Hafez al-Assad
Hafez al-Assad (An haife shi 6 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta1930 - 10 ga Yuni 2000) ɗan siyasan Siriya ne kuma jami'in soja wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Siriya na 18 daga 1971 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 2000.[lower-alpha 1] – Ya taba aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Siriya daga 1970 zuwa 1971 da kuma Sakataren yanki na kwamandan yanki na reshen yankin Siriya na Jam'iyyar Ba'ath Socialist ta Larabawa da kuma Saraken Janar na Kwamandan Kasa na Jam'idar Ba'ath daga 1970 zuwa 2000. Hafez al-Assad ya kasance babban mai shiga tsakani a juyin mulkin Siriya na 1963, wanda ya kawo reshen yankin Siriya na Jam'iyyar Ba'ath ta Larabawa zuwa mulki a kasar, ikon da ya kasance har zuwa faduwar mulkin a 2024, sannan dansa Bashar ya jagoranci.
Sabon shugabanci ya nada Assad a matsayin kwamandan Sojojin Sama na Siriya. A watan Fabrairun 1966 Assad ya shiga juyin mulki na biyu, wanda ya hambarar da shugabannin gargajiya na Jam'iyyar Ba'ath. Sabuwar gwamnati ce ta nada Assad a matsayin Ministan tsaro. Shekaru hudu bayan haka Assad ya fara juyin mulki na uku, wanda ya kori shugaban de facto Salah Jadid, kuma ya nada kansa a matsayin shugaban Siriya. Assad ya sanya canje-canje daban-daban ga gwamnatin Ba'athist lokacin da ya hau mulki. Ya maye gurbin tsarin zamantakewar al'umma na jihar tare da tsarin tattalin arziki mai rikitarwa kuma ya kare dukiyar masu zaman kansu. Assad ya kuma watsar da maganganun fitar da "juyin juya halin kwaminisanci" ta hanyar karfafa dangantakar kasashen waje ta Siriya da ƙasashen da magajinsa ya ɗauka masu adawa. Assad ya goyi bayan Tarayyar Soviet da Gabashin Gabas a lokacin Yaƙin Cold don samun goyon baya ga Isra'ila kuma, yayin da ya watsar da ra'ayin Larabawa na haɗa Ƙungiyar Larabawa cikin Al'ummar Larabawa guda ɗaya, ya nemi ya zana Siriya a matsayin mai kare Palasdinawa a kan Isra'ila.
Lokacin da ya zo mulki, ya shirya jihar tare da layin ɗarika (Sunni da wadanda ba Alawi ba sun zama shugabannin cibiyoyin siyasa yayin da Alawites suka mallaki soja, leken asiri, bureaucracy da kayan tsaro). An rage ikon yanke shawara na Ba'athist wanda a baya ya kasance na majalisa kuma an ba shi ga shugaban. Gwamnatin Siriya ta daina zama tsarin jam'iyya daya a ma'anar kalmar kuma an juya ta zuwa mulkin kama-karya na jam'iyya ɗaya tare da shugabancin mai ƙarfi. Don kula da wannan tsarin, shugaban kasa da jam'iyyar Ba'ath sun kirkiro wata ƙungiya ta mutum da ke kan Assad da iyalinsa. An haɗa addinin halin kirki na Iyalin Assad tare da koyarwar Ba'athist don tsara akidar hukuma ta jihar. Assad ya ba da umarnin shiga tsakani a Lebanon a shekara ta 1976, wanda ya haifar da Mamayewar Siriya a Lebanon. A lokacin mulkinsa, mulkinsa ya murkushe wani Tashin hankali na Islama wanda 'yan tawayen Musulmi na Siriya suka jagoranta ta hanyar jerin hare-hare da suka kai ga Kisan kiyashi na Hama, wanda ya haifar da lalata kashi biyu cikin uku na birnin Hama.
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