Nasarar Musulunci a Farisa
Nasarar Musulunci a Farisa, wanda kuma ake kira Cin nasarar Musulmai a Iran, cin Nasarar Larabawa a Farisa. Babban yakin basasa ne da Rashidun Khalifa ya gudanar tsakanin 632 da 654. A matsayin wani ɓangare na Nasarar Musulmi ta farko, wanda ya fara a ƙarƙashin Muhammadu a cikin 622, ya haifar da faduwar Daular Sasanian da kuma raguwar Zoroastrianism, wanda ya kasance mafi rinjaye a duk faɗin Farisa a matsayin addinin hukuma na ƙasar. Tsanantawa ga Zoroastrians da Musulmai na farko suka yi a lokacin da kuma bayan wannan rikici ya sa da yawa daga cikinsu su gudu zuwa gabas zuwa Indiya, inda sarakuna daban-daban suka ba su mafaka.[1]
 | |
| Iri |
yaƙi conquest (en)  |
|---|---|
| Bangare na | Nasarar Musulunci |
| Kwanan watan | 633 – 654 |
|
Umayyad campaigns in India (en) → | |
| Wuri |
Arab Iraq (en) Fars (land) (en) Khorasan (en) Persian Iraq (en) Iranian Azerbaijan (en) Makran (en) Daular Sasanian |
| Participant (en) |
Khulafa'hur-Rashidun Daular Sasanian Arab-Christians (en) House of Ispahbudhan (en) House of Mihrān (en) House of Karen (en) Dabuyid dynasty (en) Hephthalite Empire (en) Daular Rumawa |
| Has part(s) (en) | |
|
Battle of Chains (en) Battle of Buwaib (en) Battle of the Bridge (en) Battle of Firaz (en) Battle of al-Qadisiyyah (en) Battle of Jalula (en) Siege of Ctesiphon (en) Yakin Nahavand Battle of Dawmat al-Jandal (en) Battle of al-Anbar (en) Battle of Saniyy (en) Battle of Ayn al-Tamr (en) Battle of Walaja (en) Battle of Hira (en) Battle of Ullais (en) Muslim conquest of Khorasan (en) | |
Yayinda Arabiya ke fuskantar hauhawar Islama a karni na 7, Farisa tana fama da matakan da ba a taɓa gani ba na siyasa, zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, da rashin ƙarfi na soja; Sojojin Sasanian sun gaji sosai a cikin Yakin Byzantine-Sasanian na 602-628. Bayan kisan Sasanian shah Khosrow II a cikin 628, kwanciyar hankali na siyasa na cikin gida na Farisa ya fara lalacewa cikin sauri. Daga baya, an naɗa sabbin masu neman sarauta goma a cikin shekaru huɗu masu zuwa. Ba da daɗewa ba, Sasanian Interregnum ya kara lalata Farisa, babban yakin basasa wanda ya fara a cikin 628 kuma ya haifar da rarrabawar gwamnati ta hanyar 632.[2]
A cikin rikice-rikicen Farisa, mamayewar Rashidun ta farko a yankin Sasanian ta faru ne a cikin 633, lokacin da Sojojin Rashidun suka ci wasu sassan Asoristan, wanda shine cibiyar siyasa da tattalin arziki ta Sasanians a Mesopotamiya. Daga baya, an sauya kwamandan sojojin Rashidun na yankin Khalid ibn al-Walid don kula da nasarar musulmi na Levant, kuma yayin da sojojin Rashidun suka kara mayar da hankali ga Daular Byzantine, sojojin Sasanian sun sake mamaye sabbin yankunan Mesopotamiya. Harin Rashidun na biyu ya fara ne a shekara ta 636, a karkashin Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, lokacin da babbar nasara a yakin al-Qadisiyyah ta ƙare duk ikon Sasanian a yammacin Iran ta zamani. Shekaru shida masu zuwa, Dutsen Zagros, wani shinge na halitta, ya nuna iyakar siyasa tsakanin Rashidun Khalifa da Daular Sasanian.[3] A cikin 642, Umar ibn al-Khattab, shekaru takwas cikin mulkinsa a matsayin Khalifa na biyu na Islama, ya ba da umarnin mamayewa ga sauran Daular Sasanian. Da yake jagorantar yakin daga birnin Madina a Arabiya, nasarar da Umar ya yi a Farisa a cikin jerin hare-haren da aka tsara da kuma hare-hares da yawa ya zama babbar nasara, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga sunansa a matsayin babban soja da kuma dabarun siyasa. A shekara ta 644, duk da haka, masanin Farisa Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz ne ya kashe shi, wanda sojojin Rashidun suka kama shi kuma suka kawo shi Arabiya a matsayin bawa.[4]
Wasu masana tarihi na Iran sun kare kakanninsu ta hanyar amfani da tushen Larabawa don nuna cewa "ba kamar yadda wasu masana tarihi suka yi ba, 'yan Iran, a zahiri, sun yi yaƙi da Larabawa masu mamayewa. " [5][6]A shekara ta 651, yawancin cibiyoyin birane a ƙasashen Iran, ban da larduna da ke kusa da Tekun Caspian (watau, a Tabaristan da Transoxiana), sun zo ƙarƙashin mulkin musulmi. Yankuna da yawa sun yi yaƙi da masu mamayewa; kodayake sojojin Rashidun sun kafa iko a kan mafi yawan ƙasar, birane da yawa sun tashi cikin tawaye ta hanyar kashe gwamnonin Larabawa ko kai farmaki ga garuruwan su. A ƙarshe, ƙarfafawar soja ta murkushe masu tayar da kayar baya na Iran kuma ta sanya cikakken iko. Musulunci na Iran ya kasance a hankali kuma an karfafa shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban a tsawon ƙarni, kodayake wasu 'yan Iran ba su taɓa tuba ba kuma akwai lokuta masu yawa na ƙone Nassosi na Zoroastrian da ake kashe Firistocin Zoroastrian, musamman a yankunan da suka fuskanci tsayayya mai tsanani. Musulunci ya zama babban addinin Iran a Ƙarshen Zamanin Tsakiya; yawancin 'yan Iran Musulmai ne na Sunni har sai Safavids suka tuba da karfi Iran zuwa Musulunci na Shia a karni na 18.
Tarihi
gyara sasheLokacin da malaman Yammacin Turai suka fara binciken mamayar Musulmi a Farisa, sun dogara ne kawai akan asusun bishop Kirista na Armeniya Sebeos, da asusun da aka rubuta a Larabci wani lokaci bayan abubuwan da suka bayyana. Ayyukan da suka fi muhimmanci tabbas na Arthur Christensen ne, da L'Iran sous les Sassanides, wanda aka buga a Copenhagen da Paris a 1944.
Masana kwanan nan sun fara yin tambaya game da labarin gargajiya: Parvaneh Pourshariati, a cikin Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederation and the Arab Conquest of Iran, wanda aka buga a shekara ta 2008, ya ba da cikakken bayani game da yanayin matsala na ƙoƙarin tabbatar da ainihin abin da ya faru, da kuma bincike mai yawa na asali wanda ke tambayar ainihin gaskiyar labarin gargajiya, gami da jerin lokuta da takamaiman kwanakin.
Babban jigon Pourshariati shine cewa ya saba da abin da aka saba ɗauka, Daular Sassanian ta kasance mai rarraba sosai, kuma a zahiri "ƙungiya" ce tare da Parthians, waɗanda kansu suka riƙe babban matakin 'yancin kai. Duk da nasarorin da suka samu kwanan nan a kan Daular Byzantine, Parthians ba zato ba tsammani sun janye daga ƙungiyar, kuma Sassanians ba su da shiri kuma ba su da kayan aiki don kafa ingantaccen kariya daga sojojin Musulmi. Bugu da ƙari, iyalai masu iko na arewa da gabashin Parthian, kust-i khwarasan da kust-i adurbadagan, sun janye zuwa sansanonin su kuma sun yi sulhu da Larabawa, sun ki yin yaƙi tare da Sassanians.
Wani muhimmin jigo na binciken Pourshariati shine sake kimanta tsarin lokaci na gargajiya. Pourshariati ya yi jayayya cewa cin Nasarar Larabawa a Mesopotamiya "ya ɗauki wuri, ba, kamar yadda aka yi imani da shi ba, a cikin shekaru 632-634, bayan da Sarkin Sasanian na karshe Yazdgerd III (632-651) ya hau mulki, amma a cikin lokacin daga 628 zuwa 632." Muhimmin sakamako na wannan canji a cikin jerin lokuta yana nufin cewa cin nasarar Larabci ya fara daidai lokacin da Sassanians da Parthians suka shiga cikin yaƙi na ciki game da maye gurbin kursiyin Sassanian.
Daular Sansania kafin Nasarar Musulunci
gyara sasheTun daga ƙarni na 1 BC, iyakar tsakanin daular Roman (daga baya Byzantine) da Parthian (daga baya Sasanian) sun kasance Kogin Yufiretis. Ana ci gaba da kalubalantar iyakar. Yawancin yaƙe-yaƙe, kuma ta haka ne yawancin ganuwa, sun fi mayar da hankali a yankunan tsaunuka na arewa, yayin da babbar hamadar Larabawa ko Siriya (Arabiya ta Roma) ta raba daular adawa a kudu. Hatsarin da ake tsammani daga kudu shine hare-haren lokaci-lokaci daga kabilun Larabawa. Dukkanin daular sun haɗa kai da ƙananan ƙasashen Larabawa masu zaman kansu, waɗanda suka yi aiki a matsayin jihohi masu kariya kuma suka kare Byzantium da Farisa daga hare-haren Bedouin. Abokan ciniki na Byzantine sune Ghassanids; Abokan ciniki da Farisa sune Lakhmids. Ghassanids da Lakhmids sun yi jayayya akai-akai, wanda ya ci gaba da shagala da su, amma hakan bai shafi Byzantines ko Farisa ba. A cikin ƙarni na 6 da 7, dalilai daban-daban sun lalata ma'aunin iko wanda ya riƙe ƙarni da yawa.
Rikicin da aka yi da Byzantines ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga raunin ta, ta hanyar zubar da albarkatun Sassanid, ya bar ta babban manufa ga Musulmai.
Matsalolin Zamanatakewa
gyara sasheAn raba al'ummar Sasanian zuwa nau'o'i huɗu: firistoci, mayaƙa, sakatare, da talakawa. Wannan na ƙarshe ya zama mafi yawan jama'a, ya zama tushen haraji kawai, kuma ya kasance mafi talauci.
A ƙarshen nasarar da Khosrau II ya yi a yankin Byzantine a Levant da yawancin Asiya Ƙananan, haraji ya tashi sosai, kuma yawancin mutane ba za su iya biya ba. Shekaru na yaƙe-yaƙe na Sassanid-Byzantine sun lalata hanyoyin kasuwanci da masana'antu, manyan hanyoyin samun kudin shiga na yawan jama'a. Tsarin gudanarwa na Sassanid na yanzu ya tabbatar da bai isa ba lokacin da ya fuskanci buƙatun da aka haɗu da daular da ta faɗaɗa ba zato ba tsammani, tattalin arziki, da yawan jama'a. Saurin juyin mulki da karuwar ikon mai mallakar lardin (dehqan) ya kara rage Sasanians. A cikin shekaru goma sha huɗu da sarakuna goma sha biyu da suka biyo baya, Daular Sassanid ta raunana sosai, kuma ikon ikon ikon tsakiya ya shiga hannun janar dinta. Ko da lokacin da sarki mai karfi ya fito bayan jerin juyin mulki, Sassanid ba su taɓa warkewa gaba ɗaya ba.
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ Galbinst, Yuri. "Conquest of the Sassanid Empire". Fra Rashidun kalifat til abbasid kalifat (in Danish). Cambridge Stanford Books.
- ↑ "ʿARAB ii. Arab conquest of Iran". iranicaonline.org. Archived from the original on 26 September 2017. Retrieved 18 January 2012.
- ↑ The Muslim Conquest of Persia By A.I. Akram. Ch: 1 08033994793.ABA
- ↑ Milani A. Lost Wisdom. 2004 08033994793.ABA p.15
- ↑ Mohammad Mohammadi Malayeri, Tarikh-i Farhang-i Iran (Iran's Cultural History). 4 volumes. Tehran. 1982.
- ↑ ʻAbd al-Ḥusayn Zarrīnʹkūb (2000) [1379]. Dū qarn-i sukūt : sarguz̲asht-i ḥavādis̲ va awz̤āʻ-i tārīkhī dar dū qarn-i avval-i Islām (Two Centuries of Silence). Tihrān: Sukhan. OCLC 46632917.