Sinadarin shara
Sinadarai sharar gida ce da ake yin ta daga sinadarai masu cutarwa (mafi yawa daga manyan masana'antu ne ke samarwa).[1] Sharar sinadarai na iya lalata muhalli[2] da haifar da matsalolin lafiya kuma hakan na iya faɗuwa ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodi kamar COSHH a Burtaniya ko Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa da Dokar Kare Albarkatu da Farfaɗo a ƙasar Amurka. A cikin Amurka, Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA), da Hukumar Tsaro da Lafiya ta Ma'aikata (OSHA), da kuma ka'idojin jihohi da na gida kuma suna tsara amfani da sinadarai da zubar da su.[3] Zubar da sharar rediyoaktif shine fifiko na musamman ga hukumomin gudanarwa saboda haɗarin muhalli da lafiya na radiation da ƙalubalen zubar da lafiya.
 Sinadarin shara | |
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| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | shara |
Sharar sinadarai na iya ko a'a a sanya shi azaman sharar haɗari . Sharar sinadari mai haɗari wani abu ne mai ƙarfi, ruwa ko gas wanda ke nuna ko dai “Halayen Haɗari” ko kuma musamman “an jera” da suna a matsayin sharar haɗari. Akwai halaye guda huɗu da za a iya ɗaukar sharar sinadarai a matsayin masu haɗari. Waɗannan su ne ignitability, lalata, reactivity, sannan da kuma guba. Irin wannan sharar mai haɗari dole ne a rarraba ta dangane da ainihin sa, abubuwan da ke tattare da shi, da kuma haɗarinsa ta yadda za a iya sarrafa shi da sarrafa shi cikin aminci. OSharar sinadarai babban lokaci ne kuma ya ƙunshi nau'ikan kayan aiki da yawa. Tuntuɓi Takardun Bayanan Tsaro na Abu (MSDS), Takaddun Bayanan Samfur ko Lakabin don jerin abubuwan da aka zaɓa. Ya kamata waɗannan kafofin su bayyana ko wannan sharar sinadarai sharar gida ce da ke buƙatar zubarwa ta musamman.
Jagora don zubar da sharar sinadarai na dakin gwaje-gwaje
gyara sashe A cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, na sharar sinadarai galibi ana kebewa a kan wurin zuwa cikin motocin da suka dace, kuma ƙwararrun ɗan kwangila suna zubar da su don biyan aminci, lafiya, da buƙatun doka.[4]
Za a iya zubar da sharar ruwa mara lahani (kamar maganin sodium chloride ) a cikin magudanar ruwa. Ana wanke wasu sinadarai da ruwa mai yawa. Wannan ya hada da mayar da hankali da kuma tsarma acid da alkalis, m inorganic salts (duk bushewa jamiái), alcohols dauke da salts, hypochlorite mafita, lafiya (tlc grade) silica da alumina . Ana tattara sharar ruwa mai ɗauke da sinadarai masu guba daban-daban
Za'a iya tattara ɓangarorin mercury na asali, acid da aka kashe da tushe daban don sake amfani da su.
Sharar da kaushi na halitta an raba su zuwa chlorinated da kuma wadanda ba chlorinated kaushi sharar. Sharar da sauran ƙarfi na Chlorinated yawanci ana ƙone su a babban zafin jiki don rage samuwar dioxins . [5][6][7][8] Za a iya kona sharar da ba ta da chlorinated don dawo da kuzari .
Ya bambanta da wannan, kayan sinadarai akan "Red List" Kada a ruwa. Wannan jeri ya haɗa da: mahadi tare da ƙarfe na wucin gadi, biocides, cyanides, mai ma'adinai da hydrocarbons, mahadi na organosilicon guba, phosphides na ƙarfe, sinadarin phosphorus, da fluorides da nitrites .
Haka kuma, Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) ta hana zubar da wasu kayan saukar da kowane magudanar ruwa. Ciki har da ruwa mai ƙonewa, ruwa mai iya haifar da lalacewa ga wuraren sharar gida (wannan za a iya ƙaddara ta pH ), akan kayan daɗaɗɗen kayan da za su iya haifar da toshewa a cikin tsarin ruwan sharar gida, kayan aikin rediyo, kayan da ke da ko haifar da wari mai ƙarfi, ruwan sharar gida mai iya mahimmanci yana haɓaka yawan zafin jiki na tsarin, da magunguna ko masu rushewar endocrine .
Ana tattara kayan gilashin da aka karye a cikin akwatunan kwali da aka lulluɓe don yin ƙasa. Saboda gurɓatawa, yawanci ba su dace da sake amfani da su ba. Hakazalika, ana tattara allurar hypodermic da aka yi amfani da su azaman masu kaifi kuma ana ƙone su azaman sharar magani .
Jagorar dacewa da sinadarai.
gyara sasheYawancin sinadarai na iya yin mummuna idan aka haɗa su. Ana ba da shawarar cewa a adana sinadarai marasa jituwa a wurare daban-daban na dakin gwaje-gwaje.
Acids ya kamata a rabu da alkalis, karafa, cyanides, sulfides, azides, phosphides, da oxidizers . Dalili kuwa shi ne, lokacin da acid ya haɗu tare da waɗannan nau'ikan mahadi, tashin hankali na exothermic na iya faruwa wanda zai iya haifar da iskar gas mai ƙonewa, kuma a wasu lokuta fashewa.
Oxidizers ya kamata a ware daga acid, Organic kayan, karafa, rage jamiái, da ammonia . Wannan shi ne saboda lokacin da oxidizers suka haɗu tare da waɗannan nau'in mahadi, masu ƙonewa, da kuma wasu lokuta masu guba zasu iya faruwa.
Daidaituwar kwantena.
gyara sasheLokacin zubar da sharar sinadarai masu haɗari, dole ne a yi la'akari da dacewa da sinadarai. Don amintaccen zubarwa, akwati dole ne ya dace da sinadarai tare da kayan da zai riƙe. Dole ne sinadarai ba su amsa da, raunana, ko narkar da akwati ko murfi ba. Kada a adana acid ko tushe a cikin ƙarfe . Kada a adana hydrofluoric acid a cikin gilashin . Kada a adana man fetur ( kaushi ) ko jigilar shi a cikin kwantena polyethylene mara nauyi kamar tulun madara. Bugu da ƙari, ya kamata a yi la'akari da Jagororin Daidaituwar Sinadarin don ƙarin cikakkun bayanai DA Ake so.
Kwantena sharar dakin gwaje-gwaje.
gyara sashe Marufi, lakabi, da ajiya sune buƙatu uku don zubar da sharar sinadarai.
Marufi.
gyara sasheDon marufi, kwantena sharar ruwa na sinadarai yakamata a cika har zuwa kusan kashi 75% kawai don ba da damar fadada tururi da rage yuwuwar zubewar da ka iya faruwa daga motsin kwantena masu cika. Dole ne kayan kwantena su dace da sharar da aka adana mai haɗari . A ƙarshe, ba dole ba ne a tattara sharar gida a cikin kwantena waɗanda ba su dace da gano wasu hadurran da ba su da kyau.
Baya ga buƙatun marufi na gabaɗaya da aka ambata a sama, kayan da ba su dace ba bai kamata a haɗa su cikin akwati ɗaya ba. Dole ne a adana sharar gida a cikin kwantena masu dacewa da sinadarai da aka adana kamar yadda aka ambata a sashin dacewa da kwantena. Ya kamata a yi amfani da gwangwani na aminci don tattarawa da adana manyan kundila na ɗan lokaci (lita 10-20),na ƙauyen sharar kwayoyin flammable, hazo, daskararru ko sauran sharar da ba ruwa ba bai kamata a haɗa su cikin gwangwani aminci ba.[9][10]
Lakabi.
gyara sasheLakabi duk kwantena tare da sunan rukuni daga rukunin sharar sinadarai da ƙayyadaddun jerin abubuwan da ke ciki. Duk wasu sinadarai ko wani abu da aka gurbata da sinadarai masu haifar da haɗari mai mahimmanci. Dole ne a shirya duk sharar gida yadda ya kamata.[11]
Adanawa.
gyara sasheLokacin adana sharar sinadarai, kwantena dole ne su kasance cikin yanayi mai kyau kuma su kasance a rufe sai dai idan an ƙara sharar. Dole ne a adana datti mai haɗari kafin a cire shi daga dakin gwaje-gwaje kuma kada a bar shi ya taru. Akwatin ya zama mai ƙarfi kuma mai yoyo, kuma dole ne a yi masa lakabi. [9] Duk sharar ruwa dole ne a adana su a cikin kwantena mai hana ruwa tare da dunƙule-saman ko wani amintaccen murfi. Ba a yarda da iyakoki na snap, matsakaicin iyalai, parafilm da sauran saƙon murfi masu dacewa. Idan ya cancanta, canja wurin kayan sharar gida zuwa akwati wanda za'a iya rufe shi a cikin aminci. Rufe kwantenan sharar sai dai lokacin ƙara sharar gida. Ya kamata a kasance cikin wuri na biyu don ɗaukar zubewa da zubewa daga babban akwati, ware sharar da ba su dace ba, kamar acid da tushe .[12][13]
Sharar sinadarai a cikin dabbobin kiwo na Kanada.
gyara sasheSharar sinadarai a cikin teku na zama babban batu ga rayuwar ruwa. An gudanar da bincike da dama don gwadawa da tabbatar da illar sinadarai a cikin tekunan mu.[14] A Kanada, yawancin karatun sun mayar da hankali kan lardunan Atlantic, inda kamun kifi da kiwo ke zama muhimmin sashi na tattalin arziki. A birnin New Brunswick, an gudanar da wani bincike a kan magudanar ruwa a wani yunƙuri na gano illolin guba da sinadarai a rayuwar da ke ƙarƙashin teku, musamman sharar da ake samu daga gonakin salmon. An yi amfani da urchins na teku don duba matakan karafa a cikin muhalli. Yana da kyau a yi amfani da koren urchin teku ( Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis ), saboda an rarraba su sosai, suna da yawa a wurare da yawa, kuma ana iya samun su cikin sauƙi. Ta hanyar binciken yawan karafa a cikin koren urchin teku, za a iya tantance da kuma gano tasirin sinadarai daga ayyukan kiwo na kifi . An dauki samfurori a tsaka-tsakin mita 25, tare da hanyar wucewa ta hanyar babban magudanar ruwa. Binciken ya gano cewa akwai tasiri zuwa aƙalla mita 75, dangane da adadin ƙarfe na hanji. Don haka, bisa ga wannan binciken, a fili yake cewa karafan suna gurɓata teku tare da yin illa ga rayuwar ruwa, da halittu.
Duba wasu abubuwan.
gyara sashe- Sharar gida.
- Jerin nau'ikan sharar gida.
- Municipal m sharar gida.
- Sharar rediyo.
- Sharar gida mai guba.
- Gudanar da sharar gida.
- Gurbacewar ruwa.
Manazarta.
gyara sashe- ↑ "Chemical Waste−an overview". Science Direct. Elsevier. Retrieved 2021-07-06.
- ↑ US EPA, OLEM (2015-07-23). "Hazardous Waste". www.epa.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-08-29.
- ↑ US EPA, OLEM (2015-11-25). "Household Hazardous Waste (HHW)". www.epa.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-08-29.
- ↑ "Chemicals and Toxics Topics". www.epa.gov (in Turanci). 2016-11-17. Retrieved 2022-08-29.
- ↑ "Chemical Waste Management Guide | Environmental Health & Safety". www.bu.edu. Retrieved 2022-08-29.
- ↑ "Hazardous Waste Pick-Ups". Environment, Health & Safety (in Turanci). 2016-11-23. Retrieved 2022-08-29.
- ↑ "Exploring Whether Chemical Management Services are a Potential Mechanism to Facilitate the Reduction, Reuse and Recycling of Chemicals in Educational Institutions" (PDF). EPA Archive document. August 29, 2022.
- ↑ Magriotis, Zuy; Saczk, Adelir; Salgado, Hélvia; Rosa, Isael (2021-07-30). "Chemical Waste Management in Educational Institutions". Journal of Environmental Science and Sustainable Development. 4 (1): 160–176. doi:10.7454/jessd.v4i1.1064. ISSN 2655-6847. S2CID 238922945 Check
|s2cid=value (help). - ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Laboratory Waste Disposal" (PDF). University of Wisconsin. 2007.
- ↑ "General Requirements". Environmental Health and Safety. University of Toronto. Retrieved 2016-02-19.
- ↑ "8. Management of Waste". Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Management of Chemical Hazards: Updated Version. Washington, D.C.: National Research Council (US). 2011. ISBN 978-0-309-21158-1.
- ↑ "Chemical Storage Resources". American Chemical Society (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-08-29.
- ↑ "Chemical Compatibility and Segregation Guides". Waste Disposal. National Institutes of Health (US). Retrieved 2016-02-12.
- ↑ Derraik, José G. B (2002-09-01). "The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review". Marine Pollution Bulletin (in Turanci). 44 (9): 842–852. doi:10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00220-5. ISSN 0025-326X.