Wikipedia

Curry

Curry abinci ne na kasa da kasa tare da sauce ko soya da aka dafa da kayan yaji, galibi an samo shi ne daga musayar Abincin Indiya tare da dandano na Turai a cikin abinci, farawa da Portuguese, sannan Dutch da Birtaniya suka biyo baya, sannan kuma ya zama cikakke a duniya. Yawancin abincin da za a bayyana a matsayin curries a Turanci ana samun su a cikin abincin asali na ƙasashe a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya da Gabashin Asiya.

Curry
dish (en) Fassara
Kayan haɗi spice (en) Fassara
Kayan haɗi spice (en) Fassara da herb (en) Fassara
Tarihi
Asali Indiya

Mataki na farko a cikin kirkirar curry shine isowa a Indiya na tsami mai zafi, tare da wasu sinadaran kamar tumatir da dankali, wani ɓangare na musayar shuke-shuke na Columbian tsakanin Tsohon Duniya da Sabon Duniya. A lokacin mulkin Burtaniya, abincin Anglo-Indian ya ci gaba, wanda ya haifar da girke-girke na Hannah Glasse na karni na 18 don "currey hanyar Indiya" a Ingila. An yada Curry a cikin karni na 19 ta hanyar ma'aikatan sukari na Indiya zuwa Caribbean, da kuma 'yan kasuwa na Burtaniya zuwa Japan. Ƙarin musayar a duniya ya sa curry ya zama cikakkiyar abinci ta duniya.

Akwai nau'ikan curry da yawa a kasashe daban-daban. A kudu maso gabashin Asiya, curry sau da yawa yana ƙunshe da kayan yaji da madarar kwakwa. A Indiya, ana soya kayan yaji a cikin mai ko ghee don ƙirƙirar paste; ana iya haɗa wannan tare da broth na ruwa, ko kuma wani lokacin tare da madara ko madarar kwakwa. A kasar Sin da Koriya, curries sun dogara ne akan curry foda na kasuwanci. Gidajen cin abinci na curry a waje da kasashensu sau da yawa suna daidaita abincin su don dacewa da dandano na gida; alal misali, gidajen cin abinci ta Thai a Yamma suna sayar da ja, rawaya, da kore curries tare da chili peppers na waɗannan launuka, sau da yawa an haɗa su da ƙarin kayan yaji na launuka iri ɗaya. A Burtaniya, curry ya zama abincin ƙasa, tare da wasu nau'ikan da aka karɓa daga Indiya, wasu an gyara su ko kuma an ƙirƙira su gaba ɗaya, kamar yadda yake tare da kaza tikka masala, wanda gidajen cin abinci na Bangladesh na Burtaniya suka kirkira a karni na 20.

Magana

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Kalmar 'curry' ba ta bayyana a cikin kowane yaren Indiya. Kalmomi daban-daban tare da irin wannan sauti, kamar Khari da caril, suna nufin "sauce" a cikin amfani na zamani, amma mai yiwuwa suna nufin takamaiman cakuda kayan yaji, da kuma tasa ta amfani da wannan cakuda, lokacin da Portuguese suka isa Goa. Masanin al'adun abinci Lizzie Collingham ya nuna cewa Portuguese sun ji kuma sun karɓi kalmar, wanda hakan ya haifar da ma'anar zamani na tasa, sau da yawa mai ɗanɗano, a cikin sauce ko soya. Collingham ya rubuta cewa: [1]

No Indian, however, would have referred to his or her food as a curry. The idea of a curry is, in fact, a concept that the Europeans imposed on India's food culture. Indians referred to their different dishes by specific names... But the British lumped all these together under the heading of curry.[2]

'Curry' "an samo shi ne daga ƙarshe" [3] daga wasu haɗuwa da kalmomin Dravidian na yarukan kudancin Indiya. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan kalmomin shine Tamil kaṟi (saki) ma'ana 'sauce' ko 'murna ga shinkafa'. [3] [4] Sauran Harsunan Dravidian, wato Malayalam, Kannada da Kodava, suna da irin waɗannan kalmomi.[5] An bayyana Kaṟi a cikin Littafin dafa abinci na Portuguese na tsakiyar karni na 17 ta mambobin Kamfanin Burtaniya na Gabashin Indiya, wadanda ke kasuwanci tare da 'yan kasuwa na Tamil tare da Tekun Coromandel na kudu maso gabashin Indiya, sun zama sanannun "spice blend ... da ake kira kari podi ko curry foda. "[6] Bayyanar farko a cikin nau'in anglicised (spelt currey) ya kasance a cikin littafin Hannah Glasse na 1747 The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy . [3] [6]

Kalmar "curry" ba ta samo asali ne daga sunan itacen curry ba, kodayake wasu curries sun haɗa da ganyen curry tsakanin sauran kayan yaji da yawa. Ba shi da alaƙa, ko dai, da kalmar cury a cikin The Forme of Cury, littafin dafa abinci na Ingilishi na 1390s; wannan kalmar ta fito ne daga kalmar Faransanci ta Tsakiya cuire, ma'ana 'kocin'.[6][3]

Musayar al'adu

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Kasuwancin kayan yaji na dā a Asiya

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'Yan kasuwa na Austronesian a kudu maso gabashin Asiya sun sayar da kayan yaji tare da hanyoyin kasuwanci na ruwa tsakanin Kudancin Asiya (da farko tashar jiragen ruwa a kudu maso gabar Indiya da Sri Lanka) da Gabashin Asiya har zuwa 5000 KZ.[7] Shaidar archaeological da ta kasance a 2600 KZ daga Mohenjo-daro ta nuna amfani da tururi da pestle don yin kayan yaji ciki har da mustard, fennel, cumin, da tamarind pods wanda suke ɗanɗano abinci.[8] Black pepper asalinsa ne a Yankin Indiya da kudu maso gabashin Asiya kuma an san shi da dafa abinci na Indiya tun aƙalla 2000 KZ.[9] Abubuwa uku na asali na stew mai ɗanɗano sune ginger, tafarnuwa, da turmeric. Yin amfani da nazarin hatsi na starch, masu binciken tarihi sun gano ragowar waɗannan kayan yaji a cikin kwarangwal da yumbu daga tono a Indiya, suna gano cewa turmeric da ginger sun kasance.[10][11] Sauces a Indiya kafin Columbus na iya ƙunsar baƙar fata ko dogon albasa don samar da ɗan zafi, amma ba chili ba, don haka ba su mai zafi mai zafi ta hanyar ƙa'idodin zamani.[12]

Kasuwanci na zamani na farko

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Asalin da yaduwar curry a duniya. An sayar da kayan yaji tsakanin Indiya da Gabashin Asiya daga 5000 KZ. Canjin Columbian ya kawo albasa zuwa Indiya.[13] Abinci na Anglo-Indian ya zo Burtaniya a karni na 17.[12] Kalmar "curry" an fara rubuta ta ne a cikin littafin dafa abinci na Turanci na Hannah Glasse na 1747. [3] A cikin karni na 19, curry ya bazu zuwa Caribbean da Japan, kuma daga can zuwa mutanen kasar Sin, farawa a Singapore. Ƙarin ƙaura da duniya (ba a nuna shi ba) ya sa curry ya zama cikakkiyar abinci ta duniya.[14]

Kafa Daular Mughal, a farkon karni na 16, ya rinjayi wasu curries, musamman a arewa. Wani tasiri shi ne kafa Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Fotigal a Goa a cikin 1510, wanda ya haifar da gabatar da sili, tumatir da dankali zuwa Indiya daga Amurka, a matsayin samfurin musayar Columbian.[13] A cikin shekara ta 1598, fassarar Turanci na wani littafi na Dutch game da tafiya a Gabashin Indiya ya ambaci wani "mai ɗanɗano" broth da ake kira Carriel, wanda aka ci tare da shinkafa.[14] An yi amfani da kalmar yaren Holland karie daga baya a cikin Dutch East Indies daga karni na 19; yawancin Indiyawan sun yi ƙaura zuwa kudu maso gabashin Asiya.[14]

Tasirin Burtaniya

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Masu dafa abinci na Anglo-Indian sun kirkiro abin da suka kira curry ta hanyar zabar sinadaran yanki daga ko'ina cikin Indiya ta Burtaniya ta amfani da su a cikin abincin Indiya daga wasu yankuna. Lizzie Collingham ta bayyana dandano a matsayin "mai ban sha'awa", "pan-Indian", "marasa ƙwarewa", wanda ke nuna "sha'awar kayan ado", da kuma samar da "mahimmanci"; amma Birtaniya ce kawai ta ci shi. Daga cikin abubuwan da suka kirkira akwai kedgeree, da Madras curry, waɗanda aka yi musu hidima tare da chutneys, pickles, Bombay duck, da poppadoms.[1]

An gabatar da Curry ga abinci na Ingilishi daga girkin Anglo-Indiya a ƙarni na 17, yayin da aka ƙara miya mai yaji a dafaffe da dafaffen nama. [1] An kirkiro wannan abincin a cikin Raj na Burtaniya lokacin da matan Burtaniya ko memsahibs suka umurci masu dafa abinci Indiya akan abincin da suke so, suna canza jita-jita da yawa a cikin tsari. [15] Bugu da ari, a ƙarshen karni na 18th da farkon 19th, lokacin da akwai 'yan matan Birtaniya a Indiya, mazan Birtaniya sukan zauna tare da matan Indiyawa, suna samun al'adun gida, harshe, da abinci. [1] An fara ba da Curry a gidajen kofi a Biritaniya daga 1809. [16]

Masu dafa abinci na Indiya a karni na 19 sun shirya curries ga iyayensu na Burtaniya da aka sauƙaƙe kuma aka daidaita su da dandano na Anglo-Indian. Misali, Quarama daga Lucknow ya ƙunshi (a tsakanin sauran sinadaran) ghee, yoghurt, cream, almonds, cloves, cardamom, da saffron; yayin da 1869 Anglo-Indian quorema ko Korma, "ya bambanta da abu da kuma suna", ba shi da cream, almond, ko saffron, amma ya kara da kayan yaji na Burtaniya na lokacin, wato coriander, ginger, da baƙar fata.[1] Curry, da farko an fahimta a matsayin "wani tsari da ba a saba da shi ba na stews da ragouts na Indiya", ya zama "abinci a kansa, wanda aka kirkira ga Birtaniya a Indiya".[1] Collingham ya bayyana sakamakon abinci na Anglo-Indian a matsayin "mai ban sha'awa", "pan-Indian", "marasa ƙwarewa", wanda ke nuna "sha'awar kayan ado", da kuma samar da "mahimmanci"; amma Birtaniya ce kawai ta ci shi.[1]

A wani wuri a cikin karni na 19, ma'aikatan Indiya a Masana'antar sukari ta Burtaniya sun kai curry zuwa Caribbean.[14]

Kasuwanci na Duniya

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Tun daga tsakiyar karni na 20, curries na yawancin salon ƙasa sun zama sanannun nesa da asalin su, kuma suna ƙara zama wani ɓangare na abinci na duniya. Alan Davidson ya rubuta cewa fadada curry a duk duniya sakamakon Indiya ne da kuma duniya, wanda ya fara a cikin Daular Burtaniya, kuma ya biyo bayan baƙi na tattalin arziki waɗanda suka kawo abincin Indiya zuwa ƙasashe da yawa.[14] A cikin shekara ta 1886, Gālí (pronunciation na Sinanci na "curry") ya bayyana tsakanin Sinanci a Singapore. Mutanen Malay na kasar Sin sun kawo curry zuwa kasar Sin.[14]

A Indiya, ana shirya kayan yaji koyaushe don amfani da su a cikin sauces.[17] An samo shi daga irin wannan cakuda (amma ba ya dauke da ganyen curry ), curry foda wani kayan yaji ne da aka shirya da aka fara siyarwa da 'yan kasuwa na Indiya ga' yan kasuwa na mulkin mallaka na Turai.[18] Wannan yana samuwa ne daga kasuwanci daga ƙarshen karni na 18, tare da alamomi kamar Crosse & Blackwell da Sharwood's suna ci gaba har zuwa yanzu. [19][20] 'Yan kasuwa na Burtaniya sun gabatar da foda zuwa zamanin Meiji a Japan, a tsakiyar karni na 19, inda aka fi sani da Curry na Japan.

Nau'o'in

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Akwai nau'ikan curry da yawa. Zaɓin kayan yaji don kowane abinci a cikin abincin gargajiya ya dogara da al'adun al'adu na yanki da abubuwan da mutum ya fi so.Irin waɗannan jita-jita suna da sunaye kamar dopiaza da rogan josh waɗanda ke nufin sinadaran su, kayan yaji, da hanyoyin dafa abinci. A waje da yankin Indiya, curry abinci ne daga kudu maso gabashin Asiya wanda ke amfani da madarar kwakwa da kayan yaji, kuma ana cinye shi a kan shinkafa.[2] Curries na iya ƙunsar kifi, nama, kaji, ko kifi, ko dai shi kaɗai ko a hade da kayan lambu. Sauran suna cin ganyayyaki. Haɗin masala haɗuwa ce ta bushe ko bushe-roasted kayan yaji da aka saba yi a gida don wasu curries.

Ana dafa curries masu bushewa ta amfani da ƙananan ruwa, wanda aka ba da izinin narkewa, yana barin sauran sinadaran da aka rufe da cakuda kayan yaji. Curries mai laushi yana dauke da adadi mai yawa na sauce ko sauce wanda ya dogara da broth, cream" kwakwa cream ko kwakwa madara, dairy cream ko yogurt, ko legume purée, sautéed crushed onion, ko tomato purée. Curry foda, cakuda kayan yaji da aka shirya don kasuwanci da ake siyarwa a Yamma, an fara fitar da shi zuwa Burtaniya a karni na 18 lokacin da 'yan kasuwa na Indiya suka sayar da kayan yaji, mai kama da garam masala, ga Kamfanin Burtaniya na Gabashin Indiya da ya dawo Burtaniya.[21]

Hanyoyin curries na iya bambanta[22]
Nau'in bambancin Daga Zuwa
Ƙananan Ƙanƙara   Korma (kayan ƙanshi) [lower-alpha 1] Madras (chili)
Ruwa da Creamy Rogan josh (kayan kwalliya) Korma (yoghurt ko cream)
Ruwa mai bushewa Tikka (nama mai laushi, kayan yaji) Tikka masala (tomato, cream)
Abin zaki mai zaki  Dopiaza (onion, lemun tsami) Pasanda (almonds, sukari)
Stir-fry Sinmer  Balti (mai, albasa, dankali) Dhansak (lentils, kayan yaji, tumatir)

Ta hanyar yanki

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Ƙasar Ingila

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Chicken tikka masala tare da shinkafa da naan burodi

Curry ya shahara sosai a Ƙasar Ingila, tare da gidan curry a kusan kowane gari.[23] Irin wannan shahararsa ce ana kiranta akai-akai "abincin da aka karɓa na ƙasa". An kiyasta cewa a cikin 2016 akwai gidajen curry 12,000, suna daukar ma'aikata 100,000 kuma tare da hadin gwiwar tallace-tallace na shekara-shekara na kusan £ 4.2 biliyan.  Abincin da aka bayar ana dafa shi zuwa dandano na Burtaniya, amma tare da karuwar buƙata don ainihin salon Indiya. A shekara ta 2001, Sakataren kasashen waje na Burtaniya Robin Cook ya bayyana tikka masala a matsayin "abinci na gaskiya na Burtaniya, ba wai kawai saboda shi ne mafi mashahuri ba, amma saboda cikakkiyar misali ce game da yadda Burtaniya ke shawo kan kuma daidaita tasirin waje. " asalinsa ba tabbatacce ba ne, amma kafofin da yawa sun danganta shi ga 'Yan Asiya na Burtaniya; wasu sun ambaci Glasgow a matsayin asalin asalinsa. [24][25] Yana iya samo asali ne daga kaza na man shanu, sananne a arewacin Indiya.

Curries a Burtaniya an samo su ne daga Indiya kuma wani bangare daga kirkirar gidajen cin abinci na Indiya. Sun bambanta daga ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano zuwa mai zafi sosai, tare da sunayen da aka daidaita a duk faɗin ƙasar, amma galibi ba a san su ba a Indiya.[22]

Yankin ƙarfin curries na Burtaniya [22]
Ƙarfi Misali Wurin da ya samo asali Ranar asalinsa Bayyanawa
Mai sauƙi Korma Kotun Mughal, Arewacin Indiya Karni na 16 Mai laushi, mai laushi; yana iya samun almond, kwakwa, ko 'ya'yan itace
Matsakaici Madras Gidan cin abinci na Bangladesh na Burtaniya Shekaru na 1970 Red, mai ɗanɗano tare da foda
Hoton Vindaloo Gidan cin abinci na Bangladesh na Burtaniya[lower-alpha 2] Shekaru na 1970 Yana da ɗanɗano sosai tare da chili da dankali[lower-alpha 3]
Mai tsanani Rashin jituwa Biritaniya Bangladesh, Birmingham Karni na 20 Piri mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi misali bonet na Scotch, Habanero
  •  
    Mutton gulai (Indonesian curry), part of nasi padang
  •  
    A traditional meal featuring several Burmese curries
  •  
    Filipino chicken curry
  •  
    Thai phanaeng with pork
  •  
    Vietnamese cà ri with chicken

Afirka ta Kudu

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Bunny chow, Afirka ta Kudu

Curry ya bazu zuwa Afirka ta Kudu tare da ƙaurawar mutane daga yankin Indiya zuwa yankin a zamanin mulkin mallaka. Curries na Afirka, curries na Cape Malay da curries na Natal sun haɗa da curry na gargajiya na Natal, curry na Durban, Bunny chow, da kuma roti rolls. An kirkiro curries na Afirka ta Kudu a KwaZulu-Natal da Yammacin Cape, yayin da wasu suka bunkasa a duk faɗin ƙasar a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 da farkon ƙarni na 21 don haɗawa da ekasi, launi, da nau'ikan Afrikaner. Durban tana da mafi yawan Indiyawa a waje da Indiya a duniya.[26] Bunny chow ko "set", misali na Afirka ta Kudu, ya ƙunshi ko dai ɗan rago, kaza ko wake curry da aka zuba a cikin gurasar gurasar da za a ci da yatsun mutum ta hanyar tsoma gurasar a ciki.[27][26] 'Bunny chow' na nufin 'abinci na Indiya', daga Banian, Indiya. An kirkiro hanyar ba da curry ne saboda wariyar launin fata ta haramta baƙar fata cin abinci a gidajen cin abinci na Indiya; ana iya cire burodi da sauri kuma a ci su a kan titi.[1]

Dubi kuma

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  • Kungiyar Curry

Bayani

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  1. ↑ Korma can be made with flavourings such as cloves, ginger, cardamom, cumin, coriander, turmeric, bay, onion and garlic.
  2. ↑ The name 'Vindaloo' is from Portuguese vinha d'alhos (with wine [vinegar] and garlic), but the British version is quite different.[22]
  3. ↑ The addition of potatoes may be from confusion of 'Vindaloo' with Hindi आलू Samfuri:Transliteration, potato.[22]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Collingham 2006.
  2. ↑ Collingham 2006, p. 115.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 "Curry". Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper. 2018. Archived from the original on 9 October 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2018. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Online Etym Dict" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ "What we know as "curry" has a long and curious history". The Takeout. 2018-02-28. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
  5. ↑ "kari – A Dravidian Etymological Dictionary". Archived from the original on 23 June 2020.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Taylor, Anna-Louise (11 October 2013). "Curry: Where did it come from?". BBC Food. Archived from the original on 29 March 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2017. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "taylor" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ "The Nusantao and north-south dispersals". Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. 15: 101–109. 1996. doi:Solheim Check |doi= value (help).
  8. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  9. ↑ Davidson 2014
  10. ↑ "People Have Been Eating Curry for 4,500 Years". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  11. ↑ Lawler, Andrew (29 January 2013). "Where Did Curry Come From?". Slate. Archived from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Twilley, Nicola; Graber, Nicola (9 April 2019). "Transcript: The Curry Chronicles". Gastropod. Retrieved 6 October 2024. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Twilley Graber 2019 transcript" defined multiple times with different content
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Batsha, Nishant (25 June 2020). "Curry Before Columbus". Contingent. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2020. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Batsha 2020" defined multiple times with different content
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 Davidson 2014
  15. ↑ Davidson 2014
  16. ↑ "How Britain got the hots for curry". BBC. 26 November 2009. Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
  17. ↑ Davidson 2014
  18. ↑ Davidson 2014
  19. ↑ "First British advert for curry powder". bl.uk. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  20. ↑ "TV review: Inside the Factory lifts the lid on how our curries are made". The Independent. 15 August 2018. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  21. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named eb
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 Dillon, Sheila (2024). "From balti to bhuna: the ultimate guide to curry". BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 7 October 2024. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Dillon 2024" defined multiple times with different content
  23. ↑ "National Curry Week: Why Britain loves curry". Fleet Street Communications. 13 October 2017. Archived from the original on 10 January 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  24. ↑ Dutt, Vijay (21 October 2007). "60 years of Chicken Tikka Masala". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
  25. ↑ Taylor, Emma. "Most people have no clue chicken tikka masala isn't an Indian dish, according to a top Indian chef". Insider. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Govender-Ypma, Ishay (11 November 2017). "The Brutal History of South Africa's Most Famous Curry". Munchies. Archived from the original on 28 January 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
  27. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named seid
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curry&oldid=549874"