Haƙƙin Mata a Myanmar
Matan da ke zaune a Myanmar na ci gaba da fuskantar matsalolin daidaito. Bayan shekaru arba'in na keɓe, tatsuniyoyi game da yanayin 'yancin mata a Myanmar (Burma) sun ta'allaka ne a kan tunanin cewa matan Burma suna fuskantar ƙarancin wariyar jinsi kuma suna da haƙƙi fiye da mata a kewayen ƙasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Bayan da Myanmar ta buɗe kan iyakokinta a shekara ta 2010, ƙasashen duniya sun fara ganin nuna wariyar jinsi. A halin yanzu, ƙungiyoyi daban-daban - na cikin gida da na waje - suna ƙoƙari don ilimantar da mutane cewa wannan kuskure ne don samun ci gaba mai kyau don kare 'yancin mata a Myanmar.
 Haƙƙin Mata a Myanmar | |
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women's rights by country or territory (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙasa | Myanmar |
Tsarin shari'a na Myanmar, al'adu, da imani na addini suna kare yancin mata. Duk da haka, yawancin ra'ayoyi na rawar gargajiya na mata na ci gaba da hana mata a Myanmar samun ci gaba. A al’adance, wata mace a Myanmar ce ke kula da lafiyar iyalinta, yayin da maigidan yake samun kuɗin shiga a gidan. Mata na ci gaba da kasancewa da ƙarancin wakilci a mukaman gwamnati, kuma matan da ke zaune a ƙauyukan ƙasar na fuskantar karancin damar samun ci gaba fiye da yadda mata suke da yawa a biranen ƙasar. Bugu da ƙari, matan da ke cikin ƙananan kabilu suna fuskantar ƙarin wariya da kuma shinge don shiga, musamman waɗanda ba mabiya addinin Buddha ba.[1][2]
An dai yi ƙoƙarin ganin an samu dai-daito tsakanin gwamnati da mata, musamman wajen kafa hukumomin da za su magance wakilcin mata. Bugu da ƙari, an sami sauye-sauye da suka shafi haƙƙin mata na gaba ɗaya da wakilcin mata. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai manyan shingen al'adu, da kuma ƙarin rarrabuwar kawuna ga mata waɗanda ke ƙauye ko ƙabilanci.
Haƙƙin Tsarin Mulki
gyara sasheKundin Tsarin Mulkin Myanmar (Sashe na 347) ya ƙunshi garantin ƴancin ƴancin da kuma kariyar doka ga kowa da kowa kuma (Sashe na 348) baya nuna wariya ga kowane ɗan ƙasar Myanmar bisa tushen jima'i. Myanmar ta kasance mai shiga tsakani na Kwamitin Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya (ASEAN) game da Mata da kuma Hukumar ASEAN kan Kariya da Ci Gaban 'Yancin Mata da Yara a shekara ta 2010.
Sai dai kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai yaki da cin zarafin mata (CEDAW) ya bayyana damuwarsa game da ‘yancin mata a Myanmar saboda yadda Myanmar ke taka rawa wajen fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata ya haifar da yakinin cewa akwai dai-daito tsakanin jinsi a kasar. Amma Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Myanmar na shekara ta 2008 ya ƙunshi magana game da mata galibi a matsayin uwa wanda ke ƙarfafa ra'ayin mace na matsayin uwa da mai kulawa da ke buƙatar kariya. Rashin matakan da ake bi a yanzu don cimma daidaiton jinsi a cikin dokokin gida da na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na da damuwa ga kwamitin kawar da wariya ga mata.[3][4][5]
Wakilci a Gwamnati da Siyasa
gyara sasheMata a Myanmar sun kasance ba su da yawa a mukaman da aka zaɓa. Mata ba su da wakilci a tarihi, kuma yayin da ofishin mata ya sami ƙaruwa a baya-bayan nan, masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata a Myanmar sun ce gwamnati ba ta son inganta wakilcin mata.
A zaɓen shekara ta 2020, wakilcin mata a majalisar dokokin Myanmar ya karu, amma bai kai yadda da yawa masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata suka yi tsammani ba: a cikin shekara ta 2018, yawan mata a majalisar dokokin ƙasar ya ragu da kashi 11.32 kawai, amma an samu karuwa. zuwa kashi 16.83 na kujerun a shekara ta 2020 Babu albarkatu a wurin 'yan takara mata don horar da takamaiman 'yan takara daga kowace tushe. Duk da haka, mata sun sami goyon baya gaba ɗaya daga jam'iyyun siyasa na Myanmar, musamman a fannonin kuɗin yaƙin neman zaɓe da wayar da kan masu jefa ƙuri'a. Myanmar ta yi amfani da tsarin jam'i, tsarin zaɓe na farko-farko tun daga shekara ta 2010. Bayan zaɓukan 2020 da kuma abin da yawancin masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata suka yi la'akari da kara samun karuwar wakilcin mata fiye da yadda ake zato, masu fafutuka suna kira da a samar da tsarin zabe na wakilci . [6]
Mata kuma ba su da yawa a ƙananan hukumomi. Kafin zaɓen 2020, mata ba su kai kashi 1% na Ma'aikatan Ward/Village Tract. Tarukan jama'a na Unguwa da ƙauye galibi suna samun halartar mata masu ƙarfi, duk da haka mata da wuya su riƙe mukaman jagoranci ko ma su faɗi ra'ayi lokacin da suka halarci tarurrukan.
Ilimi
gyara sashe
Kundin tsarin mulkin Myanmar ya tabbatar da daidaiton 'yancin samun ilimi ga maza da mata. A shekara ta 2008, sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Myanmar ya ba da fifiko ga ilimi bayan shekaru a karkashin ba da fifikon ilimi a mulkin soja da ya gabata. A tsakanin shekara ta 2008 zuwa shekara ta 2013, saboda yadda gwamnati ke karfafa manufofin ilimi, Myanmar ta samu karuwar ‘yan mata da ke samun ilimi. [1] A halin yanzu, akwai mata fiye da maza a tsarin ilimin Myanmar. [1] Adadin karatu na manyan mata shine kashi 86% idan aka kwatanta da sama da kashi 90 na maza. Ilimi na hadin gwiwa ne a kowane mataki. Duk da ci gaban da aka samu, ana ci gaba da samun shingen al'adun gargajiya da ke hana mata cin gajiyar samun ilimi. [1]
Akwai matsanancin rarrabuwa tsakanin aikin ilimi na birni da na karkara. Yankin jihar Shan na Myanmar ne ya kasance mafi karancin yawan karatun mata da kashi 59.4%. Bugu da kari yayin da yawan mata ke neman ilimi mai zurfi wannan adadin bai yi daidai da makomar aikin mata a nan gaba ba, inda maza ke da kaso mafi yawa na wadanda ke cikin ma'aikata. Haka kuma, mata har yanzu ba su shagaltu da manyan matakan yanke shawara kan tattalin arziki, duk da yawan karatunsu.[6][6][7][8][8][9][6][10][11]
Lafiya
gyara sasheA cikin shekarar 2010, tsawon rayuwar matan Burma ya kai shekaru 69.9. Ƙasar Myanmar tana da yawan mace-mace tare da mutuwar 200 a cikin 100,000 masu rai, amma an samu ci gaba daga mutuwar 520 a cikin 100,000 da aka haifa a shekara ta 1990. Abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwar mata masu juna biyu bisa ga shirin gwamnati na 2006-2011 sun haɗa da zubar da jini bayan haihuwa, eclampsia, da rikitarwa daga zubar da ciki mara kyau. Yawancin mace-macen mata masu juna biyu suna faruwa ne a gida, kashi 38% ne kawai na matan da ke fama da matsalar naƙuda aka kai su asibiti a shekara ta 2010, kuma kashi 24% ne kawai suka isa asibiti, sauran 14% kuma sun mutu a kan hanya saboda jinkirin isar da saƙo ko sufuri.
Yayin da zubar da ciki ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a Myanmar, kusan kashi 10 cikin 100 na mace-macen mata masu juna biyu suna da alaka da zubar da ciki. Akwai kashi 20 cikin 100 na bukatuwar rigakafin hana haihuwa a tsakanin matan aure. Rashin ilimin jima'i a fadin kasar yana haifar da karuwar yawan haihuwa na samari na 16.9%.
Haramtacciyar al'adu game da jima'i na mata a Myanmar sun hana tattaunawa a fili game da jima'i da haihuwa da kuma hakki a tsakanin mata a kasar. Idan mace ta fuskanci cin zarafi kafin ta yi aure, yawanci da zarar sun yi aure, ba su da iko a kan yin jima’i a cikin auren. Bugu da ƙari, yawancin matan da suka ba da rahoton aukuwar tashin hankali sun shiga aure a ƙarƙashin yanayin rashin lafiyar zamantakewa ko tattalin arziki. Wannan yana nuna tunanin haƙƙin namiji akan jikin matansu. A cikin shekarar 2013, an kiyasta cewa 69,489 na mata a Myanmar suna da cutar kanjamau na 34% na jimlar masu cutar HIV a Myanmar.[12][13]
Aure da Iyali
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Yawancin matan Burma suna da 'yancin zaɓar mijinsu, duk da ci gaba da kasancewar al'adun daidaitawa da kuma iyaye suna faɗi a cikin yanke shawara cewa lokaci-lokaci har yanzu yana faruwa. A bisa doka mutum zai iya yin aure yana ɗan shekara 20 a Myanmar. A cikin shekara ta 1973 matsakaiciyar shekarun mace don yin aure yana da shekaru 21.2 wanda ya kai shekaru 26 a shekara ta 1997. A Myanmar ba a yi amfani da sunan iyali ba, kamar yadda ake gani a al'adun Yamma.
Mace za ta ci gaba da riƙe sunan ta da aka haifa a tsawon rayuwarta, ko ta yi aure ko ta yi aure. Yawanci mun ga an yarda mata su yanke shawara game da abubuwan da suke kashewa a gidansu ba tare da izini daga mazajensu ba, kodayake ana daukar maza a matsayin shugabannin gida. Ana sa ran da zarar mace ta yi aure za ta haifi 'ya'ya kuma rashin haihuwa zai iya zama dalilin rabuwar aure.
Dangane da doka, mace za ta iya rike kadarori tare da mijinta tare ko kuma dabam. A wajen mutuwar miji sai mata su gaji dukiyar. Idan aka rabu da kadarorin za a raba daidai-da-wane, sai dai idan mata sun dogara ga mijinta, inda ta samu kashi daya bisa uku na dukiyar da aka hada a baya. Tare da ƴaƴa a cikin kisan aure abu ne na al'ada ga namiji ya kasance tare da uba, yarinya kuma tare da mahaifiyarsa.
Cin Zarafin Mata
gyara sasheCin zarafi tsakanin al'ummomi da kuma fyade da sojojin Burma ke yi a matsayin makamin yaki da kisan ƙare dangi duk matan Burma ne suka ruwaito. Bugu da ƙari , fataucin mata, musamman a yankunan kan iyaka na Myanmar, da kuma cin zarafi a cikin gida da kuma yin jima'i a cikin aure suna ci gaba da fuskantar matsaloli. A cikin ɗaiɗaikun iyalai mata suna bayyana damuwa game da ƙayyadaddun damar aiki banda na bawa da kula da yara. Duk da tsarin doka, mata suna da iyakacin ikon yanke shawara a cikin iyali.[14]
Haƙƙoƙin Mata na Ƙabilanci
gyara sasheAkwai babban bambanci a tsakanin kabilu 135 da gwamnati ta amince da su a Myanmar, sabili da haka ba za a iya amfani da jumlar ga kowane rukuni ba. Duk da haka, ana samun ci gaba na cin zarafi da yawancin matan ƙabilu ke fuskanta. Akwai ƴan damammaki na yin aiki da ake biya a yankunan karkara, musamman tare da yawaitar ƙaura da ke sa mutane yin motsi akai-akai. Don haka, mata manoma dole ne su biya bukatun iyalansu baya ga bukatun da sojojin Burma ke yi na abinci, haraji, da ma’aikata.
Wannan nauyin aikin gona da aikin gida yana haifar da mummunar illa ga lafiyar wadannan mata. Bugu da ƙari, rashin samun damar kiwon lafiya, rashin abinci mai gina jiki da yawa, da cututtuka masu yawa sun haifar da yawan mace-macen mata masu juna biyu a yankunan karkara, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar 580 a cikin 100,000 mata. A yankunan karkara galibin mata ba sa samun maganin hana haihuwa ko wasu hanyoyin da za su iya sarrafa haihuwa, lamarin da ya sa akasarin matan kabilun suka haihu sau goma ko fiye da haka, duk da cewa rabin ’ya’yansu ne kawai ke rayuwa har zuwa balaga.
Kwamitin Bincike na Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO) ta shekarar 1998 ta bayar da rahoton cewa ana yawan ganin aikin tilastawa a yankunan ƙananan ƙabilu. A cikin wadannan yankuna ana amfani da aikin tilas ne ta hanyar tabbatar da ikon da sojoji ke da shi a kan al'ummar yankin. Mata yawanci su ne na farko a cikin iyali da ke yin aikin da ba a biya ba a wani yunƙuri na ba wa ’yan uwa maza damar neman aikin samar da albashi. Duk da haka, zawarawa sun fi fama da aikin tilastawa domin yawanci ba sa iya biyan kuɗin da zai keɓe su daga aikin tilas.
Matan kabilanci sun fi zama a yankunan iyakar Myanmar da suka fi fuskantar yakin basasa da rikici. Wannan yana haifar da tsattsauran ra'ayi da ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyin mata ke kai wa mata hari don tashin hankali, musamman fyaɗe, dangane da ƙabilarsu. Bayanai dai-dai da dai-daito sun bayar da rahoton cin zarafin matan kabilanci da sojojin gwamnati ke yi. Wannan tashin hankalin yana faruwa ta hanyar duka, azabtarwa, yanke hukuncin kisa, fyade da sauran nau'ikan cin zarafin jima'i. Bugu da ƙari, auren dole tsakanin matan ƙabilanci da sojoji ya zama ruwan dare a ƙoƙarin haɓaka shirin “Burmanization” na gwamnati. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa ɗaukar amaryar ƙabilanci na iya haifar da karin girma ga sojan da ke aikin soja.
Ba duk 'yan Burma maza da mata ne suka sami damar kada kuri'a a zaɓe ba. A shekara ta 2015, an hana 'yan ƙasar 1,000,000 damar kada kuri'a a hukumance bisa dalilai na tsaro, sai dai rabin waɗanda aka hana kada kuri'a a zaben musulmi ne, galibinsu musulmin Rohingya, sauran rabin kuma masu kaɗa kuri'a ne daga wasu yankunan kananan kabilu.
Matsayi
gyara sasheƘididdigar rashin dai-daiton jinsi ta 2013 ta sanya Myanmar matsayi na 83 a cikin ƙasashe 187 dangane da ci gaba da rashin dai-daiton jinsi. Cibiyoyin zamantakewa na 2012 da Ma'anar Jinsi sun sanya ƙasar a 44th na ƙasashe guda 86 da 8th daga cikin ƙasashe tara a Gabashin Asiya da Pacific.
Tsare-tsaren Hukumar Myanmar don Daidaiton Jinsi
gyara sasheMyanmar tana da tsare-tsare da yawa a halin yanzu da ke aiki don aiwatar da kudurin ƙasar na daidaiton jinsi da ƙarfafa mata. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Ma'aikatar Jin Daɗin Jama'a, Taimako da Matsuguni, da Ma'aikatar Jin Dadin Jama'a. Suna aiki a matsayin manyan hanyoyin gwamnatin Burma wajen yancin mata.
Kwamitin kula da harkokin mata na Myanmar
gyara sasheAn kafa kwamitin kula da harkokin mata na Myanmar a ranar 3 ga watan Yuli, 1996, sakamakon taron mata na birnin Beijing . Ministan jin daɗin jama'a, agaji da sake tsugunarwa ne ke shugabanta. Manufofi ne na tsaka-tsaki da tsarin yanke shawara wanda ya ƙayyade manyan batutuwa takwas da suka shafi ci gaban mata a Myanmar: ilimi da horar da mata, mata da kiwon lafiya, cin zarafin mata, mata da tattalin arziki yarinya, mata da al'adu., mata da muhalli da mata da kafafen yada labarai. Wadannan fagage guda takwas sune abin da kwamitin ya maida hankali akai.
Kungiyar Matan Myanmar
gyara sasheAn kafa Ƙungiyar Harkokin Mata ta Myanmar a shekara ta 2003 kuma an rarraba ta a matsayin ƙungiya mai zaman kanta. Tana aiki tare da kwamitin kula da harkokin mata na kasa don aiwatarwa da kuma bibiyar tsarin daidaiton jinsi da ajandar karfafa mata wanda ke nuni da tsarin CEDAW da kuma dandalin dandalin Aiki na Beijing .
Ƙungiyar Kula da Mata da Yara ta Myanmar
gyara sasheƘungiyar Kula da Mata da Yara ta Myanmar, wadda aka kafa a cikin 1991, tana inganta lafiya da jin dadin iyaye mata da yara tare da mayar da hankali ga ƙauyuka masu nisa tare da rashin samun damar kiwon lafiya. An aiwatar da shi don cika buƙatun buƙatun kiwon lafiya daidai da manufar zamantakewa "don haɓaka kiwon lafiya, dacewa da matakan ilimi na al'umma baki ɗaya.
Myanmar Women and Children Development Foundation
gyara sasheAn kafa gidauniyar ci gaban Mata da Yara na Myanmar a ranar 14 ga Mayu, 2013. Tana ƙoƙarin haɓaka dama daidai ga mata da yara dangane da ci gaban rayuwarsu, ilimi, lafiya, gaggawa da yanke shawara. Manufar Gidauniyar ita ce inganta rayuwar farin ciki da lumana a cikin ingantaccen yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ga duk mata da yara a Myanmar. Gidauniyar tana da burin ganin kasashen duniya suna kallonta a matsayin kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke gudanar da ayyukan ci gaban mata da kananan yara a fadin ƙasar.
Kungiyar Matan Yan Kasuwa ta Myanmar
gyara sasheAn kafa ƙungiyar ƴan kasuwan matan Myanmar a cikin 1995. Ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta, mai zaman kanta, mai zaman kanta tare da mata 'yan kasuwa, manajoji da malamai a matsayin membobinta. Ƙungiyar memba ce ta Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci da Masana'antu ta Myanmar. Yana da nufin "haɗin kai tare da kawo hankalin duniya game da rawar da iyawar 'yan kasuwa na Myanmar."
Duba kuma
gyara sashe- Mata a Myanmar
- Hakkin dan Adam a Myanmar
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Reality or Rhetoric: Understanding Gender Inequality and Education in Myanmar". Australian Institute of International Affairs (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-12-17.
- ↑ Myanmar: Women in Culture, Business & Travel. California, USA: World Trade Press. 2010. ISBN 978-1-60780-147-4.
- ↑ Asian Development Bank, United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Population Fund, United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (2016). Gender equality and women's rights in Myanmar: A situation analysis (PDF). Mandaluyong, Philippines: Asian Development Bank. ISBN 978-92-9257-341-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-01-20. Retrieved 2022-03-19.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ↑ Htun, Mala; Jensenius, Francesca R. (April 2020). "Political Change, Women's Rights, and Public Opinion on Gender Equality in Myanmar". The European Journal of Development Research (in Turanci). 32 (2): 457–481. doi:10.1057/s41287-020-00266-z. ISSN 0957-8811.
- ↑ "Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women". UN Women: United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women. UN Women. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 "Junta steps up efforts to promote switch to Proportional Representation in elections". Myanmar NOW (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-11-17.
- ↑ "Myanmar: proportion of seats held by women in national parliament 2010-2020". Statista (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-11-12.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Sein Latt, Shwe Shwe; N. B. Ninh, Kim; Kyaw Myint, Mi Ki; Lee, Susan (April 2017). "Women's Political Participation in Myanmar: Experiences of Women Parliamentarians 2011-2016" (PDF). The Asian Foundation.
- ↑ "Myanmar Electoral System". Myanmar ANFREL (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2021-11-17. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
- ↑ "Gender and Political Participation in Myanmar" (PDF). Enlightened Myanmar Research Foundation (EMReF). October 2020.
- ↑ Minoletti, Paul; Ring, Pausa; Bjarnegård, Elin (2020-09-20). Gender and Local Politics in Myanmar: Women's and Men's Participation in Ward, Village Tract and Village Decision Making. ResearchGate.
- ↑ "Myanmar". UN Women Asia and the Pacific. UN Women. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
- ↑ Spain Miedema, Stephanie; Shwe, San; There Kyaw, Aye (August 4, 2016). Social Inequalities, Empowerment, and Women's Transitions into Abusive Marriages: a case study from Myanmar (Vol 30 No. 4 ed.). GENDER & SOCIETY.
- ↑ Norsworthy, Kathryn L.; Khuankaew, Ouyporn (August 12, 2010). "Women of Burma Speak Out: Workshops to Deconstruct Gender-Based Violence and Build Systems of Peace and Justice". The Journal for Specialists in Group Work. 29 (3): 259–283. doi:10.1080/01933920490477011.