Wikipedia

Lemur mai wutsiya


lemur mai wutsiya (Lemur catta) matsakaici ne zuwa mafi girma strepsirrhine (mai laushi) kuma mafi yawan jinsunan lemur da aka sani a duniya, saboda tsayinsa mai tsawo, baƙar fata da fari, wutsiya mai laushi. Yana ɗaya daga cikin iyalai biyar na lemur, kuma shine kawai memba na jinsin Lemur. Kamar dukkan lemurs, yana da iyaka a tsibirin Madagascar, inda Yana cikin haɗari. An san shi a cikin Malagasy kamar maky ([makj] i, an rubuta maki a Faransanci) ko hira, ya fito ne daga gandun daji zuwa tsire-tsire masu tsayi a yankunan kudancin tsibirin. Yana cin komai, da kuma mafi dacewa da rayuwa a duniya na lemurs da ke akwai.

Lemur mai wutsiya
Conservation status

Invalid status IUCN3.1 :


 (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Classmammal (en) Mammalia
Orderprimate (en) Primates
DangiLemuridae (en) Lemuridae
GenusLemur (en) Lemur
jinsi Lemur catta
Linnaeus, 1758
Geographic distribution
General information
Pregnancy 133 Rana
Nauyi 60 g

Lemur mai wutsiya mai wutsiya yana da zamantakewa sosai, yana zaune a cikin rukuni - wanda aka sani da "dakarun" - har zuwa mutane 30. Har ila yau, nau'in mace ne mai yawa, abu ne mai kama da lemurs. Don ci gaba da dumi da sake tabbatar da haɗin zamantakewa, ƙungiyoyi za su taru tare. Yin gyare-gyare wani muhimmin bangare ne na zamantakewar lemur (kamar yadda yake tare da dukkan dabbobi), sake tabbatar da haɗin zamantakewa da na iyali, yayin da kuma taimakawa wajen kawar da juna daga duk wani kwari mai yuwuwa. Lemurs masu wutsiya suna aiki ne kawai na rana, suna aiki ne musamman a lokacin hasken rana. Saboda wannan salon rayuwa, suma suna wanka da rana; ana iya lura da lemurs zaune tsaye a kan wutsiyoyin su, suna fallasa gashin ciki mai laushi, fari zuwa ga rana. Sau da yawa za su bude hannayensu kuma idanu a hankali su rufe. Kamar sauran lemurs, wannan nau'in ya dogara sosai da ƙanshin su, da kuma Alamar yankin, tare da ƙanƙara, yana ba da siginar sadarwa a duk faɗin gida na rukuni. Glandun suna kusa da idanu, da kuma kusa da anus. Maza suna yin halayyar alama ta musamman da ake kira spur-marking kuma za su shiga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe ta hanyar shafa wutsiyarsu da pheromones da kuma "wafting" su a abokan adawar. Bugu da ƙari, lemurs na maza da mata za su yi alama da itatuwa, katako, duwatsu ko wasu abubuwa ta hanyar shafa fuskokinsu da jikinsu a ciki, ba kamar cat na gida ba.

A matsayin daya daga cikin mafi yawan murya, zobe-tailed lemur yana amfani da murya da yawa, gami da kiran hadin kan rukuni da kiran gargadi. Gwaje-gwaje sun nuna cewa lemur mai wutsiya, duk da rashin babban kwakwalwa (dangane da simiiform primates), na iya tsara jerin abubuwa, fahimtar Ayyukan lissafi na asali, da kuma zaɓar kayan aiki bisa ga halaye na aiki.

Duk da daidaitawa da kiwo cikin sauƙi a ƙarƙashin kulawa mai kamawa (kuma kasancewa mafi mashahuriyar nau'in lemur a cikin gidajen namun daji a duk duniya, tare da fiye da mutane 2,000 da aka haifa), yawan mutanen daji na lemur mai wutsiya an jera su a matsayin masu haɗari ta IUCN Red List, saboda lalacewar mazaunin, farautar gida don nama na daji da cinikin dabbobi masu ban mamaki. Ya zuwa farkon 2017, an yi imanin cewa yawan mutanen da ke cikin daji sun fadi zuwa kusan mutane 2,000 saboda waɗannan dalilai, suna sa su kasance cikin haɗari sosai. Manoma na Madagascar da masana'antun katako na gida galibi suna amfani da fasahar sare daji da ƙonewa, tare da hayaki yana bayyane a sararin samaniya a mafi yawan kwanaki a Madagascar, a ƙoƙarin karɓar dabbobi da kuma noma manyan filayen amfanin gona.[1]

Magana

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Kodayake kalmar "lemur" an fara amfani da ita ne don ƙananan lorises, ba da daɗewa ba an iyakance shi ga ƙwayoyin Madagascar, waɗanda aka sani da "lemurs" tun daga lokacin.[2] Sunan ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Latin lemures, wanda ke nufin bakan gizo ko fatalwowi waɗanda aka fitar da su a lokacin Bikin Lemuria na Roma ta dā. [3][4] A cewar bayanin Carl Linnaeus, an zaɓi sunan ne saboda aikin dare da jinkirin motsi na loris mai laushi.[3] Da yake ya saba da ayyukan Virgil da Ovid kuma ya ga kwatankwacin da ya dace da tsarin sunansa, Linnaeus ya daidaita kalmar "lemur" don waɗannan dabbobi na dare.[5] Koyaya, an saba ɗauka kuma da ƙarya cewa Linnaeus yana nufin bayyanar fatalwa, idanu masu tunani, da kuka na fatalwa na lemurs.[3] Har ila yau, an yi hasashen cewa Linnaeus na iya sanin cewa wasu mutanen Madagascar sun yi tatsuniyoyi cewa lemurs rayukan kakanninsu ne, amma wannan ba zai yiwu ba saboda an zaɓi sunan don lorises masu laushi daga Indiya.[6][3] Sunan jinsin, catta, yana nufin bayyanar cat-tailed lemur. Muryarta tana kama da ta cat na gida.[7]

Bayan bayanin jinsin Linnaeus, Sunan gama gari "macauco mai wutsiya" an fara rubuta shi ne a cikin 1771 ta hanyar masanin halitta na Welsh Thomas Pennant, wanda ya lura da halayensa mai tsawo, wutsiyar wutsiyar. (Maganar "maucauco" kalma ce ta gama gari ga lemurs a wannan lokacin.) George Shaw ne ya fara amfani da sunan Ingilishi na yanzu na duniya "ring-tailed lemur" a cikin littafin kimiyya da ya kwatanta wanda ya rufe Tarin Leverian, wanda aka buga tsakanin 1792 da 1796. [3]

Tarihin juyin halitta

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Duk burbushin dabbobi masu shayarwa daga Madagascar sun fito ne daga 'yan kwanakin nan.[11] Don haka, ba a san komai game da juyin halitta na lemur mai wutsiya ba, ba tare da sauran lemur ba, wanda ya ƙunshi dukan mutanen da ke cikin tsibirin. Koyaya, shaidar chromosomal da kwayoyin sun nuna cewa lemurs suna da alaƙa da juna fiye da sauran primates na strepsirrhine. Domin wannan ya faru, ana tunanin cewa ƙananan kakanninmu sun zo Madagascar ta hanyar wani taron rafting guda ɗaya tsakanin shekaru miliyan 50 da 80 da suka gabata.[8][11][9]  Rashin juyin halitta na gaba da jinsin sun haifar da bambancin lemun tsami na Malagasy da aka gani a yau.[14]   Dangane da nazarin jerin amino acid, an ƙaddamar da reshe na iyalin Lemuridae zuwa 26.1 ±3.3 mya yayin da jerin rRNA na mtDNA suka sanya rabuwa a 24.9 ± 3.6 mya.     Ruffed lemurs sune nau'in farko da ya rabu (mafi yawa) a cikin asali, ra'ayi wanda ke ci gaba da tallafawa ta hanyar nazarin jerin DNA da karyotypes.[10] Bugu da ƙari, bayanan kwayoyin suna nuna Bambancin kwayar halitta mai zurfi da alaƙar 'yar'uwa tsakanin Lemur na gaskiya (Eulemur) da sauran nau'ikan biyu: Lemur da Hapalemur.[11][12]

Ana tunanin lemur mai wutsiya yana da alaƙa da bamboo lemurs na jinsin Hapalemur fiye da sauran jinsuna biyu a cikin danginsa.[8][19][12] Wannan ya goyi bayan kwatankwacin sadarwa, chromosomes, kwayoyin halitta, da halaye da yawa, kamar kamanceceniyar ƙanshin ƙanshin. Koyaya, wasu bayanai game da rigakafi da sauran halaye na morphological sun kasa tallafawa wannan dangantaka ta kusa. Misali, nau'in Hapalemur suna da gajeren maƙarƙashiya, yayin da lemur mai wutsiya da sauran Lemuridae suna da dogon maƙarƙashi. Koyaya, bambance-bambance a cikin dangantakar da ke tsakanin orbit (socket ido) da muzzle suna nuna cewa lemur mai wutsiya da lemurs na gaskiya sun samo asali ne daga fuskokinsu masu tsawo da kansu.[11]

Dangantaka tsakanin lemur mai wutsiya da bamboo lemurs ba a fahimta ba. Binciken kwayoyin ya nuna cewa ko dai bamboo lemurs sun rabu da lemur mai wutsiya, suna sa kungiyar ta zama mai kama da juna kuma tana tallafawa tsarin lissafi na yanzu, ko kuma cewa lemur mai wutsiyar zobe yana cikin bamboo lemur, yana buƙatar Hapalemur simus a raba shi cikin jinsinsa, Prolemur. [12][11]

Karyotype na zobe-tailed lemur yana da 56 chromosomes, daga cikinsu hudu sune Metacentric (makamai kusan daidai), hudu sune submetacentric (matsayi na tsawon da ba daidai ba), kuma 46 sune acrocentric (gajeren hannu ba shi da tabbas).  X chromosome yana da metacentric kuma Y chromosome shine acrocentric.[7]

Rarrabawar lissafi

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Linnaeus ya fara amfani da sunan jinsin Lemur don bayyana "Lemur tardigradus" (ja mai laushi loris, yanzu da aka sani da Loris tardigradus) a cikin kundin littafinsa na 1754 na Gidan Tarihi na Sarki Adolf Frederick . A cikin 1758, Buga na 10 na Systema Naturae ya lissafa nau'in Lemur tare da nau'o'in da aka haɗa guda uku, ɗayan ɗayan kawai har yanzu ana ɗaukarsa lemur yayin da wani ba a ɗauke shi a matsayin firam. Wadannan nau'o'in sun hada da: Lemur tardigradus, Lemur catta (lemur mai wutsiya), da Lemur volans (Colugo na Philippines, wanda yanzu ake kira Cynocephalus volans). A cikin 1911, Oldfield Thomas ya sanya Lemur catta nau'in nau'in jinsin, duk da cewa an fara amfani da kalmar don bayyana lorises. A ranar 10 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1929, Hukumar Kasa da Kasa kan Nomenclature na Zoological (ICZN) ta tsara wannan shawarar a cikin littafin ta Opinion 122.[7][2]

Lemur mai wutsiya yana da kamanceceniya da yawa tare da lemurs (genus Varecia) da lemurs na gaskiya (genus Eulemur), kuma kwarangwal dinsa kusan ba za a iya rarrabe shi daga na lemurs na gaske ba.[8] Sakamakon haka, an haɗa nau'ikan uku tare a cikin jinsin Lemur kuma kwanan nan ana kiran su a matsayin subfamily Lemurinae (a cikin iyalin Lemuridae). Koyaya, an sake sanya lemurs zuwa jinsin Varecia a cikin 1962, kuma saboda kamanceceniya tsakanin lemur mai wutsiya da bamboo lemurs, musamman game da shaidar kwayoyin da kamanceceniyar ƙwayoyin ƙanshi, Yves Rumpler da Elwyn L. Simons (1988) da Colin Groves da Robert H. Eaglen (1988) [7] sun motsa lemurs na gaskiya zuwa jinsin Eulemur[20][19] A cikin 1991, Ian Tattersall da Jeffrey H. Schwartz sun sake nazarin shaidar kuma sun zo ga wani ƙarshe daban, a maimakon haka suna son dawo da membobin EuLemur' da Varecia zuwa jinsin Lemur. Koyaya, wannan ra'ayi ba a yarda da shi ba kuma jinsin Lemur ya kasance mai kama da juna, wanda ke dauke da lemur mai wutsiya kawai.[20][19][21] Saboda bambance-bambance a cikin bayanan kwayoyin suna da ɗan gajeren lokaci tsakanin lemur mai wutsiya da nau'ikan bamboo lemurs guda biyu, an ba da shawarar cewa duk nau'ikan uku sun haɗu.[11]

Saboda wahalar gane dangantakar da ke cikin iyalin Lemuridae, ba duk hukumomi sun yarda da haraji ba, kodayake yawancin al'ummar primatological sun fi son rarrabuwa ta yanzu.[21]

Hanyar lissafi na iyalin Lemuridae[20][19][21] Phylogeny na iyalin Lemuridae [9][10][11][13]
  • Iyalin Lemuridae
    • Genus Lemur: lemur mai wutsiya
    • Genus Eulemur: launin ruwan kasa lemurs
    • Genus Varecia: ruffed lemurs
    • Halitta Hapalemur: ƙarami mai laushi ko bamboo lemurs
    • Genus Prolemur: mafi girma bamboo lemur
 Samfuri:Clade

A cikin 1996, masu bincike Steven Goodman da Olivier Langrand sun ba da shawarar cewa lemur mai wutsiya na iya nuna bambancin yanki, musamman yawan dutse mai tsawo a Andringitra Massif wanda ke da tufafi mai kauri, launi mai haske, da bambance-bambance a cikin zoben wutsiya.[7][14] A shekara ta 2001, masanin ilimin dabbobi Colin Groves ya kammala cewa wannan ba ya wakiltar nau'ikan da ke faruwa a cikin gida. Wannan yanke shawara daga baya an goyi bayan ƙarin aikin gona wanda ya nuna cewa bambance-bambance sun fadi a cikin bambancin al'ada ga jinsin. An yi la'akari da rigar da ta fi kauri a matsayin daidaitawa ta gida ga matsanancin yanayin zafi a yankin, kuma an danganta faduwar gashin gashi ga karuwar Hasken rana. Ƙarin nazarin kwayoyin halitta a cikin 2000 ya ci gaba da tallafawa ƙaddamar da cewa yawan jama'a ba su bambanta sosai daga sauran yawan lemur masu wutsiya a tsibirin ba.[14][15]

Anatomy da ilimin lissafi

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  Lemur mai wutsiya mai wutsiya babban lemur ne. Matsakaicin nauyinsa shine 2.2 kilograms (4.9 lb) .[21] Tsawon jikinta yana tsakanin 39 and 46 centimetres (15 and 18 in) cm (), tsawon wutsiyarsa 56 and 63 centimetres (22 and 25 in) in), kuma jimlar tsawonta shine 95 and 110 centimetres (37 and 43 in) in). [7][21] Sauran ma'auni sun haɗa da tsawon ƙafafun baya na 102 and 113 millimetres (4.0 and 4.4 in) in), tsawon kunne na 40 and 48 millimetres (1.6 and 1.9 in) in), da tsawon gashin kai na 78 and 88 millimetres (3.1 and 3.5 in) in). [7]

The species has a slender frame and narrow face, fox-like muzzle.[7] The ring-tailed lemur's trademark—a long, bushy tail—is ringed in alternating black and white transverse bands, numbering 12 or 13 white rings and 13 or 14 black rings and always ending in a black tip.[7]Samfuri:LoM2 Sfn The total number of rings nearly matches the approximate number of caudal vertebrae (~25).[16] Its tail is longer than its bodySamfuri:LoM2 Sfn and is not prehensile. Instead, it is only used for balance, communication, and group cohesion.Samfuri:LoM3 Sfn

Farin (fur) yana da yawa sosai har zai iya toshe kayan lantarki.[7] Gashi da makogwaro na ventral (kirtani) fari ne ko cream. Gashi na baya (baya) ya bambanta daga launin toka zuwa launin ruwan kasa, wani lokacin tare da launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa a kusa da yankin wutsiya, inda gashin gashi ya kai launin toka ko launin ruwan kasa. Launi na baya ya ɗan yi duhu a kusa da wuyansa da kambi. Gashi a kan makogwaro, kumatu, da kunnuwa fari ne ko fari kuma ba su da yawa, suna ba da damar fata mai duhu a ƙasa ya nuna ta hanyar.[7][2][21] Makogwaro yana da launin toka mai duhu kuma hanci baƙar fata ne, kuma idanu suna kewaye da baƙar fata triangular patches.[7][21] Ana haɓaka vibrissae na fuska (gishiri) kuma ana samun su sama da leɓuna (mystacal), a kan kumatu (genal), da kuma a kan idon ido (superciliary). Ana kuma samun Vibrissae dan kadan sama da wuyan hannu a ƙarƙashin gaban hannu.[7] Kunnuwa suna da girma idan aka kwatanta da sauran lemurs kuma an rufe su da gashi, wanda ke da ƙananan tufts kawai idan akwai.[7][2] Kodayake ana iya ganin ƙananan bambance-bambance a yankin fuska tsakanin mutane, babu bambance-mbance a bayyane tsakanin maza da mata.[7]

Ba kamar yawancin dabbobi masu zaman kansu ba, amma kamar dukkan dabbobi masu kama da strepsirrhine, lemur mai wutsiya yana da tapetum lucidum, ko kuma mai nunawa a bayan retina na ido, wanda ke inganta hangen nesa na dare.[17] Tapetum yana bayyane sosai a cikin wannan nau'in saboda pigmentation na ocular fundus (baya na ido), wanda yake a cikin - amma ya bambanta tsakanin - duk lemurs, yana da tabo sosai. Lemur mai wutsiya mai wutsiya kuma yana da mummunan rauni a kan retina. Wani halayyar da aka raba tare da sauran nau'ikan strepsirrhine shine rhinarium, mai laushi, tsirara, hanci mai laushi wanda ke tallafawa da jaw na sama kuma yana fitowa bayan gemu. Rhinarium ya ci gaba zuwa ƙasa inda ya raba lebe na sama. An haɗa lebe na sama da premaxilla, yana hana lebe daga fitowa kuma ta haka ne yana buƙatar lemur ya zubar da ruwa maimakon amfani da tsotsewa.[7]   Fata na lemur mai wutsiya mai wutsiya yana da launin toka ko baƙar fata, har ma a wuraren da gashin yana da fari. Ana fallasa shi a hanci, dabino, takalma, ido, leɓuna, da al'aura. Fata tana da santsi, amma yanayin fata na hannaye da ƙafafun suna sauƙaƙa motsi na ƙasa. anus, wanda yake a haɗin wutsiyar, an rufe shi lokacin da aka saukar da wutsiyar. Yankin da ke kewaye da anus (yanki na ɗan adam) da perineum an rufe su da gashi. A cikin maza, scrotum ba shi da gashi, an rufe shi da ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙaho, kuma jakunkuna biyu na scrotum sun kasu. Jinin yana da kusan siffar cylindrical kuma an rufe shi da ƙananan ƙayoyi, tare da samun nau'i biyu na manyan ƙayoyi a bangarorin biyu. Maza suna da ƙananan baculum (ƙashin hanci) idan aka kwatanta da girman su. Scrotum, azzakari, da prepuce yawanci ana rufe su da ɓoyayyen ƙanshi. Mata suna da vulva tare da kauri, clitoris mai tsawo wanda ke fitowa daga Labia. Budewar urethra yana kusa da clitoris fiye da farji, [18] yana samar da "drip tip". [7]

Mata suna da nau'i-nau'i biyu na glandun nono (ƙuƙwalwa huɗu), amma guda ɗaya ne kawai ke aiki.[7][2] Ma'aurata na baya (mafi kusa da kai) suna kusa da axillae (arfin hannu). [7] Glandun ƙanshin da ba su da gashi suna nan a kan maza da mata. Dukansu maza da mata suna da ƙananan ƙwayoyin antebrachial (abun hannu) masu duhu waɗanda ke auna 1 cm tsawo kuma suna kan farfajiyar ciki na gaban hannu kusan 25 centimetres (9.8 in) in) sama da haɗin wuyan hannu.[7][2][21]   (Wannan halayyar ta raba tsakanin jinsunan Lemur da Hapalemur.[21]) Gland din yana da taushi kuma ana iya matsawa, yana da kyawawan raƙuman dermal (kamar yatsan yatsa), kuma an haɗa shi da dabino ta hanyar kyakkyawan, 2 mm-high, ba tare da gashi ba.[7]  Koyaya, namiji ne kawai ke da ƙaho wanda ke rufe wannan ƙanshin ƙanshin.[7][2][21] Tsarin yana tasowa tare da shekaru ta hanyar tara asirin daga wani glandin da ke ƙasa wanda zai iya haɗawa ta hanyar fata ta hanyar ƙananan bututu dubu. Maza kuma suna da glandula na brachial (hannuwa) a saman axillary na kafadu (kusa da armpit). Glandar brachial ta fi glandar antebrachial girma, an rufe ta da gajeren gashi a kusa da gefen, kuma tana da rami mai kama da tsirara kusa da tsakiya. Gland din yana fitar da wani abu mai wari, launin ruwan kasa, mai mannewa.[7] Kwayar brachial ba ta ci gaba sosai ba idan tana cikin mata.[7][2] Dukansu maza da mata suna da glandula na apocrine da sebaceous a cikin yankunansu na jima'i ko na perianal, waɗanda aka rufe su da gashi. [19][2]

yatsunsa suna da tsayi, suna da tsami, galibi ba su da sutura, kuma suna da tsinkaye tare da ƙusa mai kama da mutum. yatsan yatsa yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma ya rabu da sauran yatsunsu. Duk da cewa an saita shi a kusurwar dama zuwa dabino, yatsa ba zai iya tsayayya ba tunda an gyara kwallon haɗin gwiwa a wurin. Kamar yadda yake tare da duk strepsirrhines, hannun yana da ectaxonic (axis yana wucewa ta lambar ta huɗu) maimakon mesaxonic (axis yana wucewa cikin lambar ta uku) kamar yadda aka gani a cikin birai da birai. Lambar ta huɗu ita ce mafi tsawo, kuma dan kadan ne kawai fiye da lambar ta biyu. Hakazalika, lambar ta biyar tana da ɗan tsayi fiye da ta biyu. Hannun dabino suna da tsawo kuma suna da fata, kuma kamar sauran dabbobi, suna da tuddai na fata don inganta riƙewa.[7][16] Ƙafafun suna da ɗan ƙaramin dijital kuma sun fi ƙwarewa fiye da hannayensu. Babban yatsan yana da tsayayya kuma ya fi karami fiye da babban yatsan sauran lemurs, waɗanda suka fi arboreal. yatsan hannu na biyu gajere ne, yana da ƙaramin tashar tashar, kuma yana da ƙafar bayan gida (wani lokacin ana kiranta ƙafar gyare-gyare) na musamman don gyaran mutum, musamman don rak ta hanyar gashi wanda ba a iya isa ta baki.[7] Kwararrun bayan gida shine halayyar da aka raba tsakanin kusan dukkanin rayayyun strepsirrhine.[16] Ba kamar sauran lemurs ba, ƙafar lemur mai wutsiya ba ta rufe da gashi ba.[7] ===manazarta=== 

  1. ↑ Platt, John R. (13 January 2017). "Ring-Tailed Lemur Populations Have Crashed by 95 Percent". Scientific American. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Tattersall 1982.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named 2012Dunkel_et_al
  4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named 2008Lux
  5. ↑ Blunt & Stearn 2002.
  6. ↑ Nield 2007.
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 7.20 7.21 7.22 7.23 7.24 7.25 7.26 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named 2010Wilson&Hanlon
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Garbutt 2007.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named 2008Horvath
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named 2009Matsui
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named 2002Pastorini
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named 2016Herrera
  13. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named 2008Orlando
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Goodman, Rakotoarisoa & Wilmé 2006.
  15. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named 2000Yoder
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Ankel-Simons 2007.
  17. ↑ Rowe 1996.
  18. ↑ Drea, Christine M.; Weil, Anne (2008). "External genital morphology of the ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta): Females are naturally masculinized". Journal of Morphology. 269 (4): 451–463. doi:10.1002/jmor.10594. PMID 17972270. S2CID 29073999.
  19. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named 2007Scordato
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