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Gaiseric

Gaiseric ( c. 389 - 25 ga Janairu 477), [1] kuma aka sani da Geiseric ko Genseric ( Latin </link></link> ; Vandalic sake ginawa: *Gaisarīx</link> ) [lower-alpha 1] ya kasance sarkin Vandals da Alans daga 428 zuwa 477. Ya yi sarauta a kan wata masarauta kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen durkushewar Daular Rum ta Yamma a karni na 5.

Gaiseric
king of the Vandals (en) Fassara

435 - 477 - Huneric (en) Fassara →
Rayuwa
Haihuwa Lake Balaton (en) Fassara, 389 (Gregorian)
ƙasa Vandal Kingdom (en) Fassara
Mutuwa Carthage (en) Fassara, 477 (Gregorian)
Ƴan uwa
Mahaifi Godigisel
Yara
Ahali Gunderic (en) Fassara
Yare Hasdingi (en) Fassara
Sana'a
Sana'a sarki

Kisan Sarkin Roma Valentinian III, wanda ya auri 'yarsa ga ɗan Gaiseric Huneric, ya jagoranci sarkin Vandal ya mamaye Italiya. Mamaye ya ƙare a cikin mafi shaharar amfaninsa, kamawa da ganimar Roma a watan Yuni 455. Gaiseric ya kori manyan yunƙuri guda biyu da rabi na Daular Roma suka yi don sake dawo da Arewacin Afirka, wanda ya haifar da mummunan rauni a kan sojojin Majorian a 460 da Basiliscus a 468. A sakamakon haka, Romawa sun yi watsi da yakin da suke yi da Vandals kuma sun kammala zaman lafiya da Gaiseric. Gaiseric ya mutu a Carthage a cikin 477 kuma ɗansa, Huneric ya gaje shi. A cikin kusan shekaru hamsin na mulkinsa, Gaiseric ya ɗaga ƙabilar Jamusanci mara mahimmanci zuwa matsayi na babban ikon Rum .

Halin karni na 16 game da Vandals, wanda aka kwatanta a cikin rubutun "Théâtre de tous les peuples da al'ummai de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel". Lucas d'Heere ya fentin shi a cikin rabin na biyu na karni na 16. An adana shi a cikin ɗakin karatu na Jami'ar Ghent . [2]

Hanyar zuwa sarauta

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Bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa a yakin da aka yi da Franks a lokacin Ketare Rhine, Gaiseric ya zama mutum na biyu mafi girma a cikin Vandals, bayan sabon sarki da aka nada, ɗan'uwansa Gunderic . Matsayinsa na mai martaba a gidan sarki ya kasance kafin ya hau sarauta. [3] Jordanes ya bayyana Gaiseric kamar haka:

Gaiseric... mutum ne mai matsakaicin tsayi kuma gurgu a sakamakon fadowar dokinsa. Mutum ne mai zurfin tunani da 'yan kalmomi, mai riko da alatu cikin raini, mai fushi da fushinsa, mai kwadayin riba, mai wayo da cin nasara a kan baragurbi, ya kware wajen shuka tsaba don tada gaba. [4]

Mutuwar Gunderic a cikin 428 ta ba da hanya ga hawan Gaiseric zuwa ga sarkin Vandals; hawansa kan karagar mulki ya kasance tare da ci gaba da tashe-tashen hankulan da ke adawa da gwamnatin da dan uwansa ya fara. [5] Haka nan ya nemi hanyoyin kara karfin iko da dukiyar mutanensa (Vandals da wasu Alans), wadanda suka zauna a lardin Romawa na Hispania Baetica a kudancin Hispania . Vandals sun sha wahala sosai daga hare-hare daga ƙungiyoyin Visigothic da yawa, kuma ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya karɓi iko, Gaiseric ya yanke shawarar barin Hispania ga abokan hamayyarsa. A gaskiya ma, da alama ya fara gina jirgin ruwa na Vandal don yiwuwar gudun hijira tun kafin ya zama sarki. Kafin ya yi tafiya zuwa Afirka, Gaiseric ya kai hari da babbar rundunar Suebi karkashin jagorancin Heremigarius, wanda ya yi nasarar daukar Lusitania . Duk da haka, daga baya an ci wannan runduna ta Suebic a lokacin yakin Mérida (428) kuma shugabanta ya nutse a cikin kogin Guadiana yayin da yake ƙoƙarin gudu. [6]

Afirka

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Bayan kare harin Suebian da aka ambata a Mérida, Gaiseric ya jagoranci mafi yawan mutanensa - mai yiwuwa kusan mutane 80,000 zuwa Arewacin Afirka a cikin 428/429; wasu malaman suna da'awar cewa wannan adadi yana wakiltar karin gishiri kuma adadin ya kusan kusan 20,000. [3] [lower-alpha 2] Ko menene lambobi na gaskiya, akwai alamun cewa Vandals ƙarƙashin Gaiseric na iya yiwuwa gwamnan Roma Bonifacius ya gayyace shi, wanda ya so ya yi amfani da ƙarfin soja na Vandals a gwagwarmayar da ya yi da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka a ƙarƙashin Janar Janar na Roma., Aetius . [3]

Ketare a mashigin Gibraltar, Gaiseric ya jagoranci ba kawai 'yan'uwansa Vandal da sojojinsa ba, amma yana iya kasancewa tare da tawagar Alans da Goths. [9] Da zarar can, ya ci nasara da yawa fadace-fadace a kan raunana da kuma raba gardama masu kare Romawa da sauri ya mamaye yankin da ya ƙunshi Maroko na zamani da arewacin Aljeriya . Sojojinsa na Vandal sun ci sojojin Bonifatius a yakin Calama [10] kuma suka kewaye birnin Hippo Regius (inda Augustine ya kasance bishop kwanan nan kuma wanda ya mutu a lokacin kewaye), [9] ya dauke shi bayan watanni 14 na zafi. fada . Gaiseric da sojojinsa sai suka fara mamaye cikin Numidia. [5] An kammala zaman lafiya tsakanin Gaiseric da Sarkin Roma Valentinian III a cikin 435, [9] kuma a cikin sakamakon amincewa da Gaiseric a matsayin sarkin ƙasashen da ya ci, Vandals za su daina kai hare-hare a Carthage, suna ba da haraji ga Daular, kuma an aika ɗan Gaiseric Huneric —a matsayin garkuwa—zuwa Roma. [11] Yarjejeniyar Gaiseric da Romawa kuma ta haɗa da riƙe Vandal na Mauretania da wani ɓangare na Numidia a matsayin foederati (abokan haɗin gwiwa a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniya ta musamman) na Roma. [12]

Prosper na Aquitaine ya rubuta cewa Gaiseric ya kashe hudu daga cikin masu ba da shawara na Hispano-Roman bayan sun ki su tuba zuwa Arianism. Daga baya ya haramtawa duk wanda ba Ariyawa hidima a kotunsa a cikin 450s ko 460s. [13]

A cikin wani yunkuri mai ban mamaki a ranar 19 ga Oktoba 439, Gaiseric ya kama Carthage, inda ya yi mummunar rauni a ikon daular, yana cin gajiyar gaskiyar cewa Aetius ya ci gaba da shagaltu da al'amura a Gaul. [12] Masanin gargajiya Stewart Oost ya lura cewa, "Don haka babu shakka ya cim ma abin da ya kasance manufarsa tun lokacin da ya fara tsallaka zuwa Afirka." [14] Masanin tarihi Chris Wickham ya bayar da hujjar cewa cin Gaiseric na Carthage ya riga ya rugujewar Roma daga baya. [15] An kama Romawa ba tare da saninsa ba, kuma Gaiseric ya kama wani babban ɓangare na sojojin ruwa na yammacin Roma da ke tashar jiragen ruwa na Carthage. An kai bishop na Katolika na birnin, Quodvultdeus, gudun hijira zuwa Naples, tun da Gaiseric ya bukaci dukan masu ba shi shawara su bi tsarin Arian na Kiristanci . Wa'azin Quodvultdeus na gaba yana zana "hoton duhu na masu fashin Vandal." [9]

Duk da tabarbarewar asusun daular da Gaiseric ya yi na kwace kudaden shiga na Afirka da kuma yadda ake samar da hatsi, Sarkin Vandal ba shi da niyyar hana Italiya hatsin Afirka, amma a maimakon haka ya yi fatan sayar da shi ga sarki don riba. [5] A halin yanzu, sabon matsayinsa shine na Proconsularis kuma saboda haka, Gaiseric ya sanya Carthage sabon mazauninsa. [5] Gadon ƙasa mai inganci da inganci, harajin haraji daga sabbin ƙasashensa ya baiwa Vandal nasara ya gina babban jirgin ruwa wanda ya ƙalubalanci ikon mulkin mallaka a kan Bahar Rum. [5] Gaiseric ya shugabanci cakuda Vandals, Alans, Goths da Romawa a Afirka, yana mai dogaro da gwamnatin wucin gadi karkashin inuwar gwamnatin daular don halasta mulkinsa. [5] Al'adun adabin Latin har ma sun bunƙasa a Carthage. [5]

Gaiseric ya kewaye Panormus (Palermo, Sicily ) a cikin 440 AD amma an kore shi. [16] Hunnic mamayewa a cikin ƙananan Danube ya tilasta Constantinople ya janye sojojin daga Sicily don amfanin Gaiseric. A cikin yarjejeniyar 442 da Rome, an amince da Vandals a matsayin masu mulkin Byzacena masu zaman kansu da kuma wani ɓangare na Numidia . [12] A cikin 455, Gaiseric ya kama tsibirin Balearic, Sardinia, Corsica, da Malta, kuma ba da daɗewa ba rundunarsa ta zo don sarrafa yawancin yammacin Bahar Rum. A cikin 455, an kashe Sarkin Roma Valentinian III bisa umarnin Petronius Maximus, wanda ya kwace sarauta. Petronius Maximus kuma ya auri gwauruwar Valentinian, Licinia Eudoxia, kuma ya auri 'yar ma'auratan sarki Eudocia da ɗansa; A baya an yi alkawarinsa ga ɗan Gaiseric, Huneric, wanda ya ba da gudummawar yiwuwar casus belli wanda Sarkin Vandal ya yi amfani da shi. [17] Gaiseric yana da ra'ayin cewa waɗannan ayyukan sun warware yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta 442 da Valentinian, kuma a ranar 31 ga Mayu, shi da mutanensa sun sauka a ƙasar Italiya . [16]

Rum a cikin 455

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Gaiseric Sacking Rome, zanen Karl Briullov (1833-1836).

Da yake mayar da martani ga ayyukan Petronius Maximus, Gaiseric ya motsa dakaru mai yawa daga teku daga Carthage zuwa Italiya kuma ya kori birnin a cikin tsari mai zurfi fiye da yadda Alaric's Goths ya yi a 410. [12] Masanin tarihi Michael Kulikowski ya lura cewa ba kamar Alaric ba, wanda ya kewaye Roma a matsayin babban bariki mai tafiya a cikin "mawuyacin matsananciyar wahala," Gaiseric shi ne sarkin mulkin da ya bunkasa don haka ya iya gudanar da buhun a tsari. [5] Fiye da kai hari kan Roma kawai, mamayewar Gaiseric ya kasance mummunan rauni ga daular kanta, har ma masanin tarihi Michael Grant ya yi iƙirarin, "Gaiseric ya ba da gudummawa ga rushewar Daular Roma ta yamma fiye da kowane mutum ɗaya." [18]

Kafin Gaiseric ya hau kan Roma, Paparoma Leo I ya roƙe shi kada ya halaka tsohon birnin ko kuma ya kashe mazaunansa. Gaiseric ya yarda kuma an jefar da kofofin Roma a gare shi da mutanensa. [16] [lower-alpha 3] Da zarar cikin birnin, maharan sun yi wa ganima sosai, har zuwa lokacin da Procopius ya lura da yadda Vandals suka kori zinare daga rufin haikalin Jupiter Capitolinus - amma mafi mahimmanci shi ne kama manyan mutane jiga-jigai a cikin birnin, wanda komawarsu ya kasance wurin ciniki tsakanin Vandals da Daular shekaru masu yawa masu zuwa. [3] Hare-haren Vandal na yau da kullun a bakin tekun Italiya da Bahar Rum sun nuna halin da ake ciki a cikin shekaru na farko bayan nasarar kama Gaiseric na Rome. [3]

Petronius Maximus, wanda ke kan gaba a cikin wadanda ke neman mulki bayan kisan da aka yi wa Valentinian III, ya gudu ne maimakon yaki da sarkin yakin Vandal. [5] [lower-alpha 4] Ko da yake tarihi ya tuna da buhun Vandal na Roma a matsayin mai matuƙar ƙazamin ƙazanta—yana mai da kalmar barna a matsayin kalma ga duk wani mummunan aiki na halaka—a zahiri, Vandals ba su yi babbar halaka a cikin birnin ba; sun yi, duk da haka, sun ɗauki zinariya, azurfa da sauran abubuwa masu yawa masu daraja. Gaiseric kuma ya ɗauki Empress Eudoxia tare da 'ya'yanta mata, Eudocia, da Placidia, da kuma dukiya daga birnin. A duk faɗin Italiya, girgizar buhun Vandal na Roma da ci gaba da kasancewar Vandals ya gurgunta gwamnatin daular. [5] [lower-alpha 5] Eudocia ya auri ɗan Gaiseric Huneric bayan ya isa Carthage. [16] Wannan ƙungiyar ta haifar Hilderic —jikan Gaiseric—wanda daga baya ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a yaƙin da Sarkin sarakuna Justinian ya yi a arewacin Afirka a ƙarni na shida. [12] [lower-alpha 6]

Daga baya amfani da shekaru na ƙarshe

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Paparoma Leo Mai Girma yayi ƙoƙari ya shawo kan Gaiseric, yarima na Vandals, ya kaurace wa korar Roma. (karamin c. 1475 )

Wani lokaci a cikin 460, Sarkin sarakuna Majorian ya fara tattara sojojin mamayewa don kai hari kan Vandals. [5] Da zarar Gaiseric ya sami labarin wannan yunƙurin, sai ya ƙaddamar da harin ta hanyar aika jiragen ruwa daga Carthage zuwa Carthago Nova, inda jiragen ruwa na Vandal suka kona jiragen ruwa na sarakuna a wuraren da suke tafiya, ya sake tabbatar da kansa "fiye da wasa ga cibiyoyin mulkin mallaka na yamma da Gabas. ." [5] Sa'an nan kuma a farkon 462, Gaiseric ya aika da Eudoxia tare da 'ya'yanta mata Eudocia da Placidia-wanda aka kama a lokacin buhun Roma - ya koma Constantinople daga Carthage a cikin wani aikin sulhu da Daular, mai yiwuwa yana da niyyar kiyaye auren ɗansa. Huneric zuwa Eudocia. [5]

Duk da yake rubuce-rubuce na rhetorical daga lokacin har yanzu ana bambanta tsakanin "babarbari" da Romawa da kuma mulkin mallaka na ƙoƙarin yin amfani da iko a kan daular da yankunanta, yawancin jama'a a cikin ƙasashen da ke karkashin iko irin na shugabannin Jamus Theodoric da Gaiseric, sun fi son tabbatarwa. na jagorancin su a kan "rashin hankali da rashin daidaituwa na gwamnatin da za ta zama mulkin mallaka a Italiya." [5] [lower-alpha 7]

A cikin 468, Masarautar Gaiseric ita ce manufa ta haɗin gwiwa na ƙarshe na kashi biyu na Daular Roma. [lower-alpha 8] Suna so su mamaye Vandals kuma su kawo ƙarshen hare-haren ƴan fashin teku, don haka Emperor Leo ya aika da armada daga Konstantinoful karkashin jagorancin Basiliscus . [12] [lower-alpha 9] Gaiseric ya aika da rundunar jiragen ruwa na 500 Vandal a kan Romawa, ya rasa jiragen ruwa 340 a farkon alkawari, amma ya yi nasara wajen lalata jiragen ruwa 600 na Roma a yakin na biyu, lokacin da Gaiseric ya yi amfani da wutar lantarki don mummunar tasiri. [12] An yi iƙirarin wannan mummunar cin nasara da sojojin Gaiseric suka yi wa rundunar sojojin ƙasar Romawa sama da fam 64,000 na zinariya da fam 700,000 na azurfa. [5] Romawa sun yi watsi da yakin kuma Gaiseric ya kasance mai kula da yammacin Bahar Rum har zuwa mutuwarsa, yana mulki daga mashigar Gibraltar har zuwa Tripolitania . [26] [lower-alpha 10] [lower-alpha 11]

Bayan shan kashi na Byzantine, Vandals sun yi ƙoƙari su mamaye Peloponnese amma Maniots sun kori su a Kenipolis tare da hasara mai yawa. [27] A cikin ramuwar gayya, Vandals sun yi garkuwa da mutane 500 a Zakynthos, suka yi musu kutse gunduwa-gunduwa, suka jefa sassan jikinsu a kan hanyar zuwa Carthage. [27]

A cikin 474, Gaiseric ya yi sulhu tare da Daular Roma ta Gabas ta hanyar yarjejeniya da Sanata Constantinopolitan, Severus, wanda ke aiki a ƙarƙashin ikon Zeno . [13] Ya ba Sicily zuwa Odoacer a cikin 476, don musayar harajin shekara-shekara. [13] Bayan jin daɗin ɗan gajeren shekaru na zaman lafiya, Gaiseric ya mutu a Carthage a cikin 477, ɗansa Huneric ya gaje shi, wanda ba shi da mutuncin mahaifinsa kuma ikon Vandal ya fara raguwa. [3] Duk da haka, zaman lafiyar da Zeno ya kafa tsakanin Carthage mai sarrafa Vandal da Constantinople ya kasance har zuwa 530, lokacin da Justinian ya ci nasara. [5]

Duba kuma

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  • Alaric I
  • Augustine: Rushewar Daular Romawa .
  • Barbariyya Tashi
  • Yaƙin Agrigentum (456)
  • Odoacer

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Early 2015.
  2. ↑ Lucas de Heere,Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Merrills & Miles 2010.
  4. ↑ Jordanes 1915.
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 Kulikowski 2019.
  6. ↑ Schwarcz 2004.
  7. ↑ Merrills & Miles 2010, p. 264, fn95.
  8. ↑ Heather 2012, p. 176.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Pohl 2004.
  10. ↑ Wijnendaele 2014.
  11. ↑ Heather 2005.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Lee 2013.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Conant 2012.
  14. ↑ Oost 1968.
  15. ↑ Wickham 2005.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Bury 1923.
  17. ↑ Lançon 2001.
  18. ↑ Grant 1978.
  19. ↑ Merrills & Miles 2010, pp. 60–67.
  20. ↑ Kulikowski 2019, p. 215.
  21. ↑ Lee 2013, p. 121.
  22. ↑ Bury 1923, pp. 254, 327.
  23. ↑ Merrills & Miles 2010, pp. 110–111.
  24. ↑ Kulikowski 2019, p. 222.
  25. ↑ Bury 1923, p. 410.
  26. ↑ Gordon 1966.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1986.

Littafi Mai Tsarki

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Bayanan kula

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  1. ↑ See the following for more detail: Nicoletta Onesti, "Tracing the Language of the Vandals", 16 pages, 22 February 2015. Also see: Nicoletta Onesti, "The Language and Names of the Vandals" 2009, 3, 22 February 2015
  2. ↑ This figure is drawn from Hyd., Chron. 300.28 Lem. 77; Prosper 395.1278. Cf. also Chron. Gall 452.107.[7] Historian Peter Heather suggests a figure of 50,000 people—including more than 10,000 warriors—were moved to Africa in 429.[8]
  3. ↑ Nonetheless, Gaiseric's military success had long been and certainly remained dependent upon the continued support of not only his Vandal kin, but that of his allied Suebi, Alans, and Goths.[19]
  4. ↑ Maximus was killed by a Roman mob outside the city, fatally struck it seems by a roof tile hurled at him and then his body torn limb for limb.[20]
  5. ↑ Some of the treasures taken back to Carthage by Gaiseric included valuables acquired from the Roman sack of Jerusalem from 70 AD.[21] Additionally, Gaiseric led an incursion near Agrigento in 456 but was repulsed there and defeated by Ricimer in a naval battle off the coast of Corsica.[22]
  6. ↑ Two consecutive decades' worth of conflict between the Vandals and the two Empires followed the sack of Rome, until they eventually reached peace in 476. The subsequent deaths of both the last Roman Emperor of the West (Romulus) and Gaiseric—atop the succession of inept barbarian leadership—diminished the threats to the ever more powerful Byzantine Empire.[23]
  7. ↑ The rogue military commander Marcellinus—who ruled in Dalmatia—even dealt a naval defeat to Gaiseric's fleet at Sicily in 464–465, albeit acting on his own accord.[24]
  8. ↑ He occupied Sicily in 468 for 8 years until the island was ceded in 476 to Odoacer except for a toehold on the far west coast, Lilybaeum, which was ceded in 491 to Theodoric.[25]
  9. ↑ According to Procopius, the total invasion force consisted of 100,000 men with a fleet drawn from the whole of the eastern Mediterranean. For more on this, see: Procopius, De Bello III.6.1. Translated by H.B. Dewing, Procopius (Cambridge: Loeb Classical Library, 1979), vol. 2 p. 55.
  10. ↑ See the translation of Priscus, fragment 42 and Candidus Isaurus in Gordon.
  11. ↑ Numismatic evidence indicates that Gaiseric had coins minted in his likeness. See: https://artgallery.yale.edu/collections/objects/126957

Kara karantawa

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  • Nsiri, Mohamed-Arbi (2018). "Genséric fossoyeur de la Romanitas africaine?". Libyan Studies. 49 (1): 93–119. doi:10.1017/lis.2018.12. S2CID 158445490.
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