Cao Xueqin
Cao Xueqin ( [tsʰǎ ʊ ɕɥe ̀ tɕʰi ̌ n] tsow sh'weh-chin ; Chinese ; Pinyin : Cáoxuěqín ); (4 Afrilu 1710 - 10 Yuni 1765) [1] [2] marubuci ne kuma mawaƙi na kasar Sin a lokacin daular Qing . An fi saninsa da marubucin Dream of the Red Chamber, daya daga cikin manyan litattafan gargajiya guda hudu na adabin kasar Sin . Sunan da aka ba shi shine Cáo Zhān (曹霑</link>) kuma sunansa na ladabi Mengruan ( Chinese: zh ).
 Cao Xueqin | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Rayuwa | |
| Cikakken suna | 曹霑 |
| Haihuwa |
Nanjing (en)  , 12 ga Yuli, 1724 |
| ƙasa |
Qing dynasty (en) |
| Mutuwa | Beijing, 1760s |
| Karatu | |
| Harsuna | Sinanci |
| Sana'a | |
| Sana'a |
marubuci, maiwaƙe, painter (en) , Marubuci, ci lyric writer (en) da mai falsafa |
|
Mahalarcin
| |
| Wurin aiki |
China (en) |
| Muhimman ayyuka |
Dream of the Red Chamber (en) |
| Sunan mahaifi | 曹雪芹 |
| Imani | |
| Addini | Buddha |
Iyali
gyara sasheAn haifi Cao Xueqin ga dangin Han na kasar Sin wanda aka kawo shi cikin hidima na sirri (kamar booi aha ko bayin Cigu Niru ) ga masarautar Manchu a ƙarshen 1610s. [3] Kakanninsa sun bambanta kansu ta hanyar aikin soja a cikin Banner White (正白旗</link> ) na Tutoci Takwas kuma daga baya ya rike mukamai a matsayin jami'ai wanda ya kawo daraja da wadata.
Bayan da aka sanya Tutar Farin Farin Ciki a ƙarƙashin ikon sarkin Qing kai tsaye, dangin Cao sun fara aiki a matsayin farar hula na Sashen Iyali na Imperial .
A lokacin mulkin Sarkin Kangxi, martabar dangi da ikonta ya kai ga girma. Kakan Cao Xueqin, Cao Yin (曹寅</link>), abokin wasan yara ne ga Kangxi yayin da mahaifiyar Cao Yin, Lady Sun (孫氏</link> ), ma'aikaciyar jinya ce ta Kangxi. Shekaru biyu bayan hawansa, Kangxi ya nada kakan Cao Xueqin, Cao Xi (曹璽</link> ), a matsayin Kwamishinan Yaduwar Imperial (織造</link>) a Jiangning (Nanjing na yanzu), kuma dangin sun ƙaura a wurin. [4]
Lokacin da Cao Xi ya mutu a shekara ta 1684, Cao Yin, a matsayin amintaccen Kangxi, ya karbi mukamin. Cao Yin ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mazajen wasiƙa kuma ƙwararren mai tattara littattafai. Jonathan Spence ya lura da ƙaƙƙarfan ɓangarorin Manchu a cikin rayuwar waɗannan bayin gidan sarauta na Imperial. Sun daidaita al'adun biyu: Cao Yin ya ji daɗin hawan doki da farauta da al'adun soja na Manchu, amma a lokaci guda ya kasance mai fassara al'adun Sinawa ga Manchus. A farkon karni na 18, dangin Cao sun zama masu wadata da kuma tasiri don samun damar yin wasa sau hudu ga Sarkin Kangxi a cikin balaguron balaguro guda shida na kudu zuwa yankin Nanjing . A shekara ta 1705, sarki ya umarci Cao Yin, shi kansa mawaƙi, da ya tattara dukan shi (waƙoƙin waƙa) da suka tsira daga daular Tang, wanda ya haifar da Cikakkun Waƙoƙi na Tang . [4]
Lokacin da Cao Yin ya mutu a shekara ta 1712, Kangxi ya ba da ofishin ga ɗan Cao Yin, Cao Yong (曹顒</link> ). Cao Yong ya mutu a shekara ta 1715. Daga nan Kangxi ya ƙyale dangi su ɗauki ɗan ɗan uwa na uba, Cao Fu (曹頫</link>), a matsayin ɗan Cao Yin bayan mutuwarsa don ci gaba a wannan matsayi. Don haka dangin sun rike ofishin Kwamishinan Yadudduka na Imperial a Jiangning har tsawon tsararraki uku.
The family's fortunes lasted until Kangxi's death and the ascension of the Yongzheng Emperor to the throne. Yongzheng severely attacked the family and in 1727 confiscated their properties, while Cao Fu was thrown in jail. This was ostensibly for their mismanagement of funds, though perhaps this purge was politically motivated. When Cao Fu was released a year later, the impoverished family was forced to relocate to Beijing. Cao Xueqin, still a young child, lived in poverty with his family.
Rayuwa
gyara sashe
Kusan babu wani rikodin yaro da balaga na Cao da ya tsira. Masanan Redology har yanzu suna muhawara game da ainihin ranar haihuwar Cao, kodayake an san shi yana kusa da arba'in zuwa hamsin a lokacin mutuwarsa.[5] Cao Xueqin ɗan Cao Fu ne ko Cao Yong . [6] An san tabbas cewa an haifi ɗa guda ɗaya na Cao Yong bayan mutuwarsa a cikin 1715; wasu Redologists sun yi imanin cewa wannan ɗa na iya zama Cao Xueqin. A cikin rajistar dangin (五慶堂曹氏宗譜), duk da haka, an rubuta ɗan Cao Yong a matsayin wani Cao Tianyou (曹天佑). Ƙarin rikitarwa ga Redologists shine gaskiyar cewa ba za a iya gano sunayen Cao Zhan ko Cao Xueqin ba - sunayen da tsaransa suka san shi da - a cikin rajista.[7]
Yawancin abin da muka sani game da Cao an ba da su ne daga mutanen zamaninsa da abokansa. [8] A ƙarshe Cao ya zauna a ƙauyen yammacin birnin Beijing inda ya rayu mafi yawan shekarunsa a cikin talauci yana sayar da zane-zanensa. An yi rikodin Cao a matsayin mai yawan shan giya. Abokai da abokai sun tuna da wani mutum mai hankali, mai basira wanda ya shafe shekaru goma yana aiki da himma a kan aikin da dole ne ya kasance Mafarki na Red Chamber . "An haife shi a cikin wadata, a ƙarshe ya lalace." Makomar dangin Cao Xueqin ta sauya daga matsayi kamar furen furanni zuwa yanayin koma baya, wanda hakan ya sa ya fuskanci bakin ciki na rayuwa da rashin tausayin duniya, sannan ya kawar da kuncin rayuwa da kunci na asali na zamantakewa. Har ila yau, yanayin lalata ya haifar da rashin tausayi da jin dadi. Abin da ya faru da shi mai ban tausayi, tunaninsa na waƙa, ruhin bincikensa, da tunaninsa na sababbin abubuwa an jefa su cikin "Mafarki na Red Chamber". Sun yaba da zane-zanensa masu salo, musamman na duwatsu da duwatsu, da asali a cikin waƙa, waɗanda suka kwatanta da Li He 's. Cao ya mutu wani lokaci a cikin 1763 ko 1764, ya bar littafinsa a cikin wani ci gaba mai zurfi na kammalawa. (Aƙalla an gama daftarin farko, wasu shafuka na rubutun sun ɓace bayan abokai ko dangi sun aro su.) Matar ta rasu bayan ɗanta ya rasu.
Cao achieved posthumous fame through his life's work. Dream of the Red Chamber is a vivid recreation of an illustrious family at its height and its subsequent downfall, and the novel was "semi-autobiographical" in nature. A small group of close family and friends appeared to have been transcribing his manuscript when Cao died quite suddenly in 1763–4, apparently out of grief owing to the death of a son. Extant handwritten copies of this work—some 80 chapters—had been in circulation in Beijing shortly after Cao's death and scribal copies soon became prized collectors' items.
A cikin 1791, Cheng Weiyuan (程偉元</link>) da Gao E (高鶚</link>), wanda ya yi iƙirarin samun damar yin amfani da takardun aiki na Cao, ya gyara kuma ya buga "cikakkiyar siga" mai babi 120 . Wannan shine bugu na farko na bugu na katako . An sake buga shi bayan shekara guda tare da ƙarin bita, wannan bugu na babi 120 shine mafi buga littafin labari. Yawancin malaman zamani suna tambayar marubucin surori 40 na ƙarshe na littafin, ko da gaske Cao Xueqin ne ya kammala shi.
Har ya zuwa yau, Cao na ci gaba da yin tasiri a kan sabbin tsararru na marubuta da mawaka na kasar Sin, irin su An Qi na tsakiyar zamanai, wadda ta yi masa mubaya'a a cikin wakarta ta To Cao Xueqin .
Duba kuma
gyara sashe
- Adabin kasar Sin
- Jerin marubutan kasar Sin
Bayanan kula
gyara sashe- ↑ The precise dating of Cao Xueqin's birth and death is a matter of heated debate amongst Chinese Redologists. It would be fair however to confine Cao's birth date to between 1715 and 1724, as attested by the elegiac poems by his friends – Duncheng (敦誠) and Zhang Yiquan (張宜泉) – which stated Cao was forty and nearly fifty respectively when he died. A much fuller discussion can be found under the relevant sections in Chen Weizhao's Hongxue Tongshi ("A History of Redology"), Shanghai People's Publishing Press, 2005, pp. 194–197; 348–349; 657–662.
- ↑ Zhang Yiquan: Hong lou meng volume 1. p.2 cited in the introduction to The Dream of the Red Chamber. by Li-Tche Houa and Jacqueline Alézaïs.La Pléiade 1979
- ↑ This section summarises the more salient facts on Cao Xueqin's family as unearthed by 20th-century Redologists like Zhou Ruchang (周汝昌) and Feng Qiyong (馮其庸), which formed the basis of modern Redology. A detailed summary into the researches on Cao Xueqin's genealogy can be found, once again, in Chen, pp. 362–366; 681–687.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Jonathan D. Spence. Ts'ao Yin and the K'ang-Hsi Emperor: Bondservant and Master. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1965), esp. pp. 53–54, 157–165.
- ↑ See Note 1.
- ↑ Chen, pp. 190; 681–684
- ↑ Chen, pp. 345–346
- ↑ This paragraph is largely a summary of Chen, pp. 72–74.
Manazarta
gyara sashe- Liu, Shide, "Cao Xueqin"[permanent dead link]</link> </link> . Encyclopedia na kasar Sin, 1st ed.
- Chen, Weizhao, Tarihin Redology ( Hongxue Tongshi ), Kamfanin Buga na Jama'ar Shanghai, 2005. (《红学通史》, 陈维昭, 上海人民出版社, 2005年)
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
gyara sashe
- Works by Xueqin Cao at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Cao Xueqin at the Internet Archive
- Works by Cao Xueqin at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)