Wikipedia

Talauci a Najeriya

Najeriya tana daya daga cikin mafi girman ci gaban tattalin arziki a duniya, matsakaicin 7.4% bisa ga rahoton tattalin arzikin Najeriya wanda Bankin Duniya ya saki a watan Yulin 2019.[1] Bayan faduwar farashin mai a shekarar 2014-2016, haɗe da girgizar samar da kayayyaki marasa kyau, yawan ci gaban cikin gida (GDP) ya sauka zuwa 2.7% a cikin 2015.[2] A cikin 2016 a lokacin koma bayan tattalin arziki na farko a cikin shekaru 25, tattalin arzikin ya ragu da 1.6%.[3] A cikin ƙasa, kashi 43 cikin dari na 'yan Najeriya (mutane miliyan 89) suna zaune a ƙasa da layin talauci, yayin da wasu kashi 25 cikin 100 (miliyan 53) suna da rauni.[4] Ga kasar da ke da wadata mai yawa da yawan jama'a don tallafawa kasuwanci, tattalin arziki mai ci gaba,[5] da albarkatun kasa da yawa kamar mai, matakin talauci ya kasance ba a yarda da shi ba.[6][7] Koyaya, ana iya ƙididdige talauci saboda rashin bayanai game da babbar ɓangaren tattalin arziki, wanda aka kiyasta kusan kashi 60% fiye, na ƙimar GDP ta yanzu. Ya zuwa 2018, yawan karuwar jama'a ya fi girma fiye da yawan ci gaban tattalin arziki, wanda ke haifar da raguwar talauci.[8] Dangane da rahoton 2018 na Bankin Duniya, kusan rabin yawan jama'a suna rayuwa a ƙasa da layin talauci na duniya ($ 2 a kowace rana), kuma rashin aikin yi ya kai 23.1%.[9]

Talauci a Najeriya
aspect in a geographic region (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Bangare na poverty in Africa (en) Fassara
Facet of (en) Fassara Talauci
Ƙasa Najeriya
inda ake da yunwa a Nigeria
Yanda yake keyi in ba abin

Najeriya tana daya daga cikin mafi girman ci gaban tattalin arziki a duniya, matsakaicin 7.4% bisa ga rahoton tattalin arzikin Najeriya wanda Bankin Duniya ya saki a watan Yulin 2019. Bayan faduwar farashin mai a shekarar 2014-2016, haɗe da girgizar samarwa mara kyau, yawan ci gaban GDP ya sauka zuwa 2.7% a cikin 2015. A cikin 2016 a lokacin koma bayan tattalin arziki na farko a cikin shekaru 25, tattalin arzikin ya ragu da 1.6%. Mutane da yawa suna fuskantar iyakancewar damar kudi, matsanancin talauci da rashin aikin yi, rashin samun damar albarkatun fasahar bayanai, da sauran yanayin muhalli na musamman kamar talaucin.

Koyaya, waɗannan shirye-shiryen sun kasa shawo kan dalilai uku na wannan talauci mai ɗorewa: rashin daidaito na samun kudin shiga, rikice-rikicen kabilanci, da rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa tare da cin hanci da rashawa. Tasirin COVID-19 ya kasance bala'i ga tattalin arziki tare da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki a kan hauhawa, kasuwanni sun rushe ta hanyar karuwar farashin abubuwa da ikon siye.

Rashin daidaito na samun kudin shiga

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Kamar yadda a shekara ta 2010, Gini coefficient na Najeriya an kiyasta matsakaici, a 0.43.[10] Koyaya, akwai mafi yawan matalauta a yankunan karkara fiye da matalauci a birane. Wannan yana da alaƙa da bambancin damar ababen more rayuwa da abubuwan more amfani. Wannan ya samo asali ne daga abubuwan da ke cikin tattalin arzikin Najeriya, musamman bangarorin makamashi (mai) da aikin gona.[11] Fitar da man fetur yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga kudaden shiga na gwamnati;[12] yana taimakawa 9% ga GDP, kuma yana daukar ma'aikata kaɗan ne kawai na yawan jama'a.[13][14] Aikin noma, duk da haka, yana ba da gudummawa ga kusan 17% na GDP, kuma yana daukar ma'aikata kusan 30% na yawan jama'a.[13][15]

Wannan rashin daidaituwa ya kara da gaskiyar cewa kudaden shiga na mai ba su da kyau a tsakanin jama'a, tare da kashe kudade mafi girma a cikin birane fiye da yankunan karkara. Babban rashin aikin yi yana sa samun kudin shiga na mutum ya fi bambanci. Bugu da ƙari, tsarin hakar mai ya haifar da gurɓataccen gurbatawa, wanda ya kara cutar da bangaren noma. Bugu da ƙari, ci gaban noma ya ragu saboda rikice-rikicen manoma da makiyaya, tawaye a arewa maso gabas, da ambaliyar ruwa. Yawancin ayyukan da suka fi dacewa a Najeriya suna cikin bangarorin da ke da babban birnin, amma suna da ƙarancin gaske kuma suna iyakance. Wuraren da ke gwagwarmaya da ayyukan tattalin arziki ne kawai kuma suna da babban birnin, suna mallakar kamfanonin lauyoyi, ƙananan kasuwancin gida, da ikon mulki.[16]

Rikicin kabilanci na dogon lokaci da tashin hankali na farar hula

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Najeriya ta fuskanci rikice-rikicen kabilanci da yawa a tarihi.[17][18] Tare da dawowar mulkin farar hula a cikin 1999, mayakan addinai da kabilun sun zama mafi yawan tashin hankali. Duk da yake wannan tashin hankali ya samo asali ne daga talauci da gasa ta tattalin arziki, lalacewar tattalin arzikinta da ta mutum ta kara karuwar matsalolin talaucin (kamar kara yawan mace-mace). Misali, tashin hankali na kabilanci da rashin jin daɗi ga al'ummomin yankin tare da kamfanonin mai ya ba da gudummawa ga rikici game da cinikin mai a cikin Delta na Nijar, wanda ke barazana ga yawan cinikayya na mai.[19] Har ila yau, tashin hankali na jama'a na iya ba da gudummawa ga karɓar matakan manufofin jamaʼa waɗanda ke aiki a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, amma suna hana ƙoƙarin rage talauci.[20]

• Talauci ta Yankin

 
Jimlar kashe abinci da wadanda ba abinci ba suna haifar da talauci na kashi 60.2 ko 'yan Najeriya 89,096,000 da ke rayuwa cikin talaucin. Ana amfani da wannan ma'auni don kwatanta yawan talauci a duk faɗin ƙasashe. Layin talauci shine N54,401.16.

Mutanen da ke zaune a yankin Arewa da yankunan karkara na Najeriya an tabbatar da su ne mafi talauci bisa ga bincike. Talauci kuma yana ƙaruwa a yankunan Arewa da Arewa maso Yammacin ƙasar yayin da suke da kashi 87% na matalauta a Najeriya tun daga shekarar 2016. Gwamnan jihar Borno Kashim Shettima ya bayyana a lokacin daya daga cikin taron manema labarai cewa "A Najeriya, proverty yana sanye da murfin arewa, idan kuna neman matalauci, samun wani yana sa murfi na arewa".

• Talauci ta Jiha

 
Cikakken talauci ta jihar a Najeriya

Yawancin jihohin Kudancin suna da mafi ƙarancin kashi yayin da jihar Sokoto ke da babban matsayi tun daga shekarar 2019.

Rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da cin hanci da rashawa

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Yawan jama'ar Najeriya da rashin kwanciyar hankali na kabilanci na tarihi sun haifar da karɓar gwamnatin tarayya. Sakamakon rarraba kasafin kudi yana ba wa jihohin Najeriya da kananan hukumomi ikon cin gashin kansu, gami da kula da kashi 50% na kudaden shiga na gwamnati, da kuma alhakin samar da ayyukan jama'a.[21]

Rashin tsari mai tsauri da tsarin saka idanu ya ba da damar cin hanci da rashawa. Wannan ya hana kokarin rage talauci na baya zuwa wani bangare mai yawa, tunda albarkatun da za su iya biyan kayan jama'a ko kuma su yi amfani da su don saka hannun jari (saboda haka samar da aiki da sauran dama ga 'yan ƙasa) ana amfani dasu.

Cin hanci da rashawa na Najeriya suna da alaƙa da juna kuma suna ƙarfafa juna. Lokacin kallon ci gaban ɗan adam, Najeriya tana ƙasa da sikelin kuma mafi girman cin hanci da rashawa. Kasancewarta tana cikin dukkan matakai a cikin karamar hukuma, Jiha har ma a sassan kasa.[22] A sakamakon matsanancin cin hanci da rashawa, har ma da shirye-shiryen rage talauci ba su da kuɗi kuma sun kasa ba da maganin da ake buƙata ga wannan ƙasar. Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan ci gaba da cin hanci da rashawa shine ƙarfafawa da yake samu daga gwamnati. Masu sukar sun zargi gwamnatin da Buhari ke jagoranta don karfafa cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya ta hanyar rashin hulɗa da masu laifi da rashin nuna adalci da budewa a yaki da cin Hanci a Nigeria. Gwamnati ta nuna haƙuri ga cin hanci da rashawa ga jami'an da ke fuskantar tuhuma har zuwa lokacin da aka gafarta musu kuma aka yarda da su cikin al'umma. Shin akwai mafita don kawar da cin hanci da rashawa? Amsar ta kasance a hannun gwamnatin tarayya ta Najeriya. Dole ne su shiga cikin ƙarin kuma su dasa shirye-shiryen ragewa masu ƙarfi kuma tabbatar da cewa duk jami'ai da sassan suna bin sa.[23] Ta hanyar kawar da cin hanci da rashawa, Najeriya na iya fitowa daga talauci. Kula da cin hanci da rashawa shine kula da talauci.[24]

Juyin Juya Halin Tattalin Arziki

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Gudanar da kudaden shiga na mai ya shafi tattalin arziki da matakin talauci a Najeriya da yawa, wanda ya kai har zuwa 1985. A sakamakon kasuwancin mai mai masu fa'ida, an kashe yawancin kudaden shiga na mai suna tsammanin farashin mai zai ci gaba da ƙaruwa. Wannan tsananin kashe kudi ya haifar da hauhawar kudin shiga na kowane mutum daga N1,200 a 1972 zuwa kusan N2,900 a 1980, bisa ga farashin 1987 (A cikin $ US a lokacin daga $ 280 zuwa $ 1,100). Don haka lokacin da kudaden shiga na mai suka ragu ainihin kudade ya ragu sosai kuma tattalin arzikin Najeriya ya sami babban rauni. A lokacin wannan canjin zuwa mayar da hankali kan bunkasa mai, bangaren noma, inda yawancin mutane ke rayuwa, ya ragu sosai. A duk wannan lokacin bunkasa man fetur, naira (kudin Najeriya) ya karu, kuma fitar da kayan gona ya ragu da kusan rabin darajar da rabin ƙarar. Albashi da ba na noma ba ya ragu sosai yayin da ma'aikatan ma-aikata suka karu a ayyukan da suka shafi aikin gona saboda ƙaura zuwa yankunan birane. Yayin da waɗannan albashin suka ragu, noma ya kasance na ɗan lokaci amma a ƙarshe ya ƙare ya ragu. A sakamakon haka, rata da aka haifar ta hanyar bunkasa man fetur na ribar noma da ba na noma ba a ƙarshe ya daidaita. Tattalin arzikin ya fara raguwa a cikin shekarun 1980 saboda raguwar farashin mai a 1982 kuma aikin gona ya ci gaba da lalacewa. A sakamakon haka, albashin ya ci gaba da raguwa kuma rashin aikin yi ya kara girma a tsakiyar shekarun 1980.[16] A cikin 'yan kwanakin nan, an yi bincike game da kashe kudaden shiga da aka samu daga tallace-tallace na mai. Da an yi amfani da wannan asarar don samar da aiki ga 'yan Najeriya idan ana saka hannun jari a cikin bangaren gwamnati don ci gaba da ci gaban kasar.

Bayyana talauci

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Matakan tattalin arziki

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Talauci shine rashin, ko rashin iya cimma matsaya ga yanayin rayuwa mai karɓa a cikin al'umma. A hukumance, babu layin talauci da aka sanya wa Najeriya amma saboda nazarin talaucin, ana amfani da matsakaicin kowane mutum. Don haka, akwai layin talauci guda biyu da ake amfani da su don rarraba inda mutane ke tsaye a kudi. Layin talauci na sama shine N395.41 ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara, wanda shine kashi biyu bisa uku na matsakaicin darajar amfani. Ƙananan layin talauci shine N197.71 ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara, wanda shine kashi ɗaya bisa uku na matsakaicin darajar amfani. Idan ka fada ƙarƙashin layin talauci mafi ƙaranci ana ɗaukar ka matalauta sosai, yayin da idan ka faɗi ƙarƙashin mafi girman laayin talauta ana daukar ka a matsayin matsakaiciyar talau.Ta haka ne aka bayyana, layin talauci bai kai mafi karancin albashi na ma'aikatan ma-aikatar a shekarar 1985.[16]

Rashin tsaro ga talauci

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Mutanen da a halin yanzu ba su cikin talauci ba kuma wadanda a yanzu suna cikin Talauci dukansu ana daukar su 'masu saukin talaucin ba. Rashin lafiyar iyali an ƙayyade shi ta hanyar damar ko haɗarin cewa iyali zai fada ƙarƙashin layin talauci ko kuma idan ya riga ya zama matalauta, ya kasance cikin talaucin gadi. Idan iyali yana da kashi 50% ko fiye da yiwuwar fada cikin talauci ko kasancewa cikin Talauci, ana ɗaukar su cikin haɗari ga talaucin. Ƙungiyoyin uku na rashin tsaro ga talauci sune matalauta na dindindin saboda abubuwan da ba su dace ba na wucin gadi da ke faruwa, waɗanda suka zama matalauci saboda abin da za a iya hangowa, da waɗanda ya zama talauce saboda lalacewar tattalin arzikin da ya shafi ribar iyali. Manyan kalmomi guda uku da aka karɓa don rarraba talauci sune Vulnerability kamar yadda ake tsammani talaucin (VEP), Vul vulnerability a matsayin Low Expected Utility (VEU), da Vulnability as Uninsured Exposure to Risk (VER). A Najeriya, wadanda suka fi fuskantar talauci da rashin tsaro a kudi sune gwauraye (musamman wadanda ba su da yara masu girma), marayu, masu fama da ƙalubale, da baƙi. Daidaitawar talauci a yankunan karkara na Najeriya ya fi girma tare da waɗanda ke da halaye na gida kamar yawan mutanen da ke zaune a cikin gida, matakin ilimi, da samarwa. Wani abu mai mahimmanci na rashin tsaro shine talauci, wanda wani lokacin ana daukar shi tushen dukkan talaucin. Rashin lafiyar abinci ya bambanta a fadin birane / karkara da yankunan siyasa a duk faɗin Najeriya. Gabaɗaya, kashi 61.68% na 'yan Najeriya suna cikin haɗari ga talauci na abinci, don haka ya kamata a ɗauki matakai don haɓaka samar da abinci da rarraba abinci.

Talauci na yara

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Ɗaya daga cikin mummunar tasirin matsalolin talauci na Najeriya shine sakamakon talaucin yara. Binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2001 daga Harmonized Nigeria Living Standard Survey (HNLSS) da kuma 2011 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, MICS ya nuna cewa kashi 23.22% na yara a halin yanzu suna cikin matsanancin talauci kuma kashi 70.31% nke yara cikin kasar suna fama da talaucin yara gaba ɗaya. Ilimi, kiwon lafiya, abinci mai gina jiki, ruwa, da tsabta an rarraba su a matsayin karancin yara a Najeriya. Hakazalika da manyan talakawa a Najeriya, yawancin talauci na yara yana faruwa ne a yankunan karkara maimakon birane. An dauki mataki a kan wannan matsala lokacin da mulki ya sauya zuwa dimokuradiyya don yaki da talauci na yara da hanawa daga Dokar 'Yancin Yara a shekara ta 2003, wanda aka yi niyya don tabbatar da jin daɗi da yanayin rayuwa na asali ga yara a Najeriya. Koyaya, gaskiyar cewa yara da yawa har yanzu suna cikin talauci kuma suna shan wahala, Dokar 'Yancin Yara ba ta yi nasara kamar yadda take.[25]

Shirye-shiryen gwamnati

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An yi ƙoƙari don rage talauci, musamman tare da shirye-shirye masu zuwa:[26][27]

  • 1972: Shirin samar da abinci na kasa da kuma Bankin Aikin Gona da hadin gwiwa na Najeriya. "Wannan shirin fadada aikin gona ne na Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Tarayya a lokacin mulkin Janar Yakubu Gowon. Shirin ya mayar da hankali kan kawo karuwar samar da masara, cassava, shinkafa da alkama a jihohin Arewa ta hanyar samarwa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci.
  • 1976: Operation Feed the Nation: "Wannan shirin ya samo asali ne a karkashin mulkin soja na Janar Olusegun Obasanjo. An ƙaddamar da shirin ne don kawo karuwar samar da abinci a duk ƙasar ta hanyar shiga da shiga cikin kowa a kowane horo don haka ya sa kowane mutum ya iya ciyar da shi ko kanta gaba ɗaya. " Shirin kuma yana neman koya wa manoma na karkara yadda za a yi amfani da kayan aikin gona na zamani.
  • 1976: Hukumar Raya Kogin Kogi: An gabatar da Dokar Raya Kudancin Kogis a 1976 don kafa Hukumomin Raya Ruwa guda goma sha ɗaya. Manufar farko ta hukumomi ita ce haɓaka damar tattalin arziki na ruwa da ke akwai musamman ban ruwa tare da samar da wutar lantarki da kuma samarwar ruwa a cikin gida a matsayin manufofi na biyu. Manufar shirin daga baya an faɗaɗa shi zuwa wasu yankuna da suka fi muhimmanci ga samarwa da ci gaban kayan aikin karkara.
  • 1980: Shirin Green Revolution: "Green Revolution wani shirin ne wanda Shehu Shagari ya kaddamar a watan Afrilun 1980. Shirin ya yi niyyar kara samar da abinci da albarkatun kasa don tabbatar da tsaro na abinci le wadatar kai a cikin kayan abinci na asali. Abu na biyu, yana da burin bunkasa samar da dabbobi da kifi don biyan bukatun gida da fitarwa da kuma fadada da rarraba kudaden musayar kasashen waje ta hanyar samarwa le sarrafa amfanin gona na fitar da kayayyaki. "
  • 1986: Daraktan Abinci, Hanyoyi da Infrastructure na Karkara (DFRRI): An kafa shi a watan Fabrairun 1986 don kawo cikakken abinci, hanyoyi da ci gaban kayan aikin karkara a Najeriya.
  • 1990: National Fadama Development Project (NFDP): An tsara aikin ci gaban Fadam na farko na kasa (PF-1) don inganta fasahar ban ruwa mai sauƙi a ƙarƙashin kuɗin Bankin Duniya. "An fara aikin ne a cikin 1990 kuma yanzu yana cikin mataki na uku". "Aikin dala miliyan 450 ne kuma ana aiwatar da shi a jihohi 36 da Babban Birnin Tarayyar Najeriya". "Mataki na I da Mataki ya II na aikin sun taimaka wajen kara yawan kudaden shiga na manoma na karkara da kashi 63 cikin dari". Fadama shine sunan Hausa don ban ruwa, filayen da ke ƙasa wanda ke ƙarƙashin ruwa mai zurfi wanda aka samo a kan manyan tsarin kogi. "Tunanin Fadama tsohuwar al'ada ce a cikin Hausa, inda ake amfani da ƙasar da ke cike da ambaliyar ruwa don shuka amfanin gona iri-iri da ƙananan ban ruwa".Babban burin shi ne kara yawan kudaden shiga na masu amfani da Fadama ta hanyar fadada ayyukan gona da wadanda ba na gona ba tare da fitarwa mai mahimmanci. "
  • 1993: Hukumar Kula da Raya Yankin Noma ta Najeriya (NALDA): Hukumar tana da niyyar ba da tallafin jama'a na dabarun don ci gaban ƙasa, taimakawa da inganta inganta amfani da ƙasar karkara ta Nigeria da albarkatunsu, haɓaka damar samun aiki mai fa'ida ga mazaunan karamar hukumar, inganta matakin / daidaitattun rayuwar mutanen karbar karɓar baƙi, yin niyya da taimakawa wajen cimma tsaron abinci ta hanyar dogaro da isasshen kai.
  • 1993: Shirin Taimako na Iyali da Shiri na Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki na Iyalin: "Yana samar da tanadi don kafa shirin karfafawa ga masu samarwa da kayayyaki da ayyuka da 'yan kasuwa a cikin masana'antun gidaje. Har ila yau, ya gabatar da ka'idojin cancanta don wuraren rance, kuma ya samar da jadawalin dawo da ranta a karkashin shirin. "
  • 2001: Shirin kawar da talauci na kasa (NAPEP): don maye gurbin Shiri na kawar le talau (PAP) da ya gaza a baya: Obasanjo ya gabatar da Shuri na Rage Talauci (PAP) a cikin 2000 amma daga baya, an dakatar da PAP kuma an maye gurbinta da shirin kawar lolaka na talauta na ƙasa ( NAPEC) A cikin 2001. NAPEP tana da hanyoyi daban-daban don kawar da talauci ciki har da Shirin Samun Kwarewa (CAP) wanda ke mai da hankali kan samun ƙwarewar da horo don dogaro da kai, Shiri na Ƙarfafa Matasa (YES) wacce ke damuwa da samar da damar matasa marasa aikin yi a cikin samun basira, samarwa da samun aiki, Shirye-shiryen Kasuwanci wanda ya damu da bayar da ƙididdiga da horar da cinikayya da kasuwanci, Ci gaban Kasashen Karkara wanda yake buƙatar samar waƙoƙi da Ayyukan Jama'a da Tsaro.
  • 2002: Shirin Kasa, na Musamman kan Tsaron Abinci (NSPFS): An ƙaddamar da wannan Shiri a duk jihohi 36 na tarayyar a lokacin mulkin Olusegun Obasanjo. Babban manufar shirin shine kara samar da abinci da kuma kawar da talauci a yankunan karkara
  • 2003: Shirin fadada Root And Tuber (RTEP): An ƙaddamar da RTE P a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Olusegun Obasanjo. Ya ƙunshi jihohi 26 kuma an tsara shi don magance matsalar samar da abinci da talauci na ƙauyuka. Shirin ya yi niyyar inganta noman tushen da amfanin gona ta manoma don tabbatar da dorewar abinci.
  • 2011: Agenda na Canjin Aikin Gona (ATA): An ƙaddamar da shi da manufar canza ra'ayi game da noma a matsayin batun ci gaba maimakon kasuwanci mai tsabta. Manufar ajanda ita ce ta jawo hankalin masu saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu a aikin gona, kara darajar kayayyakin da aka samar a cikin gida, inganta ra'ayi game da aikin noma da kuma samar da ayyuka ga matasa da mata a Najeriya.[28][29]

Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su

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  1. ↑ "Nigeria Economic Report: Improved Economic Outlook in 2019, and Prospects for Continued Growth Look Good". World Bank (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  2. ↑ "The World Bank in Nigeria".
  3. ↑ "Overview". World Bank (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-01-08.
  4. ↑ "Nigeria - Country Brief". Web.worldbank.org. 2011-09-23. Archived from the original on 2011-12-29. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
  5. ↑ "Nigeria". DFID. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
  6. ↑ Aigbokhan, Ben. "Poverty, growth and inequality in Nigeria". African Economic Research Consortium.
  7. ↑ Yusuf, Aremu (February 2014). "The Informal Sector and Employment Generation in Nigeria" (PDF).
  8. ↑ Sparks, Donald. "The Informal Sector In Sub - Saharan Africa : Out Of The Shadows To Foster Sustainable Employment And Equity ?" (PDF). International Business & Economics Research Journal. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-04-14. Retrieved 2023-06-06.
  9. ↑ "Nigeria's Economy". Macro Poverty Outlook for Sub-Saharan Africa. World Bank – via Public Documents.
  10. ↑ "Gini Index". World Bank. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  11. ↑ Aigbokhan, Ben E. (2000). "Poverty, Growth and Inequality in Nigeria: A Case Study" (PDF). unpan1.un.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-19. Retrieved 2023-06-06.
  12. ↑ ONI (Ph.D.), SOJI (2013). CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS IN AFRICAN EDUCATION SYSTEMS (in Turanci). Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4907-1575-9.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Nigerian Gross Domestic Product Report Q2 2015". National Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 15 September 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  14. ↑ "Nigeria 2009". comtrade.un.org.
  15. ↑ "Labour Force Statistics, 2010". Nigerian Bureau of Statistics. 2010. Archived from the original on 24 April 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Empty citation (help)
  17. ↑ "Violence in Nigeria's Oil Rich Rivers State in 2004: Summary". Hrw.org. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
  18. ↑ Esio, Okwong Udoh (2009). Poverty, youth and social development issues. New reality publishing.
  19. ↑ "Tackling poverty in multiple dimensions: A proving ground in Nigeria?". blogs.worldbank.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-06-03.
  20. ↑ Adinde, Stephannie (2018-07-17). "Free to read | Welcome to the poverty capital of Nigeria". www.stearsng.com. Retrieved 2021-06-03.
  21. ↑ Duffield, Caroline (2010-09-28). "The illegal but lucrative trade in educational materials, for instance, cripples the work of teachers". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
  22. ↑ Papachristou, Lucy. "Nigeria: US$3.6 Billion in Public Funds Stolen, Says Anti-Graft Body". www.occrp.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  23. ↑ "Nigeria: The Buhari administration's failed anti-corruption crusade". The Africa Report.com (in Turanci). 2021-03-09. Retrieved 2021-06-03.
  24. ↑ "Transparency International calls on the Nigerian government to step…". Transparency.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  25. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  26. ↑ Dr Jideofor Adibe. "Poverty Alleviation in Nigeria: Which Way Nigeria? :: Holler Africa - Make Yourself Heard!". Holler Africa. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
  27. ↑ "HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN NIGERIA - Agriculture Nigeria" (in Turanci). 2013-09-23. Archived from the original on 2021-06-03. Retrieved 2021-06-03.
  28. ↑ "Agricultural Transformation Agenda Support Programme. (ATASPS I)". Niger State Ministry of Agriculture (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2021-06-03. Retrieved 2021-06-03.
  29. ↑ "Nigeria - Agricultural Transformation Agenda Support Program – Phase 1 (ATASP-1) - Executive SESA Summary". African Development Bank - Building today, a better Africa tomorrow (in Turanci). 2019-05-28. Retrieved 2021-06-03.
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