Charles Darwin
Charles Robert Darwin FRS FRGS FLS FZS JP (/ˈdɑːrwɪn/ DAR-win; 12 ga watan Fabrairu 1809 -19 Afrilu 1882) ɗan asalin ƙasar Ingila ne, naturalist, kuma masanin ilimin halitta, [1] wanda aka fi sani da gudummawarsa ga ilimin halitta. Shawarwarinsa na cewa dukkan nau'in rayuwa sun fito daga kakanni guda yanzu gabaɗaya an yarda da su kuma ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin babban ra'ayi a kimiyya. [2] A cikin littafin haɗin gwiwa tare da Alfred Russel Wallace, ya gabatar da ka'idarsa ta kimiyya cewa wannan tsarin reshe na juyin halitta ya samo asali ne daga wani tsari da ya kira zaɓin yanayi, wanda gwagwarmayar wanzuwar yana da irin wannan tasiri ga zaɓin wucin gadi da ke cikin zaɓin kiwo. An bayyana Darwin a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan mutane a tarihin dan Adam kuma an karrama shi ta hanyar binne shi a Westminster Abbey.
Sha'awar Darwin a farkon yanayi ya sa ya yi watsi da ilimin likitancinsa a Jami'ar Edinburgh; maimakon haka, ya taimaka wajen bincikar invertebrates na teku. Karatunsa a Jami'ar Cambridge's College daga 1828 zuwa 1831 ya ƙarfafa sha'awar ilimin kimiyyar halitta. [3] Tafiyarsa ta shekaru biyar akan HMS Beagle daga 1831 zuwa 1836 ya kafa Darwin a matsayin fitaccen naturalist wanda abin lura da ka'idojinsa suka goyi bayan tunanin Charles Lyell na sauyin yanayin a hankali. Buga littafinsa na tafiya ya sanya Darwin shahara a matsayin mashahurin marubuci. [4]
Da yake cike da mamakin yadda ake rarraba namun daji da burbushin halittu da ya tattara a tafiyar, Darwin ya fara bincike dalla-dalla kuma, a cikin shekarar 1838, ya kirkiro ka'idar zabin yanayi. [5] Ko da yake ya tattauna ra'ayoyinsa tare da masana halitta da yawa, yana buƙatar lokaci don bincike mai zurfi kuma aikinsa na ilimin ƙasa yana da fifiko. [6] Yana rubuta ka'idarsa a cikin shekarar 1858 lokacin da Alfred Russel Wallace ya aika masa da maƙala wanda ya bayyana irin wannan ra'ayi, wanda ya haifar da mika kai tsaye ga haɗin gwiwa na duka ka'idodinsu ga Linnean Society of London. [7] Ayyukan Darwin sun kafa zuriyar juyin halitta tare da gyare-gyare a matsayin babban bayanin kimiyya na bambance-bambancen yanayi. [8] A cikin shekarar 1871, ya bincika juyin halittar ɗan adam da zaɓin jima'i a cikin Descent na Mutum, da Zaɓin Game da Jima'i, sannan kuma The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals (1872). An buga bincikensa game da tsire-tsire a cikin jerin littattafai, kuma a cikin littafinsa na ƙarshe, <i id="mwZg">The Formation of Vegetable Mould, ta hanyar Actions of Worms</i> (1881), ya bincika tsutsotsin ƙasa da tasirinsu akan ƙasa.
Darwin ya wallafa ka'idarsa ta juyin halitta tare da kwararan hujjoji a cikin littafinsa na 1859 on the origin Species. [9] [10] A cikin shekarar 1870s, al'ummar kimiyya da yawancin jama'a masu ilimi sun yarda da juyin halitta a matsayin gaskiya. Duk da haka, mutane da yawa sun fi son bayanin gasa wanda ya ba da ƙaramin matsayi ga zaɓin yanayi, kuma sai da fitowar fasahar juyin halitta ta zamani daga shekarun 1930 zuwa 1950 aka sami babban yarjejeniya wanda zaɓin yanayi shine tushen tsarin juyin halitta. [8] [11] Binciken kimiyya na Darwin shine ka'idar haɗin kai na ilimomin rayuwa, yana bayyana bambancin rayuwa.
Tarihin Rayuwa gyara sashe
Ƙuruciya da ilimi gyara sashe
An haifi Charles Robert Darwin a Shrewsbury, Shropshire, a ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairu 1809, a gidan danginsa, The Mount. Shi ne na biyar cikin yara shida na likitan al'umma kuma mai kudi Robert Darwin da Susannah Darwin (née Wedgwood). Kakansa Erasmus Darwin da Josiah Wedgwood dukansu fitattun masu abolitionist. Erasmus Darwin ya yaba da babban ra'ayi na juyin halitta da zuriya na gama gari a cikin Zoonomia (1794), shaci-fadi na waka na halitta sannu a hankali gami da ra'ayoyin da ba su ci gaba ba da ke hasashen hasashen jikansa ya faɗaɗa. [12]
Duk iyalai biyu sun kasance masu haɗin kai, kodayake Wedgwoods suna ɗaukar Anglicanism. Robert Darwin, da kansa a hankali mai tunani, ya haifi jariri Charles baftisma a watan Nuwamba 1809 a Cocin Anglican St Chad's Church, Shrewsbury, amma Charles da 'yan uwansa sun halarci ɗakin cocin Unitarian tare da mahaifiyarsu. Charles ɗan shekara takwas ya riga ya ɗanɗana tarihin halitta da tattarawa lokacin da ya shiga makarantar ranar da mai wa'azinta ke gudanarwa a 1817. A watan Yuli, mahaifiyarsa ta rasu. Daga Satumba 1818, ya haɗu da ɗan'uwansa Erasmus don halartar Makarantar Anglican Shrewsbury da ke kusa a matsayin ɗan kwana. [13]
Darwin ya shafe lokacin rani na 1825 a matsayin likita mai koyo, yana taimaka wa mahaifinsa ya yi wa matalauta Shropshire, kafin ya tafi Jami'ar Edinburgh Medical School mai daraja tare da ɗan'uwansa Erasmus a watan Oktoba 1825. Darwin ya sami lakcoci maras kyau da tiyata da damuwa, don haka ya yi watsi da karatunsa. [14] Ya koyi taxidermy a cikin kusan sa'o'i 40 na yau da kullun daga John Edmonstone, bawan da aka 'yantar da shi wanda ya raka Charles Waterton a cikin dajin Kudancin Amurka. [15]
A cikin shekara ta biyu na Darwin a jami'a, ya shiga ƙungiyar Plinian Society, ƙungiyar ɗalibi ta tarihin halitta da ke nuna muhawara mai ɗorewa wanda ɗaliban dimokuradiyya masu tsattsauran ra'ayi masu ra'ayin jari-hujja suka ƙalubalanci ra'ayoyin addini na addini. [16] Ya taimaka binciken Robert Edmond Grant game da yanayin jikin mutum da yanayin rayuwar marine invertebrates a cikin Firth of Forth, kuma a ranar 27 ga Maris 1827 ya gabatar a Plinian binciken kansa cewa baƙar fata da aka samu a cikin bawoyi na kawa sune qwai na skate leech. Wata rana, Grant ya yaba da ra'ayoyin juyin halitta na Lamarck. Darwin ya yi mamakin bajintar Grant, amma kwanan nan ya karanta irin wannan ra'ayi a cikin mujallun kakansa Erasmus. [17] Darwin ya fi gundura da tafarkin tarihin dabi'a na Robert Jameson, wanda ya rufe ilimin geology-gami da muhawara tsakanin Neptunism da Plutonism. Ya koyi rarrabuwa na tsire-tsire, kuma ya taimaka tare da aiki a kan tarin kayan tarihi na Jami'ar, daya daga cikin manyan gidajen tarihi a Turai a lokacin. [18]
Sakaci da Darwin na karatun likitanci ya fusata mahaifinsa, wanda cikin hikima ya tura shi Kwalejin Kristi, Cambridge a cikin Janairu 1828, don yin karatun digiri na farko a matsayin matakin farko na zama ɗan ƙasar Anglican. Darwin bai cancanci yin jarrabawar Tripos na Cambridge ba, kuma a maimakon haka an buƙaci ya shiga kwas ɗin digiri na yau da kullun. [19] Ya fi son hawa da harbi fiye da karatu. [20]
Manazarta gyara sashe
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- ↑ Desmond, Moore & Browne 2004
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- ↑ Leff 2000
- ↑ Desmond & Moore 1991
- ↑ Desmond & Moore 1991
- ↑ van Wyhe 2007
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- ↑ 8.0 8.1 van Wyhe 2008
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- ↑ Bowler 2003
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- ↑ Desmond & Moore 1991
Darwin 1958 - ↑ Darwin 1958.
- ↑ Darwin 1958
Desmond & Moore 2009 - ↑ Desmond & Moore 1991.
- ↑ Browne 1995
- ↑ Desmond & Moore 1991
- ↑ Browne 1995
Desmond & Moore 2009 - ↑ Darwin 1887.