Guguwa
Iska shi ne motsin yanayi na iska ko wasu iskar gas dangane da saman duniya. Iska tana faruwa akan ma'auni dabam-dabam, daga tsawa da ke gudana na tsawon mintuna goma, zuwa iskar gida da ake samu ta hanyar ɗumama saman ƙasa da kuma ɗaukar sa'o'i kaɗan, zuwa iskoki na duniya da ke haifar da bambanci na ɗaukar makamashin rana tsakanin yankunan yanayi a duniya . Abubuwan da ke haifar da manyan nau'o'in yanayi na yanayi mai girma shine bambancin dumama tsakanin ma'auni da sanduna, da kuma juyawa na duniya (Coriolis sakamako). A cikin wurare masu zafi da ƙananan wurare, ƙananan wurare masu zafi a kan ƙasa da kuma tudu mai tsayi na iya haifar da yaduwar damina . A yankunan da ke bakin teku, zagayowar iskar teku / ƙasa na iya ayyana iskar gida; a yankunan da ke da yanayi mai ma'ana, iskar tsaunuka da kwari na iya yin galaba.
Ana rarraba iskoki ta hanyar ma'aunin sararin samaniya, saurinsu da alkiblarsu, ƙarfin da ke haifar da su, yankunan da suke faruwa, da tasirin su. Iskoki suna da bangarori daban-daban: gudu (gudun iska); yawan iskar gas da ke ciki; abun ciki na makamashi, ko makamashin iska . A cikin ilimin yanayi, sau da yawa ana kiran iskoki gwargwadon ƙarfinsu, da kuma alkiblar da iskar ke busawa. Yarjejeniyar kwatance tana nufin inda iska ta fito; don haka iskar ‘yamma’ ko ‘yamma’ tana kadawa daga yamma zuwa gabas, iskar ‘arewa’ tana kada kudu, da sauransu. Wannan wani lokaci yana gaba da ilhama. Gajerun fashewar iska mai ƙarfi ana kiranta gusts . Iska mai ƙarfi na tsaka-tsaki (kusan minti ɗaya) ana kiranta squalls . Iskar da ta dade tana da sunaye iri-iri da ke da alaƙa da matsakaicin ƙarfinsu, kamar iska, gale, hadari, da guguwa .
A cikin sararin samaniya, iskar rana ita ce motsi na iskar gas ko cajewar ɓarɓashi daga Rana ta cikin sararin samaniya, yayin da iskar taurari ita ce fitar da abubuwan sinadarai masu haske daga yanayin duniya zuwa sararin samaniya. Iska mafi ƙarfi da aka gani akan duniyar da ke cikin Tsarin Rana na faruwa akan Neptune da Saturn .
A cikin wayewar ɗan adam, an bincika ra'ayin iska a cikin tatsuniyoyi, ya rinjayi abubuwan da suka faru na tarihi, faɗaɗa jigilar sufuri da yaƙi, kuma ya ba da tushen wutar lantarki don aikin injiniya, wutar lantarki, da nishaɗi. Iska tana iko da tafiye-tafiyen jiragen ruwa a cikin tekunan Duniya. Balloon iska mai zafi na amfani da iska don ɗaukar gajerun tafiye-tafiye, kuma jirgin da ke da ƙarfi yana amfani da shi don ƙara ɗagawa da rage yawan mai. Wuraren girgizar iska ta haifar da yanayi daban-daban na iya haifar da yanayi mai haɗari ga jirgin sama. Lokacin da iska ta yi ƙarfi, bishiyoyi da gine-ginen da mutane za su iya lalacewa ko lalata su.
Iska na iya siffanta yanayin ƙasa, ta hanyoyi daban-daban na aeolian kamar samuwar ƙasa mai albarka, misali loess, da zaizayar ƙasa. Kurar da ta fito daga manyan hamada za ta iya nisa da nisa daga yankin da ta samo asali ta hanyar iskar da ta mamaye ; iskar da ke saurin dagula yanayin yanayin yanayi da ke da nasaba da barkewar kura an sanya sunayen yankuna a sassa daban-daban na duniya saboda tasirin da suke da shi a kan wadannan yankuna. Iska kuma tana shafar yaduwar gobarar daji. Iska na iya tarwatsa tsaba daga tsire-tsire daban-daban, wanda zai ba da damar rayuwa da tarwatsa irin waɗannan nau'ikan shuka, da kuma yawan kwari da tsuntsaye masu tashi. Lokacin da aka haɗa shi da yanayin sanyi, iska tana da mummunan tasiri akan dabbobi. Iska tana shafar shagunan abinci na dabbobi, da kuma dabarun farautarsu da na tsaro.
Dalilai
gyara sashe
Ana haifar da iska ta hanyar bambance-bambancen matsa lamba na yanayi, wanda galibi saboda bambance-bambancen yanayin zafi. Lokacin da bambanci a cikin matsa lamba na yanayi ya kasance, iska tana motsawa daga mafi girma zuwa ƙananan matsa lamba, yana haifar da iskoki na gudu daban-daban. A kan duniyar da ke jujjuyawa, iska kuma za ta iya karkatar da sakamakon Coriolis, sai dai a kan ma'aunin ma'aunin zafi. A duk duniya, manyan abubuwan motsa jiki guda biyu na manyan nau'ikan iska ( zazzagewar yanayi ) sune bambancin dumama tsakanin ma'auni da sandunan (bambancin sha na makamashin hasken rana wanda ke haifar da motsin motsi ) da jujjuyawar duniya . A waje da wurare masu zafi da kuma tashi daga tasirin juzu'i na saman, manyan iskoki suna kusan kusantar ma'aunin geostrophic . Kusa da saman duniya, gogayya yana sa iskar ta yi kasala fiye da yadda za ta kasance. Har ila yau, jujjuyawar saman yana haifar da iska ta ƙara hura ciki zuwa wuraren da ba su da ƙarfi. [1]
Ana amfani da iskar da aka ayyana ta ma'auni na ƙarfin jiki a cikin ruɓewa da nazarin bayanan bayanan iska. Suna da amfani don sauƙaƙe ma'auni na yanayi na motsi da kuma yin muhawara mai inganci game da rarrabawar iskoki a kwance da a tsaye. Bangaren iska na geostrophic shine sakamakon ma'auni tsakanin ƙarfin Coriolis da ƙarfin gradient matsi. Yana gudana a layi daya zuwa isobars kuma yana ƙayyadaddun magudanar sama da saman iyakar yanayin yanayi a cikin tsakiyar latitudes. Iskar thermal ita ce bambancin iskar geostrophic tsakanin matakan biyu a cikin yanayi. Yana wanzu ne kawai a cikin yanayi tare da matakan zafin jiki a kwance . Bangaren iska na ageostrophic shine bambanci tsakanin ainihin iska da iskar geostrophic, wanda ke da alhakin iskar "cika" cyclones akan lokaci. Iskar gradient yayi kama da iskar geostrophic amma kuma ya haɗa da ƙarfi na centrifugal (ko haɓakawar centripetal ).
Aunawa
gyara sashe
Yawanci ana bayyana alkiblar iska dangane da alkiblar da ta samo asali. Misali, iskar arewa tana kadawa daga arewa zuwa kudu. Weather vanes pivot don nuna alkiblar iskar. A filayen jirgin sama, safa na iskar gas na nuna alkiblar iska, kuma ana iya amfani da ita don kimanta saurin iskar ta kusurwar rataya. Ana auna saurin iska ta hanyar anemometers, galibi ana amfani da kofuna masu jujjuya ko na'urori. Lokacin da ake buƙatar mitar ma'auni mai girma (kamar a aikace-aikacen bincike), ana iya auna iska ta saurin yaɗuwar sigina na duban dan tayi ko kuma tasirin iska akan juriyar waya mai zafi. Wani nau'in anemometer yana amfani da bututun pitot waɗanda ke cin gajiyar bambancin matsa lamba tsakanin bututun ciki da bututun waje da ke fuskantar iska don tantance ƙarfin kuzari, wanda ake amfani da shi don ƙididdige saurin iskar.
Ana ba da rahoton guguwar iska mai dorewa a duniya a tsawon 10 metres (33 ft) tsayi kuma ana ƙididdige su sama da firam ɗin mintuna 10. Amurka ta ba da rahoton iskoki sama da matsakaicin minti 1 don guguwar iska mai zafi, da matsakaicin mintuna 2 tsakanin abubuwan lura da yanayi. [2] Indiya yawanci tana ba da rahoton iska sama da matsakaicin mintuna 3. Sanin matsakaicin samfurin iskar yana da mahimmanci, saboda ƙimar iskar da ke dawwama na minti ɗaya yawanci 14% ya fi iskar da ke ci na minti goma. Wani ɗan gajeren fashewar iska mai ƙarfi ana kiranta gust ɗin iska, ma'anar fasaha ɗaya ta iskar iskar ita ce: maxima ɗin da ya wuce mafi ƙarancin saurin iskar da aka auna a cikin tazarar mintuna goma da 10 knots (5.1 m/s) na tsawon daƙiƙa guda. squall shine haɓakar saurin iskar sama da wani kofa, wanda ke ɗaukar minti ɗaya ko fiye.
Don tantance iskoki daga sama, radiosondes suna tantance saurin iska ta GPS, kewayawar rediyo, ko bin diddigin radar binciken. A madadin haka, ana iya sa ido kan motsi na yanayin balloon yanayi daga ƙasa ta hanyar gani ta amfani da theodolites . Hanyoyi masu nisa don iska sun haɗa da SODAR, Doppler lidars da radars, waɗanda za su iya auna motsi Doppler na radiation electromagnetic warwatse ko nuna kashe aerosols ko kwayoyin da aka dakatar, kuma ana iya amfani da na'urorin rediyo da radars don auna yanayin yanayin teku daga sararin samaniya ko jirgin sama. . Za a iya amfani da ƙaƙƙarfan teku don ƙididdige saurin iskar kusa da saman teku a kan tekuna. Za a iya amfani da hoton tauraron dan adam na yanayin ƙasa don kimanta iskoki a saman gajimare dangane da nisan gajimare daga hoto ɗaya zuwa na gaba. Injiniyan iska ya bayyana nazarin illolin da iskar ke haifarwa ga muhallin da aka gina, ciki har da gine-gine, gadoji da sauran abubuwa na wucin gadi.
Samfura na iya ba da bayanan sarari da na ɗan lokaci game da kwararar iska. Ana iya samun bayanan sararin samaniya ta hanyar haɗa bayanai daga tashoshin auna daban-daban, ba da izinin lissafin bayanan kwance. A madadin, ana iya amfani da bayanan martaba, kamar bayanin martabar iska na logarithmic, don samun bayanai na tsaye.
Ana ƙididdige bayanan ɗan lokaci ta hanyar warware ma'auni na Navier-Stokes a cikin nau'ikan hasashen yanayi na ƙididdigewa, samar da bayanan duniya don Samfuran Gabaɗaya ko takamaiman bayanan yanki. Lissafi na filayen iska yana tasiri da abubuwa kamar bambancin radiyo, jujjuyawar duniya, da gogayya, da sauransu. [3] Warware ma'auni na Navier-Stokes tsari ne mai cin lokaci mai ƙima, amma dabarun koyan na'ura na iya taimakawa haɓaka lokacin ƙididdigewa. [4]
Nau'o'in hasashen yanayi na adadi sun haɓaka fahimtarmu game da haɓakar yanayi kuma sun zama kayan aikin da babu makawa a cikin hasashen yanayi da binciken yanayi . Ta hanyar yin amfani da bayanan sararin samaniya da na ɗan lokaci, waɗannan samfuran suna baiwa masana kimiyya damar yin nazari da hasashen yanayin iskar duniya da yanki, suna ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar tsarin yanayin yanayin duniya.
Ma'aunin ƙarfin iska
gyara sasheA tarihi, ma'aunin ƙarfin iska na Beaufort (wanda Beaufort ya ƙirƙira) yana ba da kwatanci mai ma'ana game da saurin iska dangane da yanayin teku da aka lura. Asalin ma'aunin matakin 13 ne (0-12), amma a cikin shekarun 1940, an faɗaɗa ma'aunin zuwa 18. matakan (0-17). Akwai sharuddan gabaɗaya waɗanda ke bambanta iskoki na matsakaicin matsakaicin gudu kamar iska, iska, guguwa, ko guguwa. A cikin ma'aunin Beaufort, iska mai ƙarfi tana kwance tsakanin 28 knots (52 km/h) da 55 knots (102 km/h) tare da sifofin da suka gabata kamar matsakaici, sabo, ƙarfi, da duka waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don bambance ƙarfin iskar cikin rukunin gale. Guguwa tana da iskoki 56 knots (104 km/h) zuwa 63 knots (117 km/h) . Kalmomi don guguwa mai zafi sun bambanta daga wannan yanki zuwa wancan a duniya. Yawancin kwalayen teku suna amfani da matsakaicin saurin iska don tantance nau'in guguwar na wurare masu zafi. A ƙasa akwai taƙaitaccen rabe-raben da Cibiyoyin Kula da Yanayi na Musamman na Yanki ke amfani da su a duk duniya:
| Gabaɗaya rarrabuwar iska | Rarraba cyclone na wurare masu zafi (duk iskoki matsakaicin mintuna 10 ne) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ma'aunin Beaufort | Iska mai dorewa na mintuna 10 | Gaba ɗaya | N Tekun Indiya </br> IMD |
SW Tekun Indiya </br> MF |
Yankin Ostiraliya </br> Kudancin Pacific </br> BoM, BMKG, FMS, MSNZ |
NW Pacific </br> JMA |
NW Pacific </br> Farashin JTWC |
NE Pacific & </br> N Atlantika </br> NHC & CPHC | |
| ( kulli ) | ( km/h ) | ||||||||
| 0 | <1 | <2 | Kwantar da hankali | Yankin Ƙarƙashin Matsi | Tashin hankali na wurare masu zafi | Ƙasar wurare masu zafi </br> Yanayin zafi |
Bacin rai na wurare masu zafi | Bacin rai na wurare masu zafi | Bacin rai na wurare masu zafi |
| 1 | 1-3 | 2–6 | Hasken iska | ||||||
| 2 | 4–6 | 7-11 | Iska mai haske | ||||||
| 3 | 7-10 | 13–19 | Iska mai laushi | ||||||
| 4 | 11-16 | 20-30 | Iska mai matsakaici | ||||||
| 5 | 17-21 | 31-39 | Iska mai daɗi | Bacin rai | |||||
| 6 | 22-27 | 41-50 | Iska mai ƙarfi | ||||||
| 7 | 28-29 | 52-54 | Gale mai matsakaici | Zurfin bakin ciki | Bacin rai na wurare masu zafi | ||||
| 30-33 | 56-61 | ||||||||
| 8 | 34-40 | 63-74 | Fresh gale | Cyclonic guguwa | Guguwar yanayi matsakaici | Guguwar Tropical (1) | Guguwar wurare masu zafi | Guguwar wurare masu zafi | Guguwar wurare masu zafi |
| 9 | 41-47 | 76-87 | Gale mai ƙarfi | ||||||
| 10 | 48-55 | 89-102 | Gaba daya | Guguwar iska mai tsanani | Guguwar yanayi mai tsanani | Guguwar Tropical (2) | Guguwar yanayi mai tsanani | ||
| 11 | 56-63 | 104-117 | Guguwa | ||||||
| 12 | 64-72 | 119-133 | Guguwa | Guguwar iska mai tsananin gaske | Guguwar Tropical | Guguwar iska mai tsananin zafi (3) | Typhoon | Typhoon | Guguwa (1) |
| 13 | 73-85 | 135-157 | Guguwa (2) | ||||||
| 14 | 86-89 | 159-165 | Guguwar iska mai tsananin zafi (4) | Babban guguwa (3) | |||||
| 15 | 90-99 | 167-183 | Guguwar iska mai tsananin zafi | ||||||
| 16 | 100-106 | 185-196 | Babban guguwa (4) | ||||||
| 17 | 107-114 | 198-211 | Guguwar iska mai tsananin zafi (5) | ||||||
| 115-119 | 213-220 | Guguwar iska mai tsananin zafi | Super Typhoon | ||||||
| >120 | >222 | Guguwar iska mai ƙarfi | Babban guguwa (5) | ||||||
Ingantattun ma'aunin Fujita
gyara sasheHHaɓaka Siffar Fujita (EF Scale) tana ƙididdige ƙarfin guguwa ta amfani da lalacewa don kimanta saurin iska. Yana da matakai guda shida, daga lalacewa ta bayyane zuwa cikakkiyar lalacewa. Ana amfani da ita a cikin Amurka da wasu ƙasashe tare da ƙananan gyare-gyare (a cikinsu waɗanda suka haɗa da Kanada da Faransa).
Samfurin tashar da aka ƙulla akan taswirorin yanayi na saman yana amfani da barb ɗin iska don nuna alkiblar iska da sauri. Barb ɗin iska yana nuna saurin ta amfani da "tuta" a ƙarshen.
- Kowane rabin tuta yana nuna 5 knots (9.3 km/h) na iska.
- Kowane cikakken tuta yana nuna 10 knots (19 km/h) na iska.
- Kowannen rubutu (cikakken alwatika) yana nuna 50 knots (93 km/h) na iska.
Ana nuna iskoki kamar yadda suke tashi daga inda barb ɗin ke fuskanta. Don haka, za a nuna iskar arewa maso gabas mai layin da ta tashi daga da'irar gajimare zuwa arewa maso gabas, tare da tutoci masu nuna saurin iska a ƙarshen arewa maso gabas na wannan layin. Da zarar an ƙirƙira ta akan taswira, ana iya yin nazarin isotachs (layukan saurin iskar daidai). Isotachs suna da amfani musamman wajen gano wurin rafin jet akan ginshiƙan matsa lamba na matakin sama, kuma galibi ana samun su a ko sama da 300. Babban darajar hp.
Duniya climatology
gyara sashe
Iskar Easterly, a matsakaita, ta mamaye tsarin kwararar sanduna, iska ta yamma tana busawa a tsakiyar latitudes na duniya, polewards na tudu masu zafi, yayin da easterlies ke sake mamaye wurare masu zafi .
Kai tsaye a ƙarƙashin kogin na wurare masu zafi akwai doldrums, ko latitudes na doki, inda iskoki suka fi sauƙi. Da yawa daga cikin hamadar duniya suna kwance kusa da matsakaicin latitude na tudun wurare masu zafi, inda saukowa ke rage dankon zafi na yawan iska. Mafi ƙaƙƙarfan iskoki suna cikin tsakiyar latitudes inda iska mai sanyin iyakacin duniya ke saduwa da iska mai zafi daga wurare masu zafi.
tsakiyan Duniya
gyara sasheIskar cinikayya (wanda kuma ake kira ciniki) su ne yanayin yanayin iska na gabas da ake samu a cikin wurare masu zafi zuwa ma'aunin duniya. Iskar cinikayya ta fi kadawa daga arewa maso gabas a yankin Arewacin kasar da kuma daga kudu maso gabas a Kudancin kasar. Iskar cinikin tana aiki ne a matsayin tuƙi na guguwa mai zafi da ke tasowa a kan tekunan duniya. Iskar kasuwanci kuma tana karkatar da kurar Afirka zuwa yamma ta tekun Atlantika zuwa cikin Caribbean, da kuma wasu sassan kudu maso gabashin Arewacin Amurka.
Ruwan damina iskar ce da ke mamayewa na lokaci-lokaci wanda ke ɗaukar watanni da yawa a cikin yankuna masu zafi. An fara amfani da kalmar a cikin Turanci a Indiya, Bangladesh, Pakistan, da ƙasashe makwabta don yin nuni ga manyan iskar yanayi da ke tashi daga Tekun Indiya da Tekun Larabawa a kudu maso yamma da ke kawo ruwan sama mai yawa a yankin. Ci gabansa yana haɓaka ta hanyar haɓaka ƙarancin zafi akan nahiyoyin Asiya, Afirka, da Arewacin Amurka a cikin Mayu zuwa Yuli, da kuma sama da Ostiraliya a cikin Disamba.
Westerlies da tasirin su
gyara sashe
Westerlies ko Prevailing Westerlies su ne iskoki masu rinjaye a tsakiyar latitudes tsakanin 35 da 65 digiri latitude . Waɗannan iskoki masu rinjaye suna busawa daga yamma zuwa gabas, kuma suna tafiyar da guguwar yanayi ta wannan yanayin gaba ɗaya. Yawan iskar tana daga kudu maso yamma a yankin Arewa da kuma daga arewa maso yamma a Kudancin kasar. Sun fi karfi a lokacin hunturu lokacin da matsa lamba ya ragu a kan sanduna, kuma mafi rauni a lokacin rani da lokacin da matsi ya fi girma akan sanduna.
Tare da iskõki na ciniki, yammacin yamma ya ba da damar hanyar kasuwanci ta zagaye-zagaye don jigilar jiragen ruwa da ke ratsa tekun Atlantika da Pasifik, yayin da yammacin tekun ke haifar da haɓakar igiyoyin ruwa mai karfi a yammacin sassan teku a cikin sassan biyu ta hanyar tsarin yammacin teku. ƙarfafawa . Waɗannan magudanan ruwa na yammacin teku suna jigilar ruwa mai dumi, masu zafi zuwa yankunan polar . Yankin yamma na iya samun karfi musamman musamman a yankin kudancin kasar, inda ake samun karancin kasa a tsakiyar latitudes don sa yanayin kwarara ya kara karfi, wanda ke rage iskar. Mafi ƙaƙƙarfan iskoki na yamma a tsakiyar latitudes suna cikin ƙungiyar da aka sani da Roaring Forties, tsakanin 40 zuwa 50<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAeE"> </span>digiri na latitude kudu da equator. Turawan Yamma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kai dumu-dumu, ruwan equatorial da iskoki zuwa gabar tekun yammacin nahiyoyi, musamman a kudancin kogin saboda fadin teku.
Polar gabas
gyara sasheYankin Gabas ta Tsakiya, wanda aka fi sani da Polar Hadley sel, bushes ne, iska mai tsananin sanyi da ke kadawa daga wuraren da ake fama da matsananciyar matsananciyar tsaunuka a tsaunukan arewa da kudu zuwa wuraren da ba su da karfi a cikin Westerlies a manyan latitudes. Ba kamar Turawan Yamma ba, waɗannan iskoki da ake yi suna busawa daga gabas zuwa yamma, kuma sau da yawa suna da rauni da rashin daidaituwa. Saboda ƙananan kusurwar rana, iska mai sanyi tana tasowa kuma tana raguwa a sandar sandar da ke haifar da wuraren da ke da matsananciyar matsa lamba, ta tilasta fitar da iska daga equator; wannan fitowar tana karkata zuwa yamma ta tasirin Coriolis.
La'akari na gida
gyara sashe
Iskar teku da ta ƙasa
gyara sashe
A yankunan bakin teku, iskar teku da iska na iya zama muhimman abubuwa a cikin iskar da ke mamaye wuri. Rana tana dumama teku a hankali saboda tsananin zafi na ruwa idan aka kwatanta da ƙasa. Yayin da zafin jiki na saman ƙasa ya tashi, ƙasa tana zafi da iska a sama da shi ta hanyar gudanarwa. Iska mai dumi ba ta da yawa fiye da yanayin da ke kewaye da ita don haka ya tashi. Iska mai sanyaya sama da teku, yanzu tare da matsa lamba mafi girma na teku, yana gudana a cikin ƙasa zuwa cikin ƙananan matsa lamba, yana haifar da iska mai sanyi kusa da bakin tekun. Iskar da ke kan gabar teku ko dai tana ƙarfafa ko raunana iskar teku, ya danganta da yanayin da take da shi dangane da ƙarfin Coriolis. [5]
Da daddare, ƙasar tana yin sanyi da sauri fiye da teku saboda bambance-bambance a cikin takamaiman yanayin zafi. Wannan canjin yanayin zafi yana haifar da iskar teku da rana ta bace. Lokacin da yanayin zafi a bakin teku ya yi sanyi kasa da yanayin zafi a cikin teku, matsa lamba a kan ruwan zai yi kasa da na kasa, yana kafa iska mai iska, matukar iskar bakin teku ba ta da karfin da za ta iya adawa da ita.
Kusa da duwatsu
gyara sashe
Sama da filaye masu tsayi, dumama ƙasa ya zarce dumama iskar da ke kewaye a wannan tsayin daka sama da matakin teku, ƙirƙirar ƙarancin zafi mai alaƙa da ƙasa da haɓaka duk wani yanayi mai zafi wanda da in ba haka ba zai kasance, [6] da canzawa. zagayawar iskar yankin. A wuraren da akwai tarkacen yanayin yanayin da ke kawo cikas ga iskar muhalli, zazzagewar iskar tsakanin tsaunuka da kwaruruka ita ce mafi mahimmancin gudummawar iskar da ta mamaye. Tsaunuka da kwaruruka suna karkatar da iskar iska ta hanyar haɓaka juzu'i tsakanin yanayi da ƙasa ta hanyar aiki azaman toshewar jiki zuwa kwarara, tana karkatar da iskar daidai da kewayon saman saman hoto, wanda aka sani da jet mai shinge . Wannan katanga jet na iya ƙara ƙaramar iska da 45%. [7] Hanyar iska kuma tana canzawa saboda kwandon ƙasar.
Hotuna
gyara sashe-
Barnan guguwa -
Ana tsaka da guguwa
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology. Federal Meteorological Handbook No. 1 – Surface Weather Observations and Reports September 2005 Appendix A: Glossary. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
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