Al-Jildaki
Ali bin MAH Aydamir ko ʿIzz al-Dīn al-Jildakī (Masar Larabci: عز الدين الجلدكي; Coptic: 意 意 ♡), wanda aka rubuta al-Jaldakī (ya mutu a shekara ta 1342 AZ / 743 AH) masanin kimiyyar Masar ne daga karni na 14 Mamluk Sultanate na Masar .[1] Masanin kimiyya kuma marubuci wanda ya kware a ilmin sunadarai kuma ya rayu a karni na takwas AH. Ya kwafe dukkan sakin layi daga ayyukan Jabir bin Hayyan, Abu Bakr al-Razi, Ibn Arfa Chanin Ras, Abu al-Qasim al-Iraqi, da sauransu, don haka ya yi amfani da Tarihin ilmin sunadarai a Islama, kamar yadda ya rubuta a cikin ayyukansa yawancin abin da ya ɓace daga littattafan magabata. Haji Khalifa, marubucin "Kashf al-Zunun", ya bayyana cewa al-Jildakī yana da littattafai 26.[2]
 Al-Jildaki | |
|---|---|
| Rayuwa | |
| Haihuwa | Kairo, |
| Harshen uwa | Larabci |
| Mutuwa | Kairo, 1342 |
| Karatu | |
| Harsuna | Larabci |
| Sana'a | |
| Sana'a |
chemist (en)  , likita da marubuci |
| Wanda ya ja hankalinsa |
Jabir bin Hayyan, Muhammad dan Zakariya al-Razi, Abu'l Hasan ibn Arfa Ra'a (en) da Al-Simawi (en) |
Rayuwa
gyara sasheDuk da kasancewa daya daga cikin manyan malaman Islama na karni na 14, kusan babu wani abu da aka sani game da rayuwarsa ta farko.[3]
Wataƙila an haifi Al-Jildaki ne a Misira.[4] A cikin rubuce-rubucensa ya bayyana cewa ya shafe shekaru goma sha bakwai yana tafiya ta Iraki, Anatolia, Yemen, Arewacin Afirka, da Siriya. Masana tarihi kusan sun yarda da cewa ya kasance daga Misira, don haka sun kira shi al-Masry (Masar). [5]
Bisa ga hasashe na Nisba a matsayin "al-Jaldak", wasu marubutan karni na 20 kamar Henry Corbin sun ba da shawarar cewa ya fito ne daga Jaldak, wani gari a Khorasan kafin ya yi hijira zuwa Misira.[6][7] Nicholas G. Harris ya soki wannan ka'idar yana mai lura da cewa ba a taɓa ambata ta a cikin wani tushen zamani ba.[8] Maimakon haka, ya lura cewa duk bayanan tarihin da aka sani game da shi - kamar sunansa na Turkic "Aydamir", wuraren zama da yaren asali - zai zama ma'ana ne kawai idan aka saita shi a kan asalin Mamluk.[9] Harris ya ci gaba da lura cewa sunan "Jildak" da kuma asalinsa Nisba "Al-Jildaki" sunayen Turkic ne, musamman tsakanin Mamluk amirs.[10]
Al-Jildaki na ɗaya daga cikin na ƙarshe kuma ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma na masanan kimiyyar Musulunci na zamani, shi ne marubucin ayyukan kimiyya kamar al-Misbah fi Ilm al-Miftah (الم/18ص فی علم المفتاح, Maɓallin Kimiyya na Haske) da kuma rubutun alchemical Kitab al-Burhan fi asrar 'ilm al-mizan (کتابره البان اسرار علم المیزان, The Tabbating Secrets of the Science of the Balance). [11]
Ya kasance marubuci mai yawa na rubuce-rubucen alchemical, wanda ɗakin karatu na Amurka yana da uku. Littattafansa, waɗanda ke nuna sha'awa sosai fiye da kawai alchemy, suna adana ƙa'idodi masu yawa daga marubutan da suka gabata.
Ayyuka
gyara sasheAl-Jaldaki ya girma yana son kimiyya, kuma ya ba da kansa ga karanta duk littattafan sunadarai da zai iya samu, kuma ya karanta su da mahimmanci. Jabir ibn Hayyan ya burge shi, har ya kira shi "Imam". Ya tattara ayyuka 42 daga littattafansa waɗanda ya yi nazari kuma ya tattauna. Ya kuma karanta Al-Razi da sauran masana kimiyya, kuma ya yi tsokaci da yawa da bayani da yawa game da wasu ra'ayoyi da batutuwa masu ban mamaki a cikin ilmin sunadarai.[5]
Ya shahara ne saboda damuwarsa game da sahihancin watsawa, don haka ana ɗaukar ayyukansa da ƙima ga masana tarihi na kimiyya. Bugu da kari, tarin ayyukan magabata a cikin ilmin sunadarai, adana su, da kuma bincikensa game da abubuwan da ke ciki sun adana yawancin al'adun da suka ɓace daga gare su. Ya kuma sha'awar kimiyyar halitta da tsire-tsire, kuma yana da sha'awar zurfafa cikin batutuwan su kuma ya karanta manyan littattafai a kan waɗannan kimiyyar. Bai bar littafi a kan ilmin sunadarai ba tare da karantawa da yin sharhi game da shi ba. An san shi da karimci, ibada, yada ilimi, da kuma kula da masu neman ilimi. Zai buɗe gidansa ga ɗaliban ilimi, kuma zai buɗe zuciyarsa ga duk wanda ya tambaye shi tambayoyi ko bayani game da batutuwan ilmin sunadarai ko wasu rassan ilimi. Al-Jaldaki ya bambanta da rubuce-rubucensa a cikin salon da ke da wuyar fahimta. Wasu mutane wani lokacin suna zarginsa da kasancewa salon da ke kusa da talisman ga matsakaicin mai karatu, amma wannan ba ya zarge shi saboda yana rubutu ga kwararru a fagen ilmin sunadarai.[5]
Manouchehr Taslimi ya ambaci a cikin jarabawarsa ta digiri daga Jami'ar London a 1954 cewa Al-Jaldaki ya shafe shekaru goma sha bakwai a kan tafiye-tafiyen kimiyya. Ya kafa tushe na asali don ƙirƙirar "Dokar ƙayyadaddun ra'ayoyi" a cikin ƙungiyar sunadarai, kuma ya bayyana shi dalla-dalla, wanda Kepler, Galileo, da Newton daga baya suka dogara da shi a cikin karatunsu. Dokar ce Joseph Proust, wanda aka haife shi ƙarni biyar bayan Al-Jaldaki, ya yi ikirarin ƙarya don kansa. Al-Jaldaki ya kirkiro hanyar sinadarai don raba zinariya daga azurfa ta hanyar nitric acid, hanyar da har yanzu ake amfani da ita a yau. Ya ba da cikakken bayani game da hanyar rigakafi da matakan kariya masu mahimmanci game da haɗarin shan iskar gas wanda ya haifar da halayen sunadarai, kuma ta haka ne ya kasance na farko da ya yi tunanin kirkirar da amfani da na'urorin numfashi a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje na sunadarai. Gudummawarsa ta kai ga zurfin binciken Alkali da acid, wanda ya ba shi damar yin wasu ci gaba ga hanyar yin sabulu da aka sani a lokacin. Ya bayyana hanyar da ake amfani da ita a halin yanzu, kamar takardun tacewa, distillation a ƙarƙashin wanka na ruwa, da distillation sau biyu. Shi ne na farko da ya ce abu yana ba da launi lokacin da aka ƙone shi. Ya kuma yi bincike a fannoni daban-daban, ban da ilmin sunadarai da botany, kamar injiniya, acoustics, da iska da ruwa. Ya yi tsokaci, bayani, da gyare-gyare ga littattafan sunadarai da yawa da magabata suka rubuta, masana kimiyya na Yamma. Al-Jaldaki ya san tsarin lantarki na atom din, yayin da ya kwatanta shi da tsarin hasken rana a cikin sanannen waƙarsa kuma ya rubuta littattafan kimiyya da yawa waɗanda aka rarraba a cikin ɗakunan karatu da yawa a duniya, amma mafi yawansu har yanzu suna cikin rubutun hannu.[5]
Omar Rida Kahhala ya ce a cikin littafinsa "الدام البحة في الع班 الإسلامية Pure Sciences in Islamic Ages":
"...Koyaya, Al-Jaldaki an dauke shi daya daga cikin manyan malamai da suka san tarihin ilmin sunadarai da abin da aka rubuta game da shi a gabansa. Yana son tattara ayyukan sunadarai da fassara su, kuma al'adarsa ce ta ambaton dukkan sakin layi daga sanannun mutane da suka riga shi, kamar Jabir bin Hayyan da Abu Bakr Al-Razi. Don haka, ya yi babban hidima ga tarihin ilmin sunadarai a cikin Islama, yayin da ya rubuta a cikin littattafansa na baya-bayan nan abin da ya ɓace kuma ya ɓace daga littattafan magabata. Ayyukansa sune mafi kyawun tushen ilimin sunadarai da masana sunadarai a cikin Islama.
Al-Jaldaki na ɗaya daga cikin masana kimiyya waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa ana iya canza ƙarfe na asali zuwa ƙarfe mai daraja, ta hanyar yin elixirs. Saboda haka, ya tattara shahararrun ayyukan Larabci a kan wannan kimiyya wanda ya bayyana a Gabas da Yammacin duniyar Islama, kuma ya yi nazari da bayyana su.[5] Ahmad Shawkat Al-Shatti ya ce game da shi a cikin littafinsa "م mutuة أبح като عن جیا العلوم الطب في الحضارة الإسلامية A Collection of Research on the History of Natural Sciences in Islamic Civilization":
"Al-Jaldaki yana daya daga cikin sanannun masana kimiyya a cikin ilmin sunadarai, ba kawai tsakanin masana kimiyya na Yamma da Musulmi ba, har ma da tsakanin masana sunadarai gabaɗaya. "
Eric John Holmyard ya ce game da shi a cikin littafinsa Makers of Chemistry:
"Al-Jaldaki an dauke shi daya daga cikin masana kimiyya waɗanda ke da babban rawar da suka taka a kimiyyar ilmin sunadarai. Al-Jaldak yana da sha'awar karanta abin da aka rubuta game da kimiyyar sunadarai, don haka ya ɗauki daga karatun sa da bincike hanyar gina hanyar kimiyya a kimiyyyar ilamin sunadarai ta Masar da Islama. Al- Jaldaki ya gudanar da gwaje-gwaje a fagen ilmin sunayyar sunadinai, kuma kodayake yawancin ayyukansa suna da bincike, yana ɗaya daga cikin masana kimiyyar zamani. "
Al-Jaldaki yana da mahimman ra'ayoyi a cikin ilmin sunadarai, gami da: cewa sinadarai ba sa hulɗa da juna sai dai a wasu nau'o'i, kuma wannan shine tushen dokar daidaitattun daidaito a cikin halayen sunadarai. Ya kuma kai ga yiwuwar raba zinariya daga azurfa ta hanyar nitric acid, wanda ke narkar da azurfa, yana barin zinariya mai tsabta. Yana da sha'awar nazarin kaddarorin mercury, saboda ya yi imanin cewa duk duwatsu sun samo asali ne daga mercury.[5] Eric John Holmyard ya ambaci a cikin littafinsa "Chemistry to the Time of Dalton":
"Al-Jaldaki ya kammala da cikakkiyar fahimta cewa abubuwa ba sa hulɗa da juna sai dai a cikin daidaitattun daidaito da nauyi".
Abdul Razzaq Nofal ya kara da cewa a cikin littafinsa "المسلمون والعلمACM da Kimiyya ta zamani":
"Karnuka biyar bayan mutuwar Al-Jaladaki, masanin kimiyya Joseph Proust ya sanar da dokar daidaitattun daidaito a cikin ƙungiyar sunadarai, kuma ma'anarsa daidai take da ka'idar Al-Jaldaki. "
Littattafai
gyara sasheYana da wani littafi mai suna natayij al-fikr fi 'ahwal al-hajar (نت面 الفكر في الكشف عن أحوال الحجر, The Results of Thought in Revealing the Conditions of Stone), wanda ya rubuta a Alkahira a cikin shekara ta 742 AH/1341 AD. Laburaren Zahiriyya a Damascus ya ƙunshi rubuce-rubuce da yawa da ba a saba gani ba waɗanda ke ƙunshe da wasu ayyukansa:
- al-Burhan fi asrar 'ilm al-mizan (کتاب البرهان فی اسرار علم المیزان, Tabbacin Asirin Kimiyya na Balance). Wannan rubutun ya ƙunshi labarai takwas da shafuka 224. A cikin wannan littafin, Al-Jaldaki ya nemi cimma wadannan batutuwa:
- Bayani game da littafin Apollonius na Tyana da ake kira "Asirin Halitta da Aikin Halitta a cikin Jiki Bakwai," wanda aka sani da "Littafin Dalilai".
- Bayani game da littafin Jabir ibn Hayyan game da jikin mutum, kuma an ambaci mafi yawan littattafan sikelin Jabir a ciki.
- Yin la'akari da wasu ra'ayoyin da suka shafi kimiyyar injiniya, kimiyyar sauti da raƙuman ruwa da ke tafiya a cikin ruwa da iska, suna dogaro da ayyukan Ibn al-Haytham, al-Tusi, da al-Shirazi.
Ya ƙunshi dokoki da yawa daga yanayi game da masana'antar sunadarai. An ba da cikakken bayani game da wannan littafin kuma an rarraba shi, yana nuna zurfin Al-Jaldaki a cikin hanyar binciken kimiyya. Littafin ya ƙunshi labarai takwas game da hikimar Allah da ɓoyayyun asirin. Labari na farko ya haɗa da gabatarwa, na biyu game da asalin abubuwa huɗu da abin da ya shafi ma'auni na kowannensu, kuma na uku akan mutane, dabbobi, tsire-tsire, da ma'adanai da siffofin su. Na huɗu yana nazarin jiki bakwai, Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, rana, Venus, Mercury, da wata da siffofin su. Na biyar yana magana ne game da gishiri. Na shida yana magana ne game da kayan ado. Na bakwai yana magana ne game da tabbaci game da ma'aunin ma'adanai da hikimar ƙera su da kuma bayyana karafa. Na takwas yana magana ne game da tasirin kimiyya na daidaituwa da aiki don isa ga shirye-shiryen elixir da fa'idodinta, sannan kuma ƙarshen.
- Nihayat al-Talb fi Sharh Kitab al-Muqtasab fi Ziraeat al-Dhahb (نهاية الطلب في__hau____hau____hau__ , Ƙarshen buƙatar a cikin bayanin littafin da aka samu a cikin noman zinariya). Akwai rubuce-rubuce uku a cikin ɗakin karatu na Zahiriyya, ɗaya daga cikinsu cikakke ne kuma biyu daga cikinsu suna dauke da rubutu. Al-Jaldaki ya ambaci a cikin gabatarwa ga littafin dalilan da suka sa ya rarraba shi. Ya ambaci cewa ya sami damar warware matsalolin kimiyya na zamanin d ̄ a, da kuma abin da aka watsa daga masu hikima masu kyau. bayan ya bi hanyar buƙata da ƙwazo, kuma ya kashe wadataccen rayuwa da kuɗi, kuma ya yi ƙaura zuwa ga sheikhs da sanannun mutane, a cikin iyakokin Iraki da kewayen Romawa, zuwa iyakokin Maroko, ƙasashen Masar, da kewayenta na Yemen, Hejaz, da Levant, na tsawon fiye da shekaru goma sha bakwai, ya yi nazarin hanyoyin Jabriya a kasuwanci, kuma ya bincika asirin yanayi da abubuwan da ba zai yiwu ba. George Sarton ya ce game da shi a cikin littafinsa "Introduction to the History of Science": "An dauke shi daya daga cikin muhimman littattafan da tunanin Masar ya samar. Saboda ainihin bayanin da ya ƙunshi, ya dogara ne akan samar da manyan malaman Islama kamar: Jabir bin Hayyan da Al-Razi".
- al-Misbah fi Ilm al-Miftah (ص/18 فی علم المفتاح, Maɓallin Kimiyya na Haske). Al-Jaldaki ya raba wannan littafin zuwa sassa huɗu, kuma kowane sashi yana da maɓalli casa'in. Wannan littafin ya haɗa da batutuwa da yawa, gami da: ƙera ilmin sunadarai da ƙarfe, magani da jikin mutum, ƙarni na dabbobi, elixirs, noman zinariya da azurfa, kimiyya na sana'ar allahntaka, kimiyya na duwatsu masu tsarki, magunguna da magunguna, dabi'un mutum, alamun zodiac, da talisman.
- Matalie Al-Badur fi Sharh Diwan al-Shadhur (مطالع البدور في__wol____wol____wol__) da Al-Badr al-Munir fi Marefat al-Elixir (البدر المنير في ordres الإكسير): ƙananan litattafai guda biyu da al-Jaldaki ya rubuta, a farkon su ya bayyana ayoyi uku daga farkon Diwan al'Shadhur ta Sheikh Burhan al-Din Ali bin Musa al-Andalusi, wanda aka fi sani da Ibn Arfa' Ras (515-593 AH/ 11196). Amma ga Al-Badr Al-Munir, Al-Jaldaki ya bayyana aya ta tara ta Diwan Al-Shadhur a ciki.
- "The Luminaries of Luminous Thoughts in Explanation of the Paper Water and the Astral Earth": Rubutun hannu ne a cikin Bayani na Littattafai biyar na Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Amil Al-Tamimi .
Mutuwa
gyara sasheTushen tarihi sun bambanta a ranar mutuwarsa. Wasu nassoshi sun bayyana cewa ya mutu a cikin 743 AH / 1342 AD, kuma masanin Gabas na Jamus "Karl Brockelmann" ya bayyana cewa ya rasu a cikin 762 AH / 1361 AD.[5]
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ Harris, Nicholas G. (13 September 2017). "In Search of ʿIzz al-Dīn Aydamir al-Ǧildakī, Mamlūk Alchemist". Arabica (in Turanci). 64 (3–4): 531–556. doi:10.1163/15700585-12341460.
- ↑ Alukah. Archived copy 17 February 2024 on Wayback Machine website
- ↑ Holmyard, Eric John (1937). "Aidamir al-Jildakī". Iraq. 4 (1): 47–53. doi:10.2307/4241604. ISSN 0021-0889. JSTOR 4241604. S2CID 163725755.
- ↑ Forster, Regula; Müller, Juliane (1 December 2019). "al-Jildakī". Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE (in Turanci).
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Al-Itihad newspaper (7 Oct 2017). "عز الدين الجلدكي.. رائد علم الكيمياء والنبات." Al-Itihad newspaper. Archived from the original on 2020-12-21. Retrieved 2024-02-17
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ Harris, Nicholas. "In Search of 'Izz al-Dīn Aydemir al-Ǧildakī, Mamlūk Alchemist". Arabica (in Turanci). "Lastly, answering the third question requires us to revisit the position of Henry Corbin who pegged al-Jildaki as an Iranian emigre to the Mamluk domains."
- ↑ Harris, Nicholas. "In Search of 'Izz al-Dīn Aydemir al-Ǧildakī, Mamlūk Alchemist". Arabica (in Turanci). "Otherwise, apart from this one putative instance, "al-Jaldaki as a name element denoting an origin from the village of Jaldak does not exist in any pre-modern source."
- ↑ Harris, Nicholas. "In Search of 'Izz al-Dīn Aydemir al-Ǧildakī, Mamlūk Alchemist". Arabica (in Turanci). "If al-Jildaki had been a native of a town outside of Mashad, born shortly after the turn of the 14th century, we would expect him to be a Persian speaker, born and raised in a village inside Ilkhanid controlled territory. Nowhere in his many works is there so much as a hint that al-Jildaki read or understood Persian (or Turkish, for that matter); his works are all in Arabic, and the works on which he commented were all in Arabic. His first name, Aydemir, is also a problem. Aydemir is an archly Turkic name."
- ↑ Harris, Nicholas. "In Search of 'Izz al-Dīn Aydemir al-Ǧildakī, Mamlūk Alchemist". Arabica (in Turanci). "Thus, the nisba al-Jildaki for a Mamluk means that he was purchased and/or manumitted by a master whose name was Jildak. Jildak is an uncommon but attested Turkic name, especially among Mamluk amirs."
- ↑ Salim T S Al-Hassani; Mohammed Abattouy. "The Advent of Scientific Chemistry". Archived from the original on 2010-11-27. Retrieved 2010-05-15.
Tushe
gyara sasheThis article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine (), which is in the public domain.
- C. Brockelmann, Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur, 1st edition, 2 vols. (Leiden: Brill, 1889-1936) Buga na biyu, 2 vols. (Leiden: Brill, 1943-49) Shafukan shafuka za su kasance ga waɗanda ke cikin fitowar farko, tare da lambobin shafi na 2 da aka bayar a cikin parentheses, vol. 2, shafi na 138-9 (173-5)
- Empty citation (help)