Tsabtace Yanayi

  Tsabtacewar tana nufin yanayin kiwon lafiyar jama'a da ke da alaƙa da ruwan sha mai tsabta da magani da zubar da datti na mutum da datti. Rigakafin hulɗar mutum da datti wani bangare ne na tsaftacewa, kamar yadda wanke hannu da sabulu yake. Tsarin tsabtace muhalli yana da niyyar kare lafiyar ɗan adam ta hanyar samar da yanayi mai tsabta wanda zai dakatar da yaduwar cuta, musamman ta hanyar hanyar magunguna. Misali, za a iya rage zazzabi, babban dalilin Rashin abinci mai gina jiki da raguwar ci gaba a cikin yara, ta hanyar isasshen tsabtace jiki. Akwai wasu cututtuka da yawa waɗanda ake iya yaduwa cikin sauƙi a cikin al'ummomin da ke da ƙananan matakan tsabta, kamar su ascariasis (wani nau'in kamuwa da ƙwayar hanji ko helminthiasis), kwalara, Hepatitis, Polio, schistosomiasis, da trachoma, don ambaci kaɗan.

Tsabtace Yanayi

Iri	aiki ƙunshiya de water management (en)

Tsarin tsabtace muhalli: tattarawa, sufuri, magani, zubar ko sake amfani.

Akwai fasahar tsabtace muhalli da hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su. Wasu misalai sune cikakkiyar tsabtace muhalli da ke karkashin jagorancin al'umma, tsabtace mujallar, tsabtace gaggawa, tsabtace mahalli, tsabtace wuri da tsabtace muvalangi. Tsarin tsabtace muhalli ya haɗa da kamawa, adanawa, sufuri, magani da zubar ko sake amfani da datti na mutum da ruwa mai guba. Ayyukan sake amfani a cikin tsarin tsaftacewa na iya mai da hankali kan abubuwan gina jiki, ruwa, makamashi ko kwayoyin halitta da ke cikin datti da ruwa mai guba. Ana kiran wannan a matsayin "sashin tsabtace tsabtace tsabta" ko "tattalin arzikin tsabtace tsabta". Mutanen da ke da alhakin tsaftacewa, kiyayewa, aiki, ko zubar da fasahar tsabta a kowane mataki na sarkar tsabta ana kiransu "ma'aikatan tsabtace tsabta".

Ana amfani da "matakan" masu yawa na tsaftacewa don kwatanta matakan sabis na tsafta a cikin ƙasashe ko a duk faɗin ƙasashe. Matakan tsaftacewa da Shirin Kulawa na hadin gwiwa ya bayyana a cikin 2016 yana farawa ne a budewa kuma yana motsawa sama ta amfani da kalmomin "marasa ingantawa", "ƙayyadadden", "na asali", tare da matakin mafi girma "mai sarrafawa lafiya". Wannan ya shafi musamman ga Kasashe masu tasowa.

Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) ya amince da Hakkin Dan Adam ga Ruwa da Tsabtace Yanayi a cikin 2010. Tsabtace-tsabtace fifiko ne na Ci gaban duniya kuma batun Ci gaba mai dorewa Manufar 6. Kimanin a cikin 2017 ta JMP ya bayyana cewa mutane biliyan 4.5 a halin yanzu ba su da tsabtace tsabta. Rashin samun damar tsabtace muhalli yana da tasiri ba kawai a kan lafiyar jama'a ba har ma da mutunci ɗan adam da amincin mutum.

Ma'anar

Bidiyo mai motsi don jaddada muhimmancin tsaftacewa (a nan tare da mai da hankali kan bayan gida) akan lafiyar jama'a a Kasashe masu tasowa

Cibiyoyin tsabtace birane da cibiyoyin tsabtacen ƙauyuka, 2015 .

Akwai wasu bambance-bambance game da amfani da kalmar "sanitation" tsakanin ƙasashe da kungiyoyi. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta bayyana kalmar "sanitation" kamar haka:

"Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces. The word 'sanitation' also refers to the maintenance of hygienic conditions, through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal."

Tsabtace-tsabtace ya haɗa da duk waɗannan tsarin fasaha da waɗanda ba na fasaha ba: Tsarin sarrafa kayan aiki, tsarin sarrafa ruwa mai guba (wanda aka haɗa a nan akwai Tsire-tsire masu tsabtace ruwa), tsarin sarrafa sharar gida mai ƙarfi da tsarin magudanar ruwa don ruwan sama, wanda ake kira ruwan sama.  Koyaya, mutane da yawa a cikin sashin WASH kawai sun haɗa da gudanar da kayan aiki a cikin ma'anar tsabtace muhalli.

Wani misali na abin da aka haɗa a cikin tsaftacewa an samo shi a cikin littafin hannu na Sphere akan "Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response" wanda ke bayyana mafi ƙarancin ƙa'idodi a cikin "maɓallin amsawa" huɗu a cikin yanayin amsawar jin kai. Ɗaya daga cikinsu shine "Samun Ruwa, Sanitation da Ingantaccen Tsabtace" (WASH) kuma ya haɗa da waɗannan yankuna: Ingantaccen tsabta, samar da ruwa, gudanar da datti, kula da kayan aiki, sarrafawa sharar gida da WASH a cikin barkewar cututtuka da saitunan kiwon lafiya.

Mutane da yawa suna ganin ingantaccen tsabta a matsayin wani bangare na tsaftacewa. Majalisar hadin gwiwar samar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli ta bayyana tsabtace mujallar a matsayin "Tarin, sufuri, magani da zubar ko sake amfani da datti na mutum, ruwan sharar gida da sharar gida, da kuma inganta tsabtace muvalangi".

Duk da gaskiyar cewa tsabtace muhalli ya haɗa da maganin ruwa mai guba, ana amfani da kalmomin biyu a gefe ɗaya a matsayin "tsarkakewa da sarrafa ruwa mai gubu".

Wani ma'anar yana cikin jagorar jagorar DFID game da samar da ruwa da shirye-shiryen tsabta daga 1998:

"For the purposes of this manual, the word 'sanitation' alone is taken to mean the safe management of human excreta. It therefore includes both the 'hardware' (e.g. latrines and sewers) and the 'software' (regulation, hygiene promotion) needed to reduce faecal-oral disease transmission. It encompasses too the re-use and ultimate disposal of human excreta. The term environmental sanitation is used to cover the wider concept of controlling all the factors in the physical environment which may have deleterious impacts on human health and well-being. In developing countries, it normally includes drainage, solid waste management, and vector control, in addition to the activities covered by the definition of sanitation."

Tsabtacewar tsabtace jiki na iya haɗawa da tsabtace jiki da tsabtace jama'a. Ayyukan tsabtace jiki na mutum na iya haɗawa da sarrafa shara haila, tsaftace bayan gida, da sarrafa shadar gida. Ayyukan tsabtace jama'a na iya haɗawa da tattara shara, canja wuri da magani (gwamnatin sharar gida), tsaftace magudanar ruwa, tituna, makarantu, jiragen kasa, wuraren jama'a, bayan gida na al'umma da bayan gida na jama'a. : 4 Ma'aikatan da ke ba da waɗannan ayyukan ga wasu mutane ana kiransu ma'aikatan tsabta.

Manufofin

Samun ruwa mai kyau da tsabtace muhalli (2016)

Dalilin tsabtace muhalli shine samar da yanayi mai kyau ga kowa, don kare albarkatun kasa (kamar ruwa, ruwa mai zurfi, ƙasa), da kuma samar da aminci, tsaro da mutunci ga mutane lokacin da suka yi fitsari ko fitsari.  

Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) ya amince da Hakkin Dan Adam ga Ruwa da Tsabtace Yanayi a cikin 2010. An amince da shi a cikin dokar kasa da kasa ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan adam, sanarwa da sauran ka'idoji. An samo shi ne daga Hakkin ɗan adam zuwa isasshen yanayin rayuwa.

Kyakkyawan tsarin tsabtace muhalli yana ba da shingen tsakanin excreta da mutane ta hanyar da za su karya sake zagayowar Yaduwar cuta (alal misali a yanayin cututtukan da ke yaduwa). Wannan bangare ana ganin shi tare da F-diagram inda duk manyan hanyoyin yaduwar cututtukan baki suka fara da harafin F: datti, yatsunsu, kwari, filayen, ruwa, abinci.

Dole ne a daidaita kayan aikin tsabtace muhalli da yawa da suka hada da tsammanin masu amfani da albarkatun gida.  

Fasahar tsabtace muhalli na iya haɗawa da tsarin injiniyan farar hula na tsakiya kamar tsarin datti, maganin datti, magani na ruwa da kuma wuraren zubar da shara. Wadannan gine-ginen an tsara su ne don magance Ruwa mai guba da sharar gida. Fasahar tsabtace muhalli na iya ɗaukar nau'ikan tsarin tsabtace mujallar wuri mai sauƙi. Wannan na iya kunshe da latrine mai sauƙi ko wani nau'in bayan gidan wanka ba shi da ruwa don ɓangaren gudanar da datti.

Samar da tsaftacewa ga mutane yana buƙatar kulawa ga dukan tsarin, ba kawai mayar da hankali kan fannoni na fasaha ba kamar bayan gida, kula da laka ko kuma masana'antar tsabtace ruwa. "Shirye-shiryen tsaftacewa" ya haɗa da kwarewar mai amfani, hanyoyin tattara datti da ruwa mai guba, sufuri da kuma kula da sharar gida, da sake amfani ko zubar da shi. Dukkanin suna buƙatar a yi la'akari da su sosai.

Tasirin Tattalin Arziki

Fa'idodi ga al'umma na sarrafa turaren mutum suna da yawa, ga lafiyar jama'a da kuma muhalli. A matsayin ƙididdigar ƙididdiga: Ga kowane US $ 1 da aka kashe akan tsaftacewa, dawowa ga al'umma shine US $ 5.50 .

Ga kasashe masu tasowa, farashin tattalin arziki na rashin isasshen tsabtace muhalli babbar damuwa ce. Misali, bisa ga binciken Bankin Duniya, asarar tattalin arziki saboda rashin isasshen tsabta ga tattalin arzikin Indiya daidai yake da 6.4% na GDP. Yawancin waɗannan saboda mutuwar da ba ta dace ba, lokacin da aka rasa a samun dama, asarar yawan aiki, ƙarin farashi don kiwon lafiya da sauransu. Rashin isasshen tsabtace muhalli yana haifar da asarar daga yiwuwar kudaden shiga na yawon bude ido. Wannan binciken ya kuma gano cewa tasirin ya fi girma ga matalauta, mata da yara. Kasancewar bayan gida a gefe guda, yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga lafiyar tattalin arziki na mata yayin da yake haifar da karuwar karatu da rubutu da shiga cikin ma'aikata.

Nau'o'i da ra'ayoyi (don gudanar da kayan aiki)

Kashi na yawan jama'a da aka yi amfani da su ta hanyar tsarin tsabtace muhalli daban-daban

Misali na kayan aikin tsabtace muhalli: Wutar wanka, wanka mai zubar da ruwa mai bushewa (UDDT) da wanka mara ruwa a Lima, Peru

Kalmar tsaftacewa tana da alaƙa da ma'anoni daban-daban ko adjectives don nuna wasu nau'ikan tsarin tsaftacewa (wanda zai iya magance kawai gudanar da datti na mutum ko kuma tare da duk tsarin tsafta, watau kuma ruwan toka, ruwan sama da kuma sarrafa sharar gida) - a cikin haruffa:

Tsabtace-tsabtace na asali

A cikin 2017, JMP ta bayyana sabon kalma: "ma'aikatar tsabtace muhalli". An bayyana wannan a matsayin amfani da ingantaccen wuraren tsabtace muhalli waɗanda ba a raba su da wasu gidaje ba. Ƙananan matakin sabis yanzu ana kiransa "ma'aikatar tsabtace muhalli" wanda ke nufin amfani da ingantaccen wuraren tsabtace mujalli waɗanda aka raba tsakanin gidaje biyu ko fiye.

Tsabtace-tushen al'umma

Tsabtacewar al'umma tana da alaƙa da maganin ruwa mai guba (DEWATS).  

Rashin tsabtace muhalli

Kalmar nan "tsarkakewa" ba a amfani da ita sosai kuma ba a bayyana ta sosai ba. Yawancin lokaci yana nufin tsarin da ke amfani da nau'in bayan gida mai bushe kuma babu magudanar ruwa don jigilar turare. Sau da yawa lokacin da mutane ke magana game da "tsarkakewa mai bushe" suna nufin tsarin tsabtace muhalli wanda ke amfani da bayan gida mai bushewa (UDDTs).

Tsabtace muhalli

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Tsabtace muhalli

Tsabtace muhalli ya ƙunshi kula da abubuwan muhalli waɗanda ke da alaƙa da Yaduwar cuta. Abubuwan da ke cikin wannan rukuni sune sarrafa sharar gida, maganin ruwa da Ruwa mai guba, maganin sharar gida na masana'antu da kula da gurɓataccen amo. A cewar kungiyar kiwon lafiya ta duniya (WHO) an bayyana tsabtace muhalli a matsayin kula da duk waɗannan abubuwan a cikin yanayin jiki wanda ke da mummunar tasiri ga ci gaban jiki na mutum, lafiya da rayuwa. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan tsabtace muhalli shine kare lafiyar jama'a.  

Rashin tsabta

Rashin tsabta yana nufin rashin tsabta. A cikin sharuddan da za a iya amfani da shi yawanci yana nufin rashin bayan gida ko rashin bayan gida mai tsabta wanda kowa zai so ya yi amfani da son rai. Sakamakon rashin tsabtace muhalli yawanci budewa ne (da bude fitsari amma wannan ba shi da damuwa) tare da matsalolin kiwon lafiyar jama'a masu tsanani. An kiyasta cewa mutane biliyan 2.4 har yanzu ba su da ingantaccen tsabtace muhalli ciki har da mutane miliyan 660 waɗanda ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai kyau tun daga shekarar 2015.

Tsabtace wuri ko tsarin tsabtace gida

An bayyana tsabtace wuri (ko tsabtace wuri) a matsayin "tsarin tsabtace wuri wanda ake tattara datti da ruwa mai guba kuma ana adana su ko kuma a kula da su a kan mãkirci inda aka samar da su".: Wani lokaci da ake amfani da shi don wannan tsarin shine tsarin tsabtace muhalli (NSSS), wanda ya zama ruwan dare a kasashe da yawa. NSSS tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin kulawar lafiya na laka, wanda ke da kusan rabin duk tanadin tsabtace muhalli. Matsayin magani na iya zama mai canzawa, daga babu zuwa ci gaba. Misalan su ne latrines na rami (babu magani) da tankuna na septic (mahimmanci na ruwa mai guba). Tsarin tsabtace wuri sau da yawa ana haɗa shi da tsarin kula da laka (FSM) inda ake kula da laka da aka samar a wurin a wani wuri. Ana samar da Ruwa mai guba ne kawai lokacin da ake samun ruwa mai gubu a cikin gine-gine ko kusa da su.  

Wani lokaci mai alaƙa shine Tsarin ruwa mai guba wanda ke nufin musamman ga ɓangaren ruwa mai gube na tsabtace wuri. Hakazalika, wurin da ake amfani da datti na iya kula da ruwan da aka samar a cikin gida.  

An kiyasta hayakin methane na duniya daga NSSS a cikin 2020 zuwa 377 Mt CO2e a kowace shekara ko 4.7% na hayakin metane na duniya, wanda ya dace da hayakin iskar gas daga shuke-shuke na ruwa. Wannan yana nufin cewa hayakin GHG daga NSSS a matsayin tushen da ba a manta da shi ba.

Gudanar da tsabtace muhalli

Kashi na yawan jama'a ta amfani da wuraren tsabtace muhalli a cikin 2015

Adadin wuraren wanke hannu a duniya, 2017

Gudanar da tsabtace muhalli shine mafi girman matakin tsabtace gida wanda aka tsara ta hanyar Manufar Ci Gaban Ci gaba na 6 . An auna shi a ƙarƙashin Manufar Ci Gaban Ci gaba mai dorewa 6.2, Mai nunawa 6.2.1, a matsayin "Rashin yawan jama'a ta amfani da (a) sabis na tsabtace tsabta da (b) wurin wanke hannu tare da sabulu da ruwa". Darajar yanzu a cikin ƙididdigar ƙididdigat na 2017 ta JMP ita ce mutane biliyan 4.5 a halin yanzu ba su da tsabtace tsabta.

An bayyana tsabtace tsabtace tsabta a matsayin ingantaccen tsabtace tsabta wanda ba a raba shi da wasu gidaje ba, kuma inda ake kula da datti da aka samar kuma a zubar da shi a wurin, an adana shi na ɗan lokaci sannan a kwashe shi kuma a kai shi magani a waje, ko kuma a kai su ta hanyar datti tare da ruwa mai guba sannan a kula da shi a waje. A wasu kalmomi, tsabtace tsabtace tsabta shine sabis na tsabtace tsabta inda a kara da haka ana zubar da datti cikin aminci a wurin ko a kai shi kuma a kula da shi a waje.

Haɗin waje

• Media related to Sanitation at Wikimedia Commons
• Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki mai dorewa
• Tsabtace-tsabtace da Ruwa Mai Ruwa na Afirka