyar jama'a na gwamnati galibi suna rikici da abubuwan da suka dace da tattalin arziki. Saboda taba ya kasance muhimmiyar tushen hadarin kiwon lafiya da kudaden shiga ga hukumomin birni da na kasa, [6] takamaiman manufofin kula da taba na kasar Sin a cikin mahallin daban-daban na iya cin amanar matsayi na rikice-rikice ko rashin daidaituwa. Misali, sau da yawa ana yin kebancewar gida ga haramtacciyar sigari a cikin gida ga kananan kasuwanni, musamman a cikin gidan cin abinci da masana'antun nishadi.[16] Irin wannan tilasta bin ka'idojin kiwon lafiya na jama'a da ake zaton an bayyana su sosai a aikace na iya iyakance tasirin haramtacciyar shan sigari ta kasa. A aikace, sau da yawa ana iya cewa wasu ofisoshin gwamnati, makarantu, gidajen tarihi, wasu asibitoci, da wuraren wasanni ne kawai ke aiki yadda ya kamata a matsayin wuraren da ba su da hayaki.[17] Bugu da kari, tushen al'adu na shan sigari a kasar Sin ya gabatar da babbar shinge ga karbar da hadin gwiwar manufofin kula da shan sigari. A cewar Li Xinhua, gwani a kan tallace-tallace na sarrafa taba da ilimi a Ma'aikatar Lafiya, "kimanin kashi 60 cikin dari na ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da farfesa masu shan sigari ne [kuma ta haka ne a keta dokar da ke kira ga cikakken haramcin shan sigari na jama'a] ... Wasu daga cikinsu har ma da shan sigari da karfin zuciya a asibitoci ko makarantu. " Wannan matsala ce, ba tare da la'akari da wadannan masu sana'a suna ci gaba da shan sigogi ba, al'ada ba, ko "rashin kulawa" don sha'awar sha'awar taba sigari, har yanzu ana sa ran su "suka".[17][17]

Har ila yau, aiwatar da manufofin kula da taba sigari na kasa har yanzu yana da yawa a yankunan karkara, inda Kamfanin Taba sigari na kasar Sin ke da yawancin tasirinsa a cikin samar da taba sigogi da talla.A matsayin martani ga shawarwarin FCTC don rage damar shiga da kuma samar da taba, Ma'aikatar Lafiya yanzu tana niyya ga manoma su bar gonar taba da kuma kokarin "tabbatar da su cewa masana'antar taba za a iya maye gurbin ta da wasu masana'antun da suka fi lafiya, masu dorewa da riba". [17]

Wani cikas mai yuwuwa shine masana'antar taba sigari ta kasar Sin ba ta cika cikakkiyar bin manufofi da aka ayyana a cikin kasa game da gabatar da alamun gargadi a kan kunshin sigari, wanda dole ne ya kasance a bayyane kuma ya rufe akalla kashi 30% na yankin da ake gani na kunshin.[12] Wu Yiqun, mataimakin darektan zartarwa tare da Cibiyar Bincike ta Tunanin Kula da Lafiya ta Beijing, ta soki gwamnatin kula da masana'antar taba sigari ta kasar Sin saboda "[rashin] kula da masu samar da taba sigari na kasar Sin" a wannan bangare.[10]

Bugu da kari, Shirin Binciken Manufofin Kula da Taba na Duniya ya kawo batutuwan shan sigari masu zuwa a cikin rahoton 2009 da ya mayar da hankali ga China: [15]

  • Baya ga "matsi mai karfi na zamantakewa da aka sanya wa mazajen kasar Sin su sha sigari", ana sa ran cewa shan sigari na mata zai zama "mafi karba a cikin al'umma yayin da masana'antar taba sigari ke kara yin niyya ga masu shan sigari mata".[15]

Dokar kula da taba sigari ta yanzu a kasar Sin ba ta magana a bayyane game da jinsi ko tushen zamantakewa don shan sigari.

  • Dakatar da shan sigari "ba a saba gani ba a kasar Sin, kuma yawancin masu shan sigari sun daina shan sigari saboda rashin lafiya mai tsanani. " Lalle ne, "sanin hadarin lafiyar shan sigari yana da karancin gaske a kasar Sin. Kashi 68% na masu shan sigami sun yi imanin cewa shan sigari suna haifar da ciwon huhu a cikin masu shan sigogi (idan aka kwatanta da sama da 90% a Kasashen Yamma) kuma kashi 54% sun yi imani cewa shan sigogi yana haifar da ci gaban huhu a cikin wadanda ba masu shan sigiri ba. Kashi. Kashi 37% kawai sun san cewa shan sigiri suna haifar da Cutar zuciya kuma kashi 17% ne kawai suna haifar da bugun jini.[15]

Don kula da karfi, mai dorewa a cikin kula da taba, kasar Sin za ta bukaci mayar da hankali kan rawar da ilimin kiwon lafiya na jama'a ke takawa wajen hana shan taba da inganta kiwon lafiya.

  • "Taxation hanya ce mai inganci sosai don rage amfani da taba. Koyaya, 'yan shan sigari kadan (5%) a cikin Binciken ITC China sun ba da rahoton tunanin farashi a matsayin dalilin barin shan sigari - alamar cewa farashi ya yi kasa sosai. "

Dokokin haraji na yanzu a cikin manufofin kula da taba na kasar Sin suna da iyaka, ba daidai ba, kuma suna da alaka da tsarin tsarin mallakar gida da kula da samar da taba da rarrabawa.

Kuntatawa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki

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A ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 2011, Hukumar Rediyo, Fim da Talabijin ta Jiha, ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta haramta wuraren shan sigari marasa kyau a fina-finai da shirye-shiryen talabijin. Sanarwar ta ce al'amuran shan sigari ba su dace da matsayin kasar game da kula da taba sigari ba, kuma suna yaudarar jama'a, musamman yara. Don haka yana hana wuraren sigari, mutane suna shan sigari a wuraren da ba su da hayaki, yara suna sayen sigari da shan sigari, da sauran wuraren shan sigari da ke da alaka da yara. Bayan an yi sanarwar, haramcin ya fara aiki nan da nan.[18]

Shirye-shiryen yanki da na birni

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Shanghai

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Dangane da shirye-shiryen da take yi don karbar bakuncin baje kolin duniya na 2010, birnin Shanghai kwanan nan ya kara karfin dokokin hana shan sigari. Majalisar Jama'ar Shanghai ta ba da dokar kula da shan sigari ta farko a watan Maris na shekara ta 2010. Dokar ta haramta shan sigari a cikin nau'ikan wurare 12 na jama'a ciki har da shan sigari na cikin gida a makarantu, asibitoci, filayen wasanni, motocin sufuri na jama'ar jama'a da gidajen cin abinci na Intanet. Duk wanda aka kama yana shan sigari za a fara ba shi gargadi sannan ya fuskanci tarar yuan 50 zuwa 200 idan sun yi tsayayya. A cewar Li Zhongyang, mataimakin shugaban kwamitin inganta kiwon lafiya na Shanghai, an kafa haramcin shan sigari don kare lafiyar 'yan kasa da kuma inganta hoton Shanghai a matsayin birni mai duniya.

A cewar wani rahoto daga Cibiyar Binciken Labaran Jami'ar Fudan da Ra'ayoyin Jama'a, kashi 93.5% na mutane 509 da suka yi hira da su sun goyi bayan haramta shan sigari a duk wuraren baje kolin Shanghai 2010 kuma sun ji cewa bai kamata a ba da izinin shan sigari ba a cikin gidajen cin abinci ko cibiyoyin cin kasuwa kusa da yankin baje kolin.[19] Wani binciken da masana kiwon lafiya na jama'a daga Jami'ar Fudan suka yi wanda ya shafi baki 800 na otal da kusan masu tallafawa 4,000 da ma'aikatan gidajen cin abinci, shagunan da wuraren nishadi a Shanghai sun gano cewa kusan kashi 73 cikin dari na baƙi na otal sun ce Shanghai ya kamata ta karbi haramcin shan sigari a wuraren jama'a, kashi 84 cikin dari na masu cin abinci sun ba da rahoton fuskantar hayaki na biyu, kuma kashi 74 cikin dari na su sun yi fushi da hayaki da tallafawa sarrafa shan sigari.[20] Duk da yake masu tambayoyin da yawa sun sami hayaki na biyu da kansa mai guba kuma yana da lahani ga lafiyar dan kasa, babban dalilin da ya sa aka ba da goyon baya ga haramcin shan sigari ya danganta da damuwar dan kasa game da hoton Shanghai. A cewar wani dan kasa wanda masana kiwon lafiya na jama'a daga Fudan suka yi hira, "An haramta shan taba a wuraren jama'a a kasashe da yawa. Ya kamata mu yi haka, akalla a lokacin baje kolin, tunda taron duniya ne. Kuma ba shakka, saboda jama'a da za su ziyarci. " [19] Ga masu shirya baje kolin ahụ, akwai kuma batun munafunci idan ba su magance matsalar shan taba na China a matsayin wani bangare na "Saalthy Expo" ba.

Duk da goyon baya ga haramcin shan sigari na Shanghai, mutane da yawa suna jin shakku game da ainihin aiwatar da dokar. Mazaunan Shanghai sun nuna cewa duk da gaskiyar cewa yawancin kantin sayar da kayayyaki da duk tashoshin karkashin kasa da tashoshin jirgin karkashin kasa sun riga sun haramta shan sigari kafin wannan dokar, akwai karancin bin doka kuma mutane galibi suna shan sigari kai tsaye a gaban alamun NO SMOKING.[21] Daya daga cikin damuwa da mazaunan Shanghai ke da shi game da haramcin shine rashin bayyanawa game da wanda zai yi tarar da kuma wanda zai ba da rahoton laifuffukan. Masana kiwon lafiya na jama'a sun yarda cewa zai zama da wahala a tilasta haramtacciyar doka tare da yawan masu shan sigari da ke Shanghai.[19]

Baya ga wuce haramcin shan sigari, 'yan majalisa na Shanghai sun tsara shafin yanar gizon "Smoke Free Shanghai" [22] don wayar da kan jama'a game da shan sigari. Har ila yau, mafi mahimmancin matakin da aka dauka shi ne cewa masu shirya baje kolin sun ki bayar da gudummawar yuan miliyan 200 ($ 29.3 miliyan) daga Kamfanin Taba na Shanghai a shekarar da ta gabata don kula da matsayinsu na "mai lafiya".

Beijing

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Dangane da wucewar shirye-shiryen taba na kasa da kuma tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa don Wasannin Olympics na bazara na 2008, gwamnatin birnin Beijing ta tsawaita haramcin shan sigari na jama'a a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2008 don hadawa da wuraren wasanni da duk wuraren cikin gida na ofisoshin gwamnati, tashoshin sufuri, makarantu da asibitoci.[23] Harin yana da tasiri mai karfi, tare da sakamakon zabe da ke nuna cewa yawancin mazaunan kasar Sin (69% daga cikin masu amsawa sama da 10,000) "ba wai kawai suna sane da haramcin shan sigari a Beijing ba, amma [95% na masu amsawa] suna fatan cewa hukumomi suna inganta matakin a duk fadin kasar".[23]

A cewar China Daily News: [23]

"Binciken ya kuma nuna cewa kashi 81.6 cikin dari na masu amsawa suna da sha'awar dakatar da shan sigari, ko kuma sun ji labarin dangin da abokai da ke la'akari da yin amfani da al'ada. 'Ina farin ciki da irin wannan karfafawa daga jama'a, zai taimaka wajen inganta doka don sarrafa amfani da taba,' [in ji] Jiang Yuan, mataimakin shugaban ofishin kula da taba a karkashin Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta kasar Sin".


Gwamnatin Beijing ta kuma karbi manufofin rinjaye, hade da tarar har zuwa yuan 5,000 ($ 730) don keta haramcin, a cikin kokari na kara karfafa 'yan kasa su rage shan sigari a fili.[23]

Tasirin lafiyar jama'a kai tsaye na haramcin shan sigari na Beijing ya bayyana a fagen rigakafin wuta.[24] A cewar People's Daily,

"Hakkin shan sigari ya rage yawan gobarar da aka samu a cikin birni da sigari fiye da rabi ... A cikin makon farko na wannan watan, rundunar kashe gobara ta Beijing ta kashe gobarar da ta shafi sigari guda takwas, matsakaicin 1.14 a kowace rana ... Sabon matsakaicin yau da kullun [bayan dakatar da shan sigari] ya kasance kasa da rabin abin da aka ruwaito a cikin watanni hudu na farko na wannan shekara, lokacin da masu kashe gobarar birni suka kashe gobarar 325 da sigari suka haifar, ko 2.7 a kowace rana. "

Lardin Guangdong

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A cikin 2007, Guangzhou da Jiangmen sun zama birane biyu na farko na Guangdong don aiwatar da gwaji na haramtacciyar taba sigari a wasu wuraren jama'a.[25] Wuraren jama'a don hana shan sigari sun hada da gidajen cin abinci, wuraren nishadi, makarantu, manyan kantuna, da ofisoshin gwamnati. Koyaya, a watan Maris na shekara ta 2010, Majalisar Jama'a ta Guangzhou ta shirya don daga haramcin shan sigari a wuraren aiki, gami da ofisoshi, ɗakunan taro da dakunan taro.

Lardin Hubei

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A shekara ta 2009, hukumomin Gongan County sun yi kokari su kara amfani da sigari da aka samar a cikin gida, ta hanyar bukatar cewa jami'an yankin su sha sigari har zuwa 23,000 na sigari na Hubei a kowace shekara. An yi niyyar wannan matakin ne don kawo kudaden shiga da ake bukata sosai ga kamfanonin cikin gida; hukumomin gundumar sun ba da kididdigar ga ofisoshin da ke karkashin ikonsa, wadanda kuma ana ci tarar su idan sun kasa cinye kididdigaren sigari da ake bukatu, ko kuma idan an same su suna siyan wasu nau'ikan samfuran taba. An sauya wannan shawarar bayan kukan jama'a da ɗaukar hoto ta manema labarai na duniya.

Sauran birane

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Majalisar jama'ar Hangzhou ta amince da hana shan sigari a wuraren jama'a da wuraren aiki a farkon shekara ta 2010; ana iya hana shan sigami a wasu wurare kuma ana iya tarar masu keta doka har zuwa yuan 3000.[26] Yang Tingzhong daga Jami'ar Zhejiang ta gudanar da kamfen da aikin da Bloomberg Global Initiative ta tallafawa don hana shan sigari a makarantun jami'o'i a duk fadin kasar.

A cewar Medical News Today, manyan biranen lardin bakwai a kasar Sin suna daukar matakai don hana shan sigari a wuraren aiki da wuraren jama'a. Biranen bakwai sune Tianjin, Chongqing, Shenyang, Harbin, Nanchang, Lanzhou da Shenzhen. Kodayake tuni akwai wasu haramtacciyar shan sigari a wurare a cikin wadannan biranen, jami'an gwamnati sun fahimci cewa yawan bin doka ba shi da yawa kuma suna shirin bayar da haramtacciya.

Za a gudanar da sabon haramcin a matsayin aikin gwaji a karkashin hadin gwiwar Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka ta kasar Sin (CDC) da Kungiyar Kasashen Duniya kan Cutar Tuberculosis da Cututtukan huhu (UNION). Da yake amsa zargi game da dokar da ba a aiwatar da ita ba, Wang Yu, darektan CDC na kasar Sin ya bayyana cewa "Wannan aikin zai haifar da dokoki masu tsauri don tabbatar da wuraren jama'a da wuraren aiki da ba su da hayaki da kuma gano hanyar aiki mai yiwuwa da karfi don aiwatar da haramcin shan sigari".[27]

Shan taba tsakanin likitoci

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Wani binciken da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2004 tsakanin likitocin kasar Sin 3,500 ya gano cewa kashi 23% masu shan sigari ne na yau da kullun. Akwai bambancin jinsi mai mahimmanci, tare da kashi 41% na likitocin maza da ke ba da rahoton cewa su masu shan sigari ne amma kashi 1% kawai na likitoci mata. Fiye da kashi daya bisa uku na masu shan sigari na yanzu sun sha sigari a gaban marasa lafiya kuma kusan duk sun sha sigami a lokacin canjin aikinsu.[28]

An gano likitocin maza suna shan taba fiye da kowane kwarewa.[28] Wani binciken da aka gudanar tsakanin likitocin kasar Sin maza 800 a shekara ta 2004 ya gano cewa kashi 45.2% masu shan sigari ne kuma kashi 42.5% sun sha sigari a gaban marasa lafiya.[29]

Yawan shan sigari daga wadannan binciken masu zaman kansu sun fi kasa da wadanda jaridar kasar Sin ta ruwaito. Wani labarin da aka buga a shekara ta 2009 ya yi hira da wani majiya wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa kashi 60% na likitocin maza na kasar Sin masu shan sigari ne, kashi mafi girma fiye da kowane likitocin kasar a duniya.[30]

As of 2023, kusan fiye da kashi daya cikin uku na likitocin kasar Sin an kiyasta su masu shan sigari ne.[1]

Kwatanta da sauran al'ummomi

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Yawan shan sigari tsakanin likitocin maza na kasar Sin suna kama da yawan jama'ar kasar, kodayake yawan likitoci gabadaya sun fi kasa. Likitocin kasar Sin suna da yawan shan sigari fiye da likitoci a Amurka (3.3%) ko Ingila (6.8%). Suna da dan karami fiye da likitocin Japan (20.2%) kuma likitocin Jafananci suna da kananan bambancin jinsi tare da kashi 27% na maza da kashi 7% na likitocin mata suna shan sigari.[28]

Dalilai da tasiri

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Ana iya danganta yawan amfani da taba a tsakanin likitoci ga dalilai da yawa. A cikin Al'adun kasar Sin, shan sigari yana da alaka da asalin namiji a matsayin aikin zamantakewa wanda ake yi tsakanin maza don inganta jin dadin karba da 'yan uwantaka, wanda ke bayyana dalilin da ya sa likitocin maza na kasar Sin da yawa suka sha sigari fiye da mata. Likitoci musamman na iya amfani da taba sigari a matsayin hanyar magance matsalolin yau da kullun da ke da alaka da sa'o'i masu tsawo da kuma wahalar huldar marasa lafiya.[31]

Wani likitan tiyata a Kunming (Lardin Yunnan) ya bayyana shan sigari a matsayin wani abu mai ban mamaki wanda yake wani bangare ne na al'adun likitancin kasar Sin kuma wanda ke inganta aikin aiki:

Shan taba yana da babban bangare na zama likita a nan. Darakta na asibitinmu yana shan sigari. Sakataren jam'iyyar yana shan sigari. Shugaban sashen na yana shan sigari. Kuma duk lokacin da na shiga ofishin aiki, yawancin abokan aikina suna shan sigari. Kuma don gaya muku gaskiya, tare da irin wannan aikin da ke cike da matsin lamba, shan sigari yana da matukar taimako, a wasu lokuta yana da sauki, a wasu lokutan yana ba ni kuzari, a wasu lokacin yana taimaka mini in mai da hankali yayin da nake shirin yin tiyata mai rikitarwa ko fuskantar tarin takardu 10:30 da dare.[31]

Tasirin kula da marasa lafiya

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An nuna halaye na likitan shan sigari yana rinjayar halinsa game da hadarin taba. Likitocin da ke shan taba ba su da damar gaskata cewa shan taba yana da mummunar tasiri ga lafiya idan aka kwatanta da wadanda ba su shan taba ba.[28] Kananan masu shan sigari sun yi imanin cewa ya kamata likitoci su zama abin koyi ga marasa lafiya kuma ya kamata a hana shan sigari a cikin gida a asibitoci.[29]Kusan dukkanin likitocin kasar Sin (95%) sun yi imanin cewa shan sigari yana haifar da ciwon huhu kuma mafi yawan cinsu sun yi imani cewa shan sigari yana haifar da cutar sankara ta huhu (89%), amma masu shan sigari na yanzu ba su da damar rike wadannan imani na kiwon lafiya fiye da wadanda ba su da sigari.

Jima'i

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A cewar Bankin Duniya a cikin 2020, kusan rabin maza a kasar Sin masu shan sigari ne, idan aka kwatanta da kasa da kashi 2% na mata.[1] A shekara ta 2010, shan sigari ya haifar da kusan mutuwar mutum miliyan 1 (840,000 maza, 130,000 mata) a kasar Sin.[32]

Kasar Sin ta kasance daya daga cikin manyan kasashe uku (tare da Indiya da Indonesia) a cikin jimlar yawan masu shan sigari maza, sun kai kashi 51.4% na masu shan sigami maza a duniya a shekarar 2015.[33] Har ila yau, kasar Sin ta kasance daya daga cikin manyan kasashe uku (tare da Indiya da Amurka) a cikin jimlar yawan mata masu shan sigari, kodayake wadannan kasashe uku sun kai kashi 27.3% na mata masu shan taba a duniya, wanda ke nuna cewa annobar taba ba ta da hankali ga mata fiye da maza.[33]

Al'adun shan sigari a kasar Sin

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Baya ga samfurin nicotine, sigari a kasar Sin sun hada da ma'anoni daban-daban. A kasar Sin, adadin sayar da sigari a shekarar 2022 ya kai sigari biliyan 2.4. [1] Wannan adadi yana nufin cewa idan duk mutanen da ke cikin yawan mutane biliyan 1.4 masu shan sigari ne, mutum daya har yanzu yana shan sigari kusan 1800 a kowace shekara. Bayan irin wannan amfani da sigari, akwai alakar al'adu da ba za a iya musantawa ba tsakanin sigari da masu shan sigari na kasar Sin. Sigari na kasar Sin ba kawai don jin dadin kai ba ne, amma ana iya amfani da su don nuna girmamawa, karbar baki, har ma da alamar manya. Matasa na iya ba tsofaffi sigari a matsayin kyauta don nuna girmamawa; mutane na iya ba da sigari ga baƙi don nuna karimci; matasa suna ganin shan sigari a ranar nuna alamar balaga. Musamman ga mutanen da ke aiki a kasuwanci ko fasaha, masu shan sigari sun kasance babban bangare na yawan jama'a. Muddin mutane sun fara tattaunawa, sigari wajibi ne a gare su don sadarwa.[34]

Al'adun sigari a wurin aiki

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Shan sigari yana da karfi ga aiki yadda ya kamata kuma mai shafawa ga ma'aikatan kasar Sin da yawa. A cikin binciken da aka yi niyya ga masu shan sigari a wuraren aiki, sama da kashi 80% daga cikinsu sun nuna cewa sun fara shan sigari bayan sun sami aikin su na farko. Lokacin da aka tambaye su dalilin da ya sa suka fara shan sigari, 64.4% daga cikinsu sun amsa cewa shan sigari na iya taimaka musu su saba da abokan aiki da ma'aikata da sauri, kuma 53.1% daga cikinsu sun ce shan sigari zai iya taimaka musu shakatawa daga aiki mai wahala.[35]

Saboda yawancin ofisoshi a kasar Sin suna cikin manyan gine-ginen ofisoshi, masu shan sigari galibi suna gama sigari daya zuwa biyu a bayan gida ko a kan matakala cikin minti goma. Kodayake an ba da haramcin shan sigari na shekaru da yawa, babu isasshen wuraren shan sigari a cikin gine-ginen. Wannan kai tsaye yana haifar da lalacewa ga tsabtace ginin kuma yana kawo aiki mai nauyi ga ma'aikatan tsaftacewa don share sigari.

 
Huanghelou 1916 (Fassarar fitarwa)

Halin shan sigari a kasar Sin

gyara sashe

Mutanen kasar Sin galibi suna da dokoki da yawa game da yanayin shan sigari. Lokacin shan sigari tare da dattawa ko shugabannin a wurin aiki, idan sun fitar da sigari kuma sun shirya su shan sigari, ya kamata ku fitar da ku da sauri ku ba su. Ya kamata sigari na ku zama irin wannan ko mafi girma fiye da nasu don nuna girmamawa. Shahararrun sigari na kasar Sin sun hada da Chunghwa, Huanghelou, da Liqun. Lokacin da akwai bambancin matsayi, ya kamata ku ba da sigari ga kowa a cikin tsari daga mutumin da ke da matsayi mafi girma zuwa mafi kaskanci. Koyaya, "Mata na farko" koyaushe shine doka ta farko ta shan sigari a kowane yanayi.

Lokacin shan sigari tare da wasu, kunna sigari na wasu hanya ce ta yin ladabi. Hanyar kunna sigari na wasu shine: [36]

  1. Dauki mai haske a hannun dama kuma mu matsa zuwa gaban dayan a wani nesa.
  2. Haskaka haske ta hanyar fuskantar dabino na hagu a ciki kuma yatsa yana budewa. Dukan dabino ya kamata a karkata zuwa waje a kan mai haske.
  3. Sa'an nan kuma a hankali matsa zuwa dayan har sai dayan ya sami amsa don tarawa don wuta. Idan dayan bai motsa ba, kunna sigari (wani lamari ne mai ban sha'awa na girman kai).
  4. Mutanen da ke karbar irin wannan ladabi ya kamata su dan daidaita wuyansu don kusantar wuta. A lokaci guda, hannun dama na mai karba ya kamata ya kasance sama da hannun hagu na mai bayarwa don nuna godiya. Don nuna karin girmamawa, mai karba na iya amfani da yatsan ma'ana a hankali ya taba hannun hagu na mai bayarwa.

Shan taba a Hong Kong

gyara sashe

An dakatar da shan sigari a wasu wuraren jama'a a Yankin Gudanarwa na Musamman na Hong Kong daga 1 ga Janairun 2007 a karkashin Dokar shan sigari (Lafiya ta Jama'a) ta gwamnati (Cap. 371), wanda aka fara aiwatar da shi a 1982 tare da gyare-gyare da yawa daga baya. Sabon gyare-gyare ya fadada haramcin shan sigari don hadawa da wuraren aiki na cikin gida, yawancin wuraren jama'a ciki har da gidajen cin abinci, gidajen cin abincin Intanet, dakunan wanka na jama'a, rairayin bakin teku da yawancin wuraren shakatawa na jama'awa. Wasu mashaya, dakunan karaoke, saunas da wuraren shakatawa na dare an cire su har zuwa 1 ga Yuli 2009. An dakatar da haramtacciyar shan sigari a cikin dakunan hawa, sufuri na jama'a, gidajen silima, dakunan kide-kide, tashar filin jirgin sama da masu hawa tsakanin 1982 da 1997. An haramtacciyar cibiyoyin cin kasuwa, shagunan sashen, manyan kantuna, bankunan da wuraren wasan kwaikwayo tun watan Yulin 1998.

Yawan shan sigari na yau da kullun a Hong Kong ya kai 11.8% (HK Department of Census and Statistics Household Thematic Survey 36) tare da kashi 25% na maza suna shan sigari yayin da a China kashi 63% na maza suna sha sigari.  [ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2010)">citation needed</span>]

Gwamnati ta ambaci, a lokacin da aka saki kasafin kudin a shekara ta 2009, cewa cikakken haramta shigo da taba da shan sigari yana yiwuwa. Koyaya, saboda raguwar shan sigari a cikin 'yan shekarun nan galibi saboda karuwar harajin taba, gwamnati a halin yanzu ba ta da karin shirye-shirye don sarrafa tallace-tallace na taba sai dai ta hanyar daidaita haraji.  [ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2010)">citation needed</span>]

Shan taba a Macau

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Dubi kuma

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  • Dokar shan sigari (Lafiya ta Jama'a)
  • Yin shayarwa a Betel a kasar Sin
  • Lafiya a kasar Sin

manazarta

gyara sashe
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 McLure, James; Chan, Jude; Zou, Manyun; Giesen, Christoph (13 September 2023). "How China became addicted to its tobacco monopoly". The Examination (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-10-02.
  2. ↑ Zachary C. Rich, and Shuiyuan Xiao. "Tobacco as a social currency: cigarette gifting and sharing in China." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 14.3 (2012): 258-263.
  3. ↑ "Chinese Association on Smoking Control". Archived from the original on 2011-09-24. Retrieved 2009-12-25.
  4. ↑ Cheng Li (October 2012). "The Political Mapping of China's Tobacco Industry and Anti-Smoking Campaign" (PDF). John L. Thornton China Center Monograph Series. Brookings Institution (5). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 24, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2012. ...the tobacco industry is one of the largest sources of tax revenue for the Chinese government. Over the past decade, the tobacco industry has consistently contributed 7-10 percent of total annual central government revenues...
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Middleton, J. From 2011, Smoking Will Be Banned Completely in the Medical and Healthcare System Archived 2009-06-02 at the Wayback Machine. Clear the Air. 23 May 2009.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Paddock, C. China To Ban Smoking In 7 Cities: Pilot Project. Medical News Today. 18 January 2010.
  7. ↑ Travis, K. China Ratifies International Tobacco Treaty. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Oxford University Press. 2005, 97 (19): 1404.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 China joins the global war on smoking. World Health Organization Regional Office of the West Pacific. 2005-2010.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 China Ratifies FCTC Tobacco Journal International. World Tobacco. 29 Aug 2005.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Miao, X.; Cong, W. Ahead of World Expo, China acts to promote smoking controls. Xinhua News Agency. 10 March 2010.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 Chinese Health Ministry Releases Landmark Anti-Smoking Report Archived 2011-08-31 at the Wayback Machine. Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 29 May 2007.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 (Simplified Chinese) 2007年中国控制吸烟报告发布 Archived 2012-02-29 at the Wayback Machine Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China. 2006.
  13. ↑ Walker, B. China tobacco: A tough habit to break. Global Technology Forum. 26 September 2007.
  14. ↑ Yang T, Yang X, Lv Q, Zhao Q, Ke X (2009). "Special communication: China's first historic efforts to develop a tobacco control advocacy workforce via schools of public health". Tob Control. 18 (5): 422–4. doi:10.1136/tc.2009.031815. PMC 2745560. PMID 19622521.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 ITC China Summary. International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project. February 2009.
  16. ↑ China relaxes smoking ban in Beijing restaurants Archived 2020-02-20 at the Wayback Machine. Thaindian News. 14 April 2008.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 60 percent doctors in China still smoke Archived 2020-02-21 at the Wayback Machine. Thaindian News. 27 April 2010.
  18. ↑ China moves to reduce smoking scenes on TV. China Daily. 12 February 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Most hope for smoke-free Shanghai Expo. People's Daily. 22 January 2010.
  20. ↑ Expert calls for complete smoking ban. China.org.cn. 27 February 2009.
  21. ↑ Kurtenbach, E. Shanghai scrambles to implement ban on smoking in indoor public places ahead of World Expo. Taragana. 2010.
  22. ↑ 无烟上海 Archived 2012-03-06 at the Wayback Machine. Smoke-Free Shanghai. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 Chen, J. Smoking ban gains momentum. China Daily. 15 July 2008.
  24. ↑ Smoking ban helps reduce fires in Beijing. People's Daily Online. 12 May 2008.
  25. ↑ Guangdong to launch stricter smoking ban at public places 2007-04-10
  26. ↑ "杭州控烟战：别处走过场 杭州则立法强力推行". Archived from the original on 2012-03-01. Retrieved 2010-06-26.
  27. ↑ "China to Ban Smoking in 7 Cities: Pilot Project". 18 January 2010.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 Jiang Y, Ong M K, Tong E K, et al. Chinese physicians and their smoking knowledge, attitudes and practices. Am Journal Prev Med 2007
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Yao T, Ong M, Lee A, Jiang Y, Mao Z: Smoking knowledge, attitudes, behavior, and associated factors among Chinese male surgeons. World J Surg 2009
  30. ↑ Dingding, Xin. Smoke-free list extends to healthcare facilities. China Daily. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/life/2009-12/11/content_9161633.htm
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Kohrman, Matthew. Smoking among Doctors: Governmentality, Embodiment, and the Diversion of Blame in Contemporary China. Medical Anthropology 2008
  32. ↑ Zhengming Chen; et al. (10 October 2015). "Contrasting male and female trends in tobacco-attributed mortality in China: evidence from successive nationwide prospective cohort studies" (Abstract). Lancet (in Turanci). 386 (10002): 1447–1456. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00340-2. PMC 4691901. PMID 26466050. In 2010, smoking caused about 1 million (840 000 male, 130 000 female) deaths in China.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 "Smoking causes 10% of deaths worldwide; even more in China". WebMD China. April 7, 2017. Archived from the original on May 2, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2024.
  34. ↑ Dan Wu, et al. "Cigarette sharing and gifting in China: Patterns, associated factors, and behavioral outcomes." Tobacco Induced Diseases 20 (2022). online
  35. ↑ "3成人为工作学会抽烟，无忧精英网发布职场白领抽烟调查报告_受访者". www.sohu.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-04-27.[permanent dead link]
  36. ↑ "职场"烟"文化_杂志论文_知识文库杂志". www.zz-news.com. Retrieved 2022-04-27.

Ƙarin karantawa

gyara sashe
  • Barnett, Ross, Tingzhong Yang, da Xiaozhao Y. Yang, eds. Yanayin shan sigari a kasar Sin: Kalubale don Kula da Taba sigari (Springer Nature, 2021).
  • Benedict, Carol. "Tobacco, Cigarettes, and Women's Status in Modern China". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History (2021) onlinekan layi
  • kan layi 
  • Davey, Gareth, da Xiang Zhao . "Sha da birni: labarin tafiya a Yuxi. " Asia Pacific mujallar anthropology 22.1 (2021): 58-80.
  • [Hasiya] "Rayuwa mai laushi: Tsarkakewar iska, Jima'i, da Sigari a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin". Al'adun Jama'a 33.2 (2021): 161-191. kan layi[permanent dead link]
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shan_taba_a_kasar_Sin&oldid=513836"