Wikipedia

Tsohuwar Masarautar Masar

A cikin tsohuwar tarihin Masar, Tsohuwar Mulki ita ce lokacin da ya wuce c. 2700 BC. Har ila yau, an san shi da "Age of the Pyramids" ko "Age of the Pyramid Builders", kamar yadda ya ƙunshi mulkin manyan dala-gina na daular Hudu, irin su Sarki Sneferu, wanda a ƙarƙashinsa fasahar dala - gini ya cika, da sarakuna Khufu, Khafre da Menkaure, wadanda suka ba da umarnin gina dala a Giza . Masar ta sami kololuwar wayewarta ta farko a lokacin Tsohuwar Mulki, farkon lokaci uku da ake kira "Mulki" ( daular Tsakiyar Tsakiya da Sabuwar Mulki ta biyo baya), wanda ke nuna manyan wuraren wayewa a cikin ƙananan kwarin Nilu . [1]

Tsohuwar Masarautar Masar
Wuri
Map
 29°50′41″N 31°15′03″E / 29.844667°N 31.250917°E / 29.844667; 31.250917
Bayanan tarihi
Mabiyi Early Dynastic Period of Egypt (en) Fassara
Ta biyo baya First Intermediate Period of Egypt (en) Fassara

The concept of an "Old Kingdom" as one of three "golden ages" was coined in 1845 by the German Egyptologist Baron von Bunsen, and its definition evolved significantly throughout the 19th and the 20th centuries.[2] Not only was the last king of the Early Dynastic Period related to the first two kings of the Old Kingdom, but the "capital", the royal residence, remained at Ineb-Hedj, the Egyptian name for Memphis. The basic justification for separating the two periods is the revolutionary change in architecture accompanied by the effects on Egyptian society and the economy of large-scale building projects.

Tsohon Masarautar an fi la'akari da ita a matsayin lokacin daga Daular Na Uku zuwa Daular ta shida (2686-2181 BC). Bayani daga Daular ta huɗu zuwa ta shida ta Masar ba shi da yawa, kuma masana tarihi suna la'akari da tarihin zamanin a zahiri "an rubuta shi a dutse" kuma galibi na gine-gine saboda ta hanyar abubuwan tunawa da rubuce-rubucen su ne malaman suka sami damar gina tarihi. Masana kimiyyar Masar sun hada da Daular Memphite Na takwas da ta takwas a Tsohon Masarautar a matsayin ci gaba da gwamnati, wanda aka kafa a Memphis. Duk da yake Tsohon Masarautar lokaci ne na tsaro da wadata na ciki, an bi shi da lokacin rashin hadin kai da raguwar al'adu da masana kimiyyar Masar suka kira a matsayin Lokacin Tsakanin Farko.[3] A lokacin Tsohon Masarautar, Sarkin Masar (ba a kira Fir'auna ba har sai Sabon Masarautar) ya zama Allah mai rai wanda ya yi mulki gaba ɗaya kuma zai iya buƙatar sabis da dukiyar talakawansa.[4]

A karkashin Sarki Djoser, sarki na farko na Daular Na Uku na Tsohon Masarautar, an tura babban birnin Masar zuwa Memphis, inda Djoser ya kafa kotunsa. An fara sabon zamanin gini a Saqqara a ƙarƙashin mulkinsa. Masanin gine-ginen Sarki Djoser, Imhotep, an yaba shi da ci gaban gini tare da dutse da kuma tunanin sabon Tsarin gine-gine, pyramid na mataki.[4] Tsohon Masarautar an fi saninta da yawan pyramids da aka gina a wannan lokacin a matsayin wuraren binne sarakunan Masar.

Tarihi

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Tsawon Tsohon Masarautar

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    ThePyramid na DjoseraSaqqara.
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    Haikali na Djoser aSaqqara
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    Shugaban Sarki,c. 2650-2600 KZ,Gidan Tarihi na Brooklyn. Hotunan farko na Sarakunan Masar suna kan karamin sikelin. Daga Daular ta Uku, an yi siffofi da ke nuna girman rayuwar mai mulki. Wannan kai da ke sanye da kambin Upper Egypt ya fi girma fiye da sikelin mutum.

Sarkin farko na Tsohon Masarautar shi ne Djoser (wani lokaci tsakanin 2691 da 2625 BC) na Daular Na Uku, wanda ya ba da umarnin gina dala (Pyramid na Mataki) a cikin necropolis na Memphis, Saqqara . Wani muhimmin mutum a lokacin mulkin Djoser shine mai kula da shi, Imhotep . A wannan zamanin ne tsoffin jihohin Masar masu zaman kansu suka zama sanannun nomes, a ƙarƙashin mulkin sarki. An tilasta wa tsoffin sarakuna su ɗauki matsayin gwamnoni ko kuma suyi aiki a karɓar haraji. Masarawa a wannan zamanin sun yi imanin cewa sarki shine jiki na Horus, yana haɗa duniyar ɗan adam da ta ruhaniya. Ra'ayoyin Masarawa game da yanayin lokaci a wannan lokacin sun nuna cewa sararin samaniya ya yi aiki a cikin sake zagayowar, kuma Fir'auna a duniya ya yi aiki don tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali na waɗannan sake zagayowan. Sun kuma ga kansu a matsayin mutanen da aka zaba na musamman.[5]

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    The Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara.
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    The Temple of Djoser at Saqqara
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    The head of a King, c. 2650–2600 BC, Brooklyn Museum. The earliest representations of Egyptian Kings are on a small scale. From the Third Dynasty, statues were made showing the ruler life-size. This head wearing the crown of Upper Egypt is larger than human scale.

Fitowar Tsohon Masarautar

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Babban Sphinx na Giza a gaban Babban Pyramid na Giza

Tsohon Masarautar da ikonta na sarauta sun kai matsayi mai girma a ƙarƙashin Daular ta huɗu (2613-2494 BC). Sarki Sneferu, sarki na farko na Daular ta huɗu, ya mallaki yankin daga tsohuwar Libya a yamma zuwa Yankin Sinai a gabas, zuwa Nubia a kudu. An kafa wani mazaunin Masar a Buhen a Nubia wanda ya jimre tsawon shekaru 200. Bayan Djoser, Sneferu shine babban mai gina dala na gaba. Ya ba da umurni a gina ba daya ba, amma uku pyramids. Na farko ana kiransa Meidum Pyramid, mai suna saboda wurin da yake a Misira. Sneferu ya watsar da shi bayan da murfin waje ya fadi daga dala. Gidan pyramid na Meidum shine na farko da ke da ɗakin binnewa a sama.[6]

Yin amfani da duwatsu da yawa fiye da kowane Fir'auna, ya gina pyramids guda uku: pyramid da ya rushe yanzu a Meidum, Bent Pyramid a Dahshur, da Red Pyramid, a Arewacin Dahshur. Koyaya, an sami cikakken ci gaban salon dala na gini ba a Saqqara ba, amma a lokacin gina Babban Pyramids a Giza.[7]

Ɗansa, Khufu (2589-2566 BC), ya gaje Sneferu, wanda ya gina Babban Pyramid na Giza . Bayan mutuwar Khufu, 'ya'yansa maza Djedefre (2566-2558 BC) da Khafre (2558-2532 BC) na iya yin jayayya. Wannan na ƙarshe ya gina dala ta biyu kuma (a cikin tunanin gargajiya) Babban Sphinx na Giza. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya haifar da masanin kimiyyar Masar Vassil Dobrev ya ba da shawarar cewa Djedefre ne ya gina Sphinx a matsayin abin tunawa ga mahaifinsa Khufu . A madadin haka, an ba da shawarar Sphinx ya zama aikin Khafre da Khufu da kansa.

Akwai tafiye-tafiye na soja zuwa Kan'ana da Nubia, tare da tasirin Masar ya kai ga Kogin Nilu zuwa abin da ke Sudan a yau.[8] Sarakuna na baya na Daular ta huɗu sune Menkaure (2532-2504 BC), wanda ya gina mafi ƙanƙanta daga cikin manyan pyramids guda uku a Giza; Shepseskaf (2504-2498 BC); kuma, watakila, Djedefptah (2498-2496 BC).

 
Khufu, wanda ya gina Babban Pyramid a Giza

Ra" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Daular Na Biyar (2494-2345 KZ) ta fara ne da Userkaf (2494-2487 KZ) kuma an nuna ta da mahimmancin bautar allahn rana Ra. Sakamakon haka, an ba da ƙarancin ƙoƙari ga gina gine-ginen dala fiye da lokacin Daular ta huɗu kuma sun fi gina haikalin rana a Abusir. Userkaf ya gaji dansa Sahure (2487-2475 BC), wanda ya umarci balaguro zuwa Punt. Neferirkare Kakai (2475-2455 BC) ne ya gaji Sahure, wanda shi ne ɗan Sahure. Neferirkare ya gabatar da sunan farko a cikin sarauta. Sarakuna biyu da suka rayu ba su da yawa, ɗansa Neferefre (2455-2453 BC) da Shepseskare, wanda ba a san iyayen ba.[9]  Wataƙila ɗan'uwan Neferefre Nyuserre Ini (2445-2421 KZ) ne ya kori Shepseskare, Fir'auna mai daɗewa wanda ya gina sosai a Abusir kuma ya sake fara aikin sarauta a Giza.

Fir'auna na ƙarshe na daular sune Menkauhor Kaiu (2421-2414 BC), Djedkare Isesi (2414-2375 BC), da Unas (2375-2345), mai mulkin farko da ya rubuta Rubutun Pyramid a cikin dala.

Yaduwar sha'awar Masar a cikin kayayyakin kasuwanci kamar su ebony, turare kamar su myrrh da frankincense, zinariya, jan ƙarfe, da sauran ƙarfe masu amfani sun yi wahayi zuwa ga Masarawa na dā don gina jiragen ruwa masu dacewa don kewaya teku. Sun yi ciniki tare da Lebanon don al'ul kuma sun yi tafiya a tsawon Bahar Maliya zuwa Masarautar Punt- Eritrea ta zamani - don ebony, hauren giwa, da resins masu ƙanshi.Masu gina jiragen ruwa na wannan zamanin ba su yi amfani da pegs (treenails) ko ƙarfe ba, amma sun dogara da igiya don kiyaye jiragensu. An ɗaure allunan da kuma ginin sosai kuma an ɗaure su tare.Wannan lokacin kuma ya ga cinikayya kai tsaye tsakanin Masar da maƙwabtanta na Aegean da Anatolia.

Shugabannin daular sun aika da balaguro zuwa wuraren dutse da ma'adinan zinariya na Nubia da ma'adanar Sinai.[10][11] akwai nassoshi da hotuna na yakin basasa a Nubia da Asiya.[12][13]

Raguwa cikin Zamanin Tsakiya na Farko

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Daular ta shida ta kai kololuwa a lokacin mulkin Pepi I da Merenre I tare da cinikayya mai tasowa, da yawa daga cikin tafiye-tafiye na hakar ma'adinai da kuma manyan yaƙe-yaƙe na soja.A fannin soja, fadada tashin hankali a cikin Nubia ya nuna mulkin Pepi I.[14] Akalla an tura tafiye-tafiye biyar na soja zuwa Kan'ana.

Akwai shaidar cewa Merenre ba wai kawai yana aiki a Nubia ba kamar Pepi I har ma ya aika da jami'ai don kula da mulkin Masar a kan Nubia daga iyakar arewa zuwa yankin kudu na cataract na uku.

A lokacin Daular ta shida (2345-2181 BC) ikon Fir'auna ya raunana a hankali don goyon bayan masu iko (gwamnonin yanki). Wadannan ba na dangin sarauta ba ne kuma alhakinsu ya zama gado, don haka ya haifar da daular gida da suka fi zaman kansu daga ikon Fir'auna. Koyaya, kula da ambaliyar Nilu har yanzu batun manyan ayyuka ne, gami da musamman tashar zuwa Tafkin Moeris a kusa da 2300 BC, wanda mai yiwuwa ne kuma tushen ruwa ga hadaddun dala na Giza ƙarni da yawa da suka gabata.

Rashin jituwa na ciki ya faru a lokacin mulkin Pepi II mai tsawo (2278-2184 BC) zuwa ƙarshen daular. Mutuwarsa, tabbas ta wuce ta magadan da aka nufa, na iya haifar da gwagwarmayar maye gurbin. Kasar ta shiga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe na basasa shekaru da yawa bayan ƙarshen mulkin Pepi II.

Sakamakon karshe shine fari na karni na 22 BC a yankin wanda ya haifar da raguwar hazo. Aƙalla wasu shekaru tsakanin 2200 da 2150 BC, wannan ya hana ambaliyar Nilu ta yau da kullun.[15]

Duk abin da ya sa ya faru, rushewar Tsohon Masarautar ta biyo bayan shekaru da yawa na yunwa da rikici. Wani muhimmin rubutu a kan kabarin Ankhtifi, wani nomarch a farkon farkon lokacin Tsakanin Tsakanin, ya bayyana mummunan yanayin kasar lokacin da yunwa ta mamaye ƙasar.

Fasaha

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Mafi mahimmancin Fasahar Masar ta dā shine aikinta, saboda wannan shine manufar halitta. Ba a yi zane-zane don jin daɗi a cikin mafi tsauri ma'ana ba, amma ya taka rawar gani a cikin addinin Masar da akidar. Wannan gaskiyar ta bayyana kanta a cikin salon fasaha, koda kuwa ta samo asali ne a kan sarakuna. Ka'idoji guda uku na farko na wannan salon, gaba, abun da ke ciki, da sikelin matsayi, sun kwatanta wannan sosai.Wadannan halaye, waɗanda aka fara a farkon zamanin Daular kuma sun ƙarfafa a lokacin Tsohon Masarautar, sun ci gaba da kasancewa tare da wasu daidaitawa a duk tarihin tsohuwar Masar a matsayin tushen fasaharta.

 
Ƙofar ƙarya daga Kabarin Metjetji . ca. 2353-2323 KZ, Daular 5-6, Tsohon Mulki.   Kabarin Metjetji a Saqqara . [16]

Gabatarwa, ka'idar farko, ta nuna cewa ana kallon fasaha kai tsaye daga gaba. Ɗaya ana nufin ya kusanci wani yanki kamar yadda za su kasance mutum mai rai, domin ana nufin ya zama wurin bayyanar. Ayyukan hulɗa za su haifar da allahntaka wanda aka wakilta a cikin fasaha. Saboda haka yana da mahimmanci cewa duk wanda aka wakilta ya kasance mai ganewa kamar yadda zai yiwu. Jagororin da aka haɓaka a Tsohon Masarautar da tsarin grid na baya-bayan nan da aka haɓaka cikin Masarautar Tsakiya sun tabbatar da cewa fasaha ta kasance axial, daidaitawa, kuma mafi mahimmanci ana iya sakewa sabili da haka ana iya ganewa. Abubuwan da ke tattare da su, ka'idar ta biyu, suma suna ba da gudummawa ga burin ganowa. An yi amfani da ra'ayoyi da yawa don tabbatar da cewa mai kallo zai iya ƙayyade ainihin abin da suka gani.

Kodayake fasahar Masar kusan koyaushe ta haɗa da rubutu mai bayyanawa, ƙimar karatu da rubutu ba ta da yawa, don haka fasahar ta ba da wata hanya don sadarwa iri ɗaya. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai mafi kyau na abun da ke ciki shine siffar mutum. A mafi yawan sauƙin biyu, ana ganin kai, kafafu, da ƙafafu a cikin bayanin martaba, yayin da jikin ke fuskantar gaba kai tsaye. Wani misali na yau da kullun shine ra'ayi na sama na gini ko wuri. Ka'idar ta uku, matsayi na sikelin, tana nuna muhimmancin gaske a cikin al'umma. Idan adadi ya fi girma, mutum ya fi muhimmanci. Sarkin yawanci shine mafi girma, ban da alloli. Kamancin girman ya yi daidai da kamanceceniya a matsayi. Koyaya, wannan ba yana nufin cewa ba a nuna bambance-bambance na zahiri ba. Mata, alal misali, galibi ana nuna su a matsayin karami fiye da maza. Yara suna riƙe da siffofi da daidaito amma sun fi ƙanƙanta.

Baya ga tarurruka na farko guda uku, akwai halaye da yawa waɗanda zasu iya taimakawa kwanan wata wani yanki zuwa wani lokaci. Adadin mutum yana daya daga cikin mafi banbanci, saboda sun bambanta tsakanin mulkoki. Siffofin maza na Tsohon Mulki suna da halayyar kafadu masu faɗi da kuma dogon jiki, tare da bayyane tsokoki. A gefe guda, mata sun fi ƙanƙanta a kafadu da kugu, tare da kafafu masu tsawo da gajeren jiki.Koyaya, a cikin Daular Na shida, siffofin maza sun rasa tsokoki kuma kafadu sun yi ƙunci. Idanu ma suna da girma sosai.

Don taimakawa wajen kula da daidaito na waɗannan daidaito, Masarawa sun yi amfani da jerin jagororin takwas don raba jiki. Sun faru ne a wurare masu zuwa: saman kai, gashin gashi, gindin wuyansa, hannuwan hannu, ƙarshen wuyan hannu ko ƙasan haƙarƙari, saman cinya a kasan ƙafar, gwiwa, da tsakiyar ƙananan kafa.

Daga takalman ƙafa zuwa layin gashi an kuma raba shi zuwa kashi uku, kashi ɗaya bisa uku tsakanin takalman da gwiwa, wani ɓangare na uku tsakanin gwiwa da wuyan hannu, kuma na uku na ƙarshe daga wuyan hannu zuwa layin jiki. Babbar kafadu da ta bayyana a Daular Biyar ta kasance kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na tsawon.[1] Wadannan daidaitattun ba wai kawai suna taimakawa tare da gano wakilci da haihuwar fasaha ba har ma suna da alaƙa da manufa ta Masar ta tsari, wanda ke da alaƙa cikin bangaren hasken rana na addininsu da ambaliyar Nilu.

 
Wani mutum-mutumi na Menkaure tare da Hathor da Anput daga Gidan Tarihi na Masar a Alkahira. Yana nuna wani mutum-mutumi na rukuni na graywacke tare da siffofi da daidaito na Tsohon Mulki.[17]

Kodayake ra'ayoyin da ke sama sun shafi mafi yawan, idan ba duka ba, adadi a cikin fasahar Masar, akwai ƙarin halaye waɗanda aka yi amfani da su ga wakilcin sarki. Bayyanarsu ba ainihin fassarar fuskar sarki ba ne, kodayake sarakuna suna da ɗan ganewa ta hanyar kallo kadai. Ana iya ba da ganewa ta hanyar rubuce-rubuce ko mahallin.[1] Wani babban bangare, mafi mahimmanci na hoton sarki shine game da ra'ayin ofishin sarauta, [1] wanda ya dogara da lokacin. Tsohon Masarautar an dauke ta zamanin zinariya ga Masar, babban tsawo wanda duk mulkoki na gaba suke da burin.

Saboda haka, an nuna sarki a matsayin matashi kuma mai mahimmanci, tare da siffofin da suka dace da ka'idodin kyau na lokacin. An kuma yi amfani da tsokoki da aka gani a cikin siffofin maza ga sarakuna. Wani bikin sarauta, bikin jubilee wanda aka kafa a lokacin Tsohon Masarautar, ya haɗa da sarki yana gudana a kusa da rukuni na alamomi waɗanda ke nuna iyakokin ƙasar Masar. Wannan an yi shi ne don nuna ƙarfin jiki na sarki, wanda ya ƙayyade ikonsa na ci gaba da mulkinsa.Wannan ra'ayin matasan sarki da ƙarfi sun kasance a cikin Tsohon Masarautar kuma ta haka ne aka nuna a cikin fasaha.

Hoton babban samfurin Tsohon Masarautar ne. Matsayin adadi a wannan lokacin galibi an iyakance shi ne ga zama ko tsayawa, ko dai tare da ƙafafu tare ko a cikin matsayi mai tafiya. Siffofin rukuni na sarki tare da alloli ko 'yan uwa, yawanci matarsa da' ya'yansa, suma sun zama ruwan dare.

Ba kawai batun zane-zane ba ne wanda yake da mahimmanci, har ma da kayan: Amfani da dutse mai wuya, kamar gneiss, graywacke, schist, da dutse, ya zama ruwan dare a Tsohon Masarautar.[18] Launi na dutsen yana da alamomi da yawa kuma an zaba shi da gangan. An rarrabe launuka huɗu a cikin tsohuwar harshen Masar: baki, kore, ja, da fari.[18] Black an haɗa shi da Misira saboda launi na ƙasa bayan ambaliyar Nilu, kore tare da ciyayi da sake haihuwa, ja tare da rana da sake zagayowar sake farfadowa, da fari tare da tsarki.[19]

Hoton Menkaure tare da Hathor da Anput misali ne na siffar Tsohon Mulki. Adadin guda uku suna nuna gaba da axiality, yayin da suka dace da daidaitattun wannan lokacin. Graywacke ya fito ne daga Gabashin Gabas a Misira [20] sabili da haka ana danganta shi da sake haihuwa da fitowar rana a gabas.

Gidan wasan kwaikwayo

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    Sarkikhufumutum-mutumi a gidan kayan gargajiya na Alkahira.
  •  
    Sarkikhafremutum-mutumi a gidan kayan gargajiya na Alkahira
  •  
    Siffar Greywacke naMenkaureda SarauniyaKhamerernebty na IIa Gidan Tarihi na Fine Arts na Boston .
  •  
    Rahotepda kumaNofretsiffofi a gidan kayan gargajiya na Alkahira
  •  
    Kaapera kusa da 2500 BC
  •  
    Hoton Majordomo Keki,Daular sarauta ta 6aGidan kayan gargajiya na Louvre.

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Malek, Jaromir.
  2. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  3. ↑ Carl Roebuck, The World of Ancient Times, pp. 55 & 60.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Carl Roebuck, The World of Ancient Times, p. 56.
  5. ↑ Herlin, Susan J. (2003). "Ancient African Civilizations to ca. 1500: Pharaonic Egypt to Ca. 800 BC". p. 27. Archived from the original on August 23, 2003. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
  6. ↑ "Ancient Egypt – the Archaic Period and Old Kingdom". Penfield High School (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2021-04-02. Retrieved 2017-12-04.
  7. ↑ Carl Roebuck (1984), The World of Ancient Times, p. 57.
  8. ↑ p.5, The Collins Encyclopedia of Military History (4th edition, 1993), Dupuy & Dupuy.
  9. ↑ Miroslav Verner: Archaeological Remarks on the 4th and 5th Dynasty Chronology, Archiv Orientální, Volume 69: 2001
  10. ↑ Donald B. Redford. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. ↑ (Lyla ed.). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  12. ↑ Donald B. Redford. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  13. ↑ "Siege Scenes of the Old Kingdom". Archived from the original on 2022-02-04. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
  14. ↑ (C. J. ed.). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  15. ↑ Jean-Daniel Stanley; et al. (2003). "Nile flow failure at the end of the Old Kingdom, Egypt: Strontium isotopic and petrologic evidence" (PDF). Geoarchaeology. 18 (3): 395–402. doi:10.1002/gea.10065. S2CID 53571037.
  16. ↑ "The Metropolitan Museum".
  17. ↑ "Statue of Menkaure with Hathor and Cynopolis". The Global Egyptian Museum.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Morgan, Lyvia (2011). "Enlivening the Body: Color and Stone Statues in Old Kingdom Egypt". Notes in the History of Art. 30 (3): 4–11. doi:10.1086/sou.30.3.23208555. S2CID 191369829.
  19. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :2
  20. ↑ Klemm, Dietrich (2001). "The Building Stones of Ancient Egypt: A Gift of its Geology". African Earth Sciences. 33 (3–4): 631–642. Bibcode:2001JAfES..33..631K. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.111.9099. doi:10.1016/S0899-5362(01)00085-9.
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