Wikipedia

Mykola Leontovych

Mykola Dmytrovych Leontovych ( 13 December 1877  – 23 ga Janairu 1921; ɗan Ukraine ne; Har ila yau, Leontovich ) ɗan Ukraine mawaki ne, jagora, ethnomusicologist kuma malami. Mykola Lysenko da Makarantar Kiɗa ta Ƙasar Yukren sun yi wahayi zuwa ga kiɗansa. Leontovych ya ƙware a cikin waƙar cappella choral, kama daga abubuwan ƙirƙira na asali, zuwa kiɗan coci, don fayyace shirye-shiryen kiɗan jama'a .

Mykola Leontovych
Rayuwa
Haihuwa Monastirok (en) Fassara, 1 Disamba 1877 (Julian)
ƙasa Russian Empire (en) Fassara
Ukrainian People's Republic (en) Fassara
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (en) Fassara
Mutuwa Markivka (en) Fassara, 23 ga Janairu, 1921
Yanayin mutuwa kisan kai
Karatu
Makaranta Kamenets-Podolsky Theological Seminary (en) Fassara
Harsuna Harshan Ukraniya
Malamai Yukhim Aleksandrovich Bogdanov (en) Fassara
Sana'a
Sana'a conductor (en) Fassara, mai rubuta kiɗa da music teacher (en) Fassara
Employers Petro Tchaikovsky National Music Academy of Ukraine (en) Fassara
Muhimman ayyuka Carol of the Bells (en) Fassara
Artistic movement Opera
choral music (en) Fassara
hoton mykola

An haife shi kuma ya girma a lardin Podolia na Daular Rasha (yanzu a Ukraine ). Ya sami ilimi a matsayin firist a makarantar tauhidi ta Kamianets-Podilskyi sannan ya ci gaba da karatun kiɗan sa a Kotun Saint Petersburg Capella da darussa na sirri tare da Boleslav Yavorsky . Tare da 'yancin kai na kasar Ukrainian a cikin juyin juya halin 1917, Leontovych ya koma Kyiv inda ya yi aiki a Kyiv Conservatory da Mykola Lysenko Institute of Music and Drama . An san shi don <i id="mwKA">tsara Shchedryk</i> a cikin 1904 (wanda aka fara a 1916), wanda aka sani da Ingilishi a duniya kamar Carol of the Bells ko Ring, Kirsimeti Karrarawa . An san shi a matsayin shahidi a cikin Eastern Orthodox Ukrainian Church, inda ya kuma tuna da liturgy, na farko liturgy hada a cikin vernacular, musamman a cikin zamani Ukrainian harshen . Wani wakilin Soviet ne ya kashe shi a shekara ta 1921.

A lokacin rayuwarsa, da tsare-tsaren Leonovych da kuma shirye-shirye sun shahara tare da ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru da masu koyo na yankin masarautar Russia. Ayyukan da ya yi a yammacin Turai da Arewacin Amirka ya sa aka yi masa lakabi da "Ukrainian Bach " a Faransa . Baya ga shahararsa Shchedryk, Leontovych's music ana yin shi da farko a cikin Ukraine da kuma Ukrainian waje .

Tarihin Rayuwa gyara sashe

Ƙuruciya da ilimi gyara sashe

An haifi Mykola Leontovych a December 13 [ 1877 a cikin al'ummar Monastyrok, kusa da ƙauyen Selevyntsi, a cikin lardin Podolia na Ukraine (sa'an nan wani ɓangare na Daular Rasha ).[1] Mahaifinsa, kakansa, da kakansa limaman ƙauye ne.[2] Mahaifinsa, Dmytro Feofanovych Leontovych, ya ƙware wajen rera waƙa da wasa cello, biyu bass, harmonium, violin, da guitar, ban da jagorantar ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta makaranta. Leontovych ya sami darussan kiɗa na farko daga gare shi. Mahaifiyarsa, Mariya Yosypivna Leontovych, ta kasance mawaƙiya.[3][4]

Sauran 'yan uwa sa na dangi sun girma har sun sami sana'ar kiɗa. Kanensa ya zama ƙwararren mawaƙa, 'yar uwarsa Mariya ta yi karatun rera waƙa a Odesa, 'yar uwarsa Olena ta yi karatun fortepiano a Kyiv Conservatory, kuma 'yar uwarsa Victoria ta san yadda ake kunna kayan kida da yawa.[3]

A lokacin rani na shekarar 1879, Dmytro Leontovych an maida wani sabon Ikklesiya a kauyen Shershni a cikin unguwannin bayan gari na Bar, Ukraine a cikin gundumar Bar, inda zai ciyar da yarantaka. Sa'an nan, a 1887, Leontovych aka shigar a Nemyriv gymnasium. Saboda matsalolin kudi bayan shekara guda, mahaifinsa ya tura shi zuwa Makarantar Mafarin Ruhaniya ta Sharhorod, wanda ɗalibansa suka sami cikakken tallafin kuɗi.[5] A makaranta, Leontovych ya ƙware a rera waƙa, kuma ya sami damar karanta ayoyi masu wuyar gaske daga ayoyin addini na mawaƙa.[4]

Makarantar tiyoloji gyara sashe

 
Makarantar tauhidi ta Podolia a 1865

A cikin shekara ta 1892, Leontovych ya fara karatunsa a makarantar tauhidi a Kamianets-Podilskyi, wanda mahaifinsa da kakansa suka halarta. Kanensa Oleksandr shima ya shiga makarantan, ya kammala karatunsa shekaru biyu bayan Mykola.[4]

A lokacin yana karatu a can, Leontovych ya ci gaba da haɓaka fasaharsa a kan na'urar violin kuma ya koyi wasa da sauran kayan kida iri-iri. Har ila yau, ya shiga cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta hauhawa, kuma lokacin da aka kafa ƙungiyar makaɗa a cikin shekara ta uku na karatu, Leontovych ya shiga, yana buga violin har zuwa kammala karatunsa. Leontovych yayi nazarin ka'idar kiɗa kuma ya fara rubuta shirye-shiryen choral a matsayin dalibi a makarantar hauza.[4]

Lokacin da darektan mawaƙa na makarantan ya mutu, hukumar makarantar ta bukaci Leontovych ya karɓi wannan matsayi. A matsayinsa na jagoran ƙungiyar mawaƙa, Leontovych ya ƙara kiɗan da ba na addini ba a cikin repertore na kiɗan cocin gargajiya. Wannan ya haɗa da waƙoƙin mutanen Yukren wanda Mykola Lysenko ya shirya, Porfyriy Demutskiy, da kansa. Leontovych ya sauke karatu daga Kamianets-Podilskiy Theological Seminary a 1899 kuma ya karya al'adar iyali ta zama malamin kiɗa maimakon firist.[3][4]

Farkon sana'ar Waƙa da iyali gyara sashe

 
Mykola Leontovych tare da matarsa da 'yarsa

A lokacin, sana'ar sa waka a Ukraine yana nufin samun kudin da basu isarsa, wanda ya sa Leontovych ya nemi aikin yi a duk inda ya samu.[6] Leontovych ya yi aiki a Kyiv, Yekaterinoslav, da Podolia gwamna a cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa domin ya ci gaba da samun aikin yi.[4][7] Matsayinsa na farko bayan kammala karatunsa shine a makarantar sakandare a kauyen Chukiv (yanzu Vinnytsia Oblast ) a matsayin malamin murya da lissafi.[4] A wannan lokacin, Leontovych ya ci gaba da rubutawa da shirya waƙoƙin jama'a. Ya kuma kammala Haɗin Wakokinsa na Farko daga Podolia kuma ya fara aiki akan harhadawa ta biyu.[8] Ya kuma zaburar da yaran makarantar da su yi waka a cikin mawaka da wasa a cikin makada. Daga baya zai rubuta littafi game da wannan a matsayin farfesa a Kyiv Conservatory, mai suna Як я організував оркестр у сільській школі ( Yadda na Shirya Orchestra a Makarantar Kauye).[9]

Bayan rikice-rikice da dama da yayi da jagororin makarantar, Leontovych ya sami sabon aiki a matsayin malamin waka aa coci da kuma kiraigraphy a Kwalejin tauhidi a Tyvriv . Bayan yin aiki tare da ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta kwaleji, Leontovych ya shirya ƙungiyar makaɗa mai son wanda sau da yawa yakan yi a taron koleji. Kamar yadda ya yi a baya tare da mawaƙa, Leontovych ya haɗa da shirye-shiryen waƙoƙin jama'a a cikin ayyukan addini da aka saba rera a makarantun tauhidi. Waɗannan sun haɗa da tsare-tsare na Mykola Lysenko, nasa shirye-shiryen waƙoƙin waƙoƙin jama'a, da kuma gabaɗayan ayyukan asali. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan aikin ya dogara ne akan wata waƙa ta Taras Shevchenko mai suna Зоре моя вечірняя ( Oh My Evening Star ).[4]

A wannan lokacin, Leontovych ya hadu da wata yarinya Volynhia mai suna Claudia Feropontivna Zhovtevych, wanda ya aura a ranar 22 ga Maris, 1902. An haifi 'yar sa ta farko, Halyna a shekarar 1903. Daga baya suka haifi 'ya ta biyu mai suna Yevheniya.

 
Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kotun St. Petersburg Capella, wanda Leontovych ya halarta a 1903 da 1904.

Matsalar kuɗi ya sa Leontovych ya karɓi tayin ƙaura zuwa birnin Vinnytsia don koyarwa a Kwalejin Church-Educators' College. Bugu da ƙari, ya shirya ƙungiyar mawaƙa kuma, daga baya, ƙungiyar kiɗa, tare da abin da ya yi kiɗa na duniya da na ruhaniya . A cikin 1903, ya buga Rubutun Waƙoƙi na Biyu daga Podolia wanda ya keɓe ga Mykola Lysenko.

A tsakanin shekarar 1903 da 1904, a lokacin hutunsa daga Kwalejin Coci-Educators' College, Leontovych ya yi tafiya zuwa St. Petersburg . A can, ya halarci laccoci da aka gudanar a St. Petersburg Kotun Capella, wanda aka hade da mawaki Maksym Berezovsky, Dmytro Bortniansky, da Mikhail Glinka . Ya yi nazarin ka'idar kiɗa, jituwa, da polyphony tare da Semen Barmotin, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo tare da Aleksey Puzyrevskiy, dukansu sun kasance sanannun a lokacin. A ranar 22 ga Afrilu 1904, ya sami shaidar shaidarsa a matsayin mawaƙin mawaƙa na mawakan coci.[1][9]

 
Hoton Mykola Leontovych

Har ila yau, jayayya dangane da gudanarwa na kwalejin ya haifar da neman Leontovych don neman sabon aiki. A cikin bazara na shekara ta 1904, ya bar Podolia ya koma lardin Donbas a gabashin Ukraine, inda ya zama malamin koyar da kade-kade da kade-kade a makarantar yaran ma'aikatan jirgin kasa. A lokacin juyin juya halin Rasha na 1905, Leontovych ya shirya ƙungiyar mawaƙa waɗanda suka yi a tarurruka. Waɗannan ayyukan sun haɗa da shirye-shiryen waƙoƙin jama'a na Ukrainian, Bayahude, Armenian, Rashanci, da kuma Yaren mutanen Poland.[4] Ayyukan Leontovych sun ja hankalin hukumomin gida, kuma a cikin bazara na 1908, an tilasta masa komawa zuwa lardin Podolia na asali zuwa birnin Tulchyn.[9]

Lokacin Tulcyn gyara sashe

Yunkurin Leontovych don komawa Tulchyn alama ce ta farkon na karin basira da samun nasara dangane da fasaha a rayuwarsa na mawaki. A Tulchyn, Leontovych ya koyar da waka a Kwalejin Mata ta Tulchyn Eparchy ga 'ya'yan limaman ƙauye. A can, ya sadu da mawaki Kyrylo Stetsenko wanda dalibin Mykola Lysenko ne kuma ya kware a wakokin choral. Stetsenko ya zauna a wani ƙauye kusa a lokacin da yake aiki a matsayin firist, kuma saninsu ya zama abokantaka mai ɗorewa wanda ya shafi kiɗan Leontovych.[4] Stetsenko shi ne ya fara sukar waƙar Leontovych, yana mai cewa, “Leontovych sanannen ƙwararren masani ne daga Podolia. Ya rubuta waƙoƙin jama'a da yawa. . . An daidaita waɗannan waƙoƙin don gauraya mawaƙa. Wadannan jita-jita sun bayyana marubucin a matsayin ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwararren waƙar waƙa da kuma nazarce-nazarce.” Har ila yau Leontovych ya canza zuwa ga fitattun kide-kide a lokacin wasan kwaikwayonsa na mawaka, irin su mawakan Rasha Mikhail Glinka, Alexey Verstovsky, da Peter Tchaikovsky ban da mawallafin Ukrainian Mykola Lysenko, Kyrylo Stetsenko, da Petro Nishchynskyi.[9]

Daga shekara ta 1909, ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin ka'idar waka na Boleslav Yavorsky, wanda ya ziyarta lokaci-lokaci a Moscow da Kyiv a cikin shekaru goma sha biyu masu zuwa. Har ila yau Leontovych ya shiga cikin kiɗan wasan kwaikwayo a Tulchyn da rayuwar al'ummarta ta hanyar kula da wata ƙungiya ta gida mai suna Prosvita, ma'ana "haske".[9]

Wannan lokacin a rayuwarsa na mawaki yana daga cikin mafi inganci, saboda ya ƙirƙiri shirye-shirye da waƙoƙi da yawa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da shahararren Shchedryk, da kuma Піють півні ( The Roosters are Singing ), Мала мати одну дочку ( Wata Uwa tana da 'ya Daya ), Дударик ( Ƙan wasan Dudka ), Ой зійшла зоря ( O, Tauraro ya tashi ), da sauransu. A cikin 1914, Stetsenko ya shawo kan Leontovych don yin waƙarsa ta ƙungiyar mawaƙa na Jami'ar Kyiv a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Alexander Koshetz . A ranar 26 ga Disamba, 1916, aikin da ya shirya na Shchedryk ya kawo babban nasara ga Leontovych daga jama'a a Kyiv kuma ya tada sha'awar masana.

Aiki a Kyiv gyara sashe

A lokacin juyin tsarin mulki na Oktoba da kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Ukraine a 1918, Leontovych ya ƙaura ba tare da iyalinsa ba zuwa Kyiv babban birnin Ukraine, inda ya kasance mai jagoranci da kuma mawaki. Da yawa daga cikin yanki ya sami jama'a a tsakanin ƙwararru da masu aure, gungun kungiyoyin aure, wanda ya kara da su zuwa sauƙin. A farkon shekarar 1919, sauran danginsa kuma suka ƙaura zuwa Kyiv. A wannan lokacin, Leontovych kuma ya fara koyar da ƙungiyar mawaƙa tare da Hryhoriy Veryovka a Kyiv Conservatory, kuma ya koyar a Cibiyar Kiɗa da wasan kwaikwayo ta Mykola Lysenko . Leontovych na ɗaya daga cikin masu shirya ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta farko ta Ukrainian State Orchestra. Ya halarci kafa Jamhuriyar Ukrainian Capella wanda ya kasance kwamishinansa.

 
Abin tunawa ga Mykola Leontovych a garin Tulchyn

Komawa zuwa Tulchyn da kisan kai gyara sashe

A lokacin da aka kwace birnin Kyiv a ranar 31 ga Agusta 1919, sojojin Denikin sun tsananta wa masu hankali na Ukrainian. [10] Gudun zalunci, Leontovych ya koma Tulchyn tare da iyalinsa. A can, ya fara makarantar kiɗa na farko na birnin, tun lokacin da Bolsheviks ya rufe kwalejin da ya yi aiki. Ya kuma fara aiki a kan babban aikinsa na farko, wasan opera Na Rusalchyn Velykden' (A kan ruwa nymph 's Great Day).[8]

A cikin daren 22-23 ga Janairu 1921, Chekist (mai tsaron Sobiet) Afanasy Grishchenko ya kashe Mykola Leontovych. Leontovych ya kasance a gidan iyayensa, wanda ya ziyarce su don bikin Eastern Orthodox na Nativity (25 Disamba a cikin kalandar Julian, wanda, a cikin kalandar Gregorian, wanda Tarayyar Soviet ta karɓa kawai a 1918, ya fado a cikin watan Janairu). Jami'in na sirri wato Chekist ya nemi ya kwana a gidan shima a daki daya da Mykola. Da asuba tayi sai ya harbe mawakin (wanda ya mutu sakamakon zubar jini bayan ‘yan sa’o’i) daga baya kuma ya yi wa iyalinsa fashi.[4][8][11][12]

Bayanai da dama na nuni da wata manufa ta siyasa ne dalilin da ya haddasa kisan. [12] [13] Shiga Leontovych a cikin motsi na 'yancin kai, kamar ƙaddamar da Jamhuriyar Ukrainian Capella, da nufin inganta Ukraine a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta, ya ba shi abokan gaba da yawa. Babbar 'yarsa Halyna daga baya ta tuno da mahaifinta yana cewa, jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarsa, yana da takaddun da zai bar ƙasar zuwa Romania, kuma yana da waɗannan takaddun tare da shi a cikin waƙar sa a yayin wani wasan kwaikwayo. Duk da haka, bayan dawowa daga shayi bayan wasan kwaikwayo, Leontovych ya lura cewa wani ya shiga cikin takardunsa. [13] Shirye-shiryensa na barin ƙasar, tare da cewa wani jami'in Soviet ya kashe shi, ya kuma nuna dalilan siyasa na mutuwarsa. [12] [13]

Hali gyara sashe

Mykola Leontovych ya soki kansa sosai. A cewar mawallafin tarihin rayuwarsa na farko Oles' Chapkivskyi, wanda ya yi zamani da mawaƙin, Leontovych wani lokaci yakan yi aiki a kan tsarin waƙoƙi ɗaya ba tare da barin wani ya gan shi har tsawon shekaru huɗu ba.[3] Bayan buga wakokinsa na biyu daga Podolia, ya canja ra’ayinsa kuma bai gamsu da wakokin ba, haka yasa ya saye duka faya-fayen wakokin 300 kuma ya lalata su.[8]

Chapkivskyi ya kuma bayyana Leontоvych a matsayin mutum mai al-kunya, yana mai cewa "Ya kaurace wa shahara, yana jin tsoron jawo hankulan mutane zuwa kansa [n 1] da tallace-tallace." A gefe guda kuma, Chapkivskyi ya yi iƙirarin cewa kishin Leontovych, tsoron gasa, da kuma tsoron rashin karɓuwa daga ƙungiyar kiɗan da aka kafa, ya sa ba a san kidan Leontovych ba.[14]

Zynoviy Yaropud na Jami'ar Pedagogical ta Jihar Kamianets-Podilskyi ya rubuta cewa "dukkanin mutanen zamanin [Leontovych] sun kira shi mutum mai shiru, mai taushin hali. Ba shi ne jagoran gwagwarmaya na juyin juya hali na kasa ba, wanda ya bayyana a cikin shekarun 1917-1921 da yawa daga cikin fitattun mayaka ga jamhuriyar Ukrainian," [n 2] yana nuna cewa mawakin ya yi shiru a siyasance, amma ba ruwan sha.

Abokin Leontovych, O. Buzhanskiy, ya tuna cewa mawaƙin ya kasance "koyaushe cike da ban dariya; yana magana don kowa yayi dariya da hawaye, amma ya kasance da gaske kuma ya natsu." Stetsenko ya kuma bayyana Leontovych a matsayin "mai ba da labari mai wayo" kuma dalibansa a Makarantar Koyarwa ta Coci da ke Tulchyn "suna son shi" saboda labaran da ya rubuta. [13]

Ra'ayin addini gyara sashe

Mykola Leontovych ya girma a cikin karkashin shiriyar addini sosai. Ya kasance memba na Cocin Orthodox na Gabas, ya fito daga layin limaman ƙauye. Ya kuma sauke karatu a Makarantar Tauhidi ta Podollia da ke Kamianets-Podilskyi, wanda a mafi yawan lokuta, ya horar da limaman Kirista na Orthodox.

A matsayinsa na mutumin da ke da ƙwararren ilimin tauhidi, Leontovych ya ci gaba da motsi na kafawa da kuma amincewa da Cocin Orthodox na Ukrainian Autocephalous, wanda aka sake kafa a shekarar 1918. Fitar da mawaki a wannan lokacin ya zama mai arziki a cikin sababbin kiɗa na tsarki, bin misalin Kyrylo Stetsenko (aboki na kusa da Leontovych, kuma firist na Orthodox da mawaki ) da Alexander Koshetz . Ayyukan Leontovych sun kasance a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da На воскресіння Христа ( Akan Tashin Kiristi ), Хваліте ім’я Господнє ( Ku yabi sunan Ubangiji ), da kuma Світе тихий ( Oh Quiet Light ), da sauransu. Wani ci gaba a cikin ci gaban kiɗan ruhaniya na Ukrainian shine tsarin liturgy, wanda aka fara yi a cikin Cathedral na St. Nicholas na Soja a Kyiv, Pechersk a ranar 22 ga Mayu 1919.

Tunawa da shi gyara sashe

 
Leontovych ya fito a kan tambarin gidan waya na Ukraine

A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1921, kwanaki tara bayan mutuwar Leontovych, manyan mawaka da dama, furofesoshi, da ɗaliban Cibiyar Kiɗa da Watsa Labarai ta Mykola Lysenko a Kyiv sun taru don tunawa da shi, kamar yadda ake sa ran bisa ga al'adar Kirista . Sun kafa kwamitin tunawa da Mykola Leontovych, wanda daga baya ya zama All-Ukrainian Mykola Leontovych Music Society, da kuma inganta Ukrainian music har 1928.

Marubuci dan kasar Ukraine kuma dan siyasa na jamhuriyar Socialist Socialist ta Ukrainian, Pavlo Tychyna, ya kasance mai sha'awar Leontovych kuma ya rubuta game da mutuwar mawaki a cikin litattafai . Mawaƙa Maksym Rylskyi da Mykola Bazhan su ma sun sadaukar da waƙa gare shi.

ƙungiyoyin kiɗa da dama suna amfani da sunan Leontovych, irin su Leontovych Bandurist Capella, da kuma cibiyoyin ilimi kamar Vinnytsia College of Arts and Culture. An sanya wa titunan Kyiv da sauran garuruwan sunan sa. Akwai gidan tarihi na tunawa da aka keɓe masa a birnin Tulchyn, kuma an kafa wani a 1977 a ƙauyen Markivka inda aka binne shi. [15]

A cikin shekara ta 2002, don bikin cika shekaru 125 na haihuwar mawakin, birnin Kamianets-Podilskyi ya gudanar da taron kimiyya na Ukraine mai suna "Mykola Leontovych da Ilimin Zamani da Kimiyya," tare da baƙi daga ma'aikatar ilimi da kimiyya ta Ukrainian, Ukrainian. Ƙungiyar mawaƙa, da ƙananan hukumomi da yawa. A yayin wannan taron, birnin ya gudanar da bikin buɗe wani allo na tunawa da mawaƙin, wanda aka sanya kusa da tsohon ginin da Makarantar Tauhidi ta Podollia ke amfani da ita a da.

Waka gyara sashe

Mykola Leontovych ya kware a waƙar cappella choral. [16] Ana tunawa da shi a yau galibi ta hanyar ayyukan wakokin da ya bari, waɗanda suka haɗa da waƙoƙin waƙoƙi sama da 150. Wadannan kewayon daga m shirye-shirye na jama'a songs, addini ayyuka (ciki har da liturgy ), cantatas, da choral qagaggun saita zuwa kalmomi na daban-daban Ukrainian mawaƙa. Shahararrun ayyukansa guda biyu su ne ƴan wasan choral <i id="mwAZU">Schedryk</i> da Dudaryk . [16]

Har ila yau Leontovych ya fara aiki a kan wasannin opera ( Na rusalchyn velykden' - Akan Ista na Ruwa Nymph) bisa tatsuniyoyi na Ukrainian da ayyukan Borys Hrinchenko . A karshen 1920, ya gama na farko na uku ayyuka. Duk da haka, an kashe Leontovych kafin ya iya kammala wasan opera. Yukren mawaki Mykhailo Verykivsky ne ya yi ƙoƙarin kammalawa da gyara wasan opera. Mawaƙin Myroslav Skoryk da mawaki Diodor Bobyr sun yi amfani da kayan kida na wasan opera da ba a gama ba don yin wasan operetta guda ɗaya; An fara wannan a 1977 a Kyiv State Opera da Ballet Theater, shekara ɗari bayan haihuwar Leontovych. An gudanar da wasan farko na Arewacin Amurka a Toronto a ranar 11 ga Afrilu 2003.

Ɗaya daga cikin mafi tasirin a wakokin Mykola Leontovych shine na Mykola Lysenko, [16] wanda ake la'akari da "mahaifin kiɗan gargajiya na Ukrainian". [17] Leontovych ya sha'awar kiɗan Lysenko tun yana ɗalibi a Makarantar tauhidi ta Kamianets-Podilskyi, lokacin da ya sa ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta makarantar hauza ta yi waƙar mawakin. Tun daga nan, zai yi waƙar Lysenko a cikin kide-kide a duk inda ya yi aiki.

Shchedryk/Carol na Karrarawa gyara sashe

 

 
Sa hannu mai maimaita motsin rubutu huɗu na waƙar wanda masu sauraro za su gane ta kai tsaye. </img> Wasa 

Mykola Leontovych's Shchedryk shine sanannen aikin sa. A cikin Turanci version a matsayin Kirsimeti carol, an san shi da biki fi so Carol of the Bells . [16] Ya shahara don motif ɗin bayanin kula huɗu na ostinato kuma an shirya shi sama da sau 150 tun 2004.[1] Rubutun asali na Ukrainian Shchedryk yayi amfani da hemiola, canzawar lafazin a cikin kowane ma'auni tsakanin 6/8 da 3/4, wanda ya ɓace a cikin fassarar Turanci. Mafi shaharar gyare-gyaren Ingilishi shi ne Peter J Wilhousky ya tsara shi a cikin 1936 wanda al'adun iyayensa na Gabashin Turai suka rinjayi shi da kuma tarihin Kiristanci na gargajiya na waƙoƙin da aka yi a lokacin haihuwar Yesu, ko da yake an yi wasu nau'in Turanci na waƙar a cikin 1947 ta ML Holman, 1957, da 1972.   ]a

Ana amfani da waƙar sa sau da yawa a cikin waƙoƙin sauti don fina-finai da talabijin. Alal misali, an yi amfani da shi a cikin akwatin ofishin buga The Santa Clause da Home Alone, Will Vinton 's award-winning A Claymation Christmas Celebration, kuma a matsayin parody da ake kira Carol of the Meows in The OC 's episode " Chrismukkah Wanda Bai Kusa Ba ". An buga wani sabon salo na Carol of the Bells a cikin Ofishin . Hakanan an tsara shi kuma ƙungiyoyi da yawa sun tsara shi, ba tare da la'akari da salon waƙa ko salon waƙa ba, kama daga na gargajiya ( Vienna Boys Choir ), [18] zuwa ƙungiyoyin kiɗan gargajiya ( Mace Celtic ), [19] zuwa mawaƙa da ƙungiyoyi ( Jessica Simpson ) [20] da Ɗan Ƙaddara [21] ).

Salon waka gyara sashe

Leontovych yana da salon sa na asali. Yawancin ayyukansa suna da "yin amfani da ƙima da daidaituwar ra'ayi ." [16] Ya yi matukar sha’awar wakarsa ta tada hankali, musamman ganin ido, yana mai cewa, “Ina sha’awar irin kalar da kuka yi amfani da su wajen yin sauti mai girma, da kuma na masu karamin karfi. Ni kaina na kan yi tunani game da hakan, don haɗa sauti da launi." [n 3] [22]

Ƙungiyoyin waƙoƙinsa sun ƙunshi jituwa mai kyau, yawan sautin murya, da amo. Shirye-shiryen waƙoƙinsa na farko na waƙoƙin jama'a sun kasance na musamman shirye-shiryen waƙar. Yayin da mawaƙin ya ƙara samun gogewa, tsarin waƙoƙin waƙoƙinsa da kuma shirye-shiryen waƙoƙin jama'a sun kasance suna haɗuwa da rubutu akai-akai.

Leontovych ya shirya waƙoƙin mutanen Ukrainian da yawa, yana kuma ƙirƙirar waƙoƙin mawaƙa masu zaman kansu bisa ga waƙoƙin waƙa da waƙoƙi. Ya bi hadisai na inganta kobzars na Ukrainian, wanda zai fassara kowane sabon strophe daban. Ya kuma yi amfani da humming da sauye-sauye a cikin muryoyin mawaƙa a matsayin dabarun kaiwa ga abin da ake so na motsin rai ko sha'awa. [22]

Babban zance dangane da da ayyukan Leontovych shine kiɗan choral game da rayuwar yau da kullun. Kiɗarsa akai-akai yana nuna ainihin ayyuka da abubuwan da suka faru. Misalin wannan shi ne shchedrivka Ой там за горою ( Oh can bayan Dutsen ) wanda a farkon tenor ya fara waƙar da solo kuma sauran muryoyin ƙungiyar mawaƙa suna shigowa a hankali, yana nuna rawar jiki lokacin da sababbin ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa suka shiga. in. Sa'an nan kuma, sauyawar sassa yana farawa tsakanin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na ƙungiyar mawaƙa, suna sake haifar da yanayi mai ban tsoro na Sabuwar Shekara . [22]

liyafar da farin jini gyara sashe

Domin yawancin aikinsa, Leontovych yayi wakokinsa ne ga kansa, kawai yana yin ta a lokacin nasa kide-kide. Hakan ya faru ne saboda irin halin da mawaƙin yake da shi sosai. Leontovych na farko mai sukar shi ne abokinsa kuma ɗan'uwansa firist da mawaki Kyrylo Stetsenko, wanda ya bayyana shi a matsayin "babban ƙwararren ƙwararren waƙa da kuma nazarin ka'idoji". Ya kuma shawo kan Leontovych ya buga waƙarsa kuma Jami'ar Kyiv ta yi ta.

Nasarar halarta a karon na farko na "Shchedryk" ya sa Leontovych ya shahara a tsakanin kwararru da masu sha'awar kidan choral a Kyiv . Leontovych mai ba da shawara-ya juya-abokin aiki a Kyiv Conservatory, Boleslav Yavorsky, Har ila yau, ya kimanta sababbin ayyukan da aka rubuta.[4] A yayin wani wasan kwaikwayo, Leontovych's Lehenda, wanda Mykola Voronyi ya kafa wa waƙa, ya sami babban shahara. [23]

Bayan nazarin Leontovych na Second Compilation na Waƙoƙi daga Podolia, Lysenko ya rubuta: "Leontovych yana da asali, kyauta mai ban sha'awa. A cikin shirye-shiryensa na sami sassa daban-daban, motsi na muryoyin, wanda daga baya ya ci gaba a cikin hanyar sadarwar kiɗan da aka saƙa." [13] [n 4]

Ƙaruwar shaharar kiɗan Leontovych ya sami taimakon daga shugaban jamhuriyar ƙasar Ukraine Symon Petliura, wanda ya ƙirƙira kuma ya ɗauki nauyin ƙungiyar mawaƙa guda biyu waɗanda za su haɓaka wayewar kai da al'adun Ukraine . [24] Wata kungiyar mawaka da Kyrylo Stetsenko ke jagoranta ta zagaya a duk fadin kasar Ukraine, yayin da Capella na kasar Ukraine karkashin Alexander Koshetz ya zagaya kasashen Turai da Amurka. Ayyukan da Jamhuriyar Ukrainian Capella ta yi sun sa Leontovych ya san shi a ko'ina cikin yammacin duniya. A Faransa, Leontovych ya sami sunan barkwanci, "Ukrainian Bach ". A ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 1921, Capella ta yi Shchedryk a cikin Carnegie Hall a birnin New York . A cikin 1936, dan kabilar Ukrainian Peter J. Wilhousky, wanda ya yi aiki a gidan rediyon NBC, ya rubuta waƙarsa don waƙar, wanda aka sani da Carol of the Bells.[14]

Baya ga Shchedryk, ko Carol of the Bells, a halin yanzu ana jin waokin Leontovych galibi a Ukraine kuma an sadaukar da faifai kaɗan gare shi kaɗai. [16] Mutanen Ukrainian sun tuna da shi kuma suna yin ayyukansa. Misali, Olexander Koshetz Choir da ke Winnipeg, Manitoba, Kanada, yana yin kiɗan mawaƙa na Ukrainian ciki har da Leontovych kuma sun yi rikodin kiɗan sa. [25]

Duba kuma gyara sashe

  • Jerin Ukrainian composers - duba sauran Ukrainian composers na lokaci guda
  • Kiɗa kida

Bayanan kula gyara sashe

 

Manazarta gyara sashe

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Wytwycky, Wasyl. "Leontovych, Mykola". Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Retrieved 31 December2007.
  2. ↑ "МИКОЛА ЛЕОНТОВИЧ - БАХ У ХОРОВІЙ МУЗИЦІ" (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 23 December 2017. Retrieved 22 February2011.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "До 125-річчя від дня народження Миколи Дмитровича ЛЕОНТОВИЧА". Archived from the original on 22 January 2019. Retrieved 22 February2011.
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 Monthly Newsletter of the Tylchyn Centralized Library System Archived 31 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in Ukrainian)
  5. ↑ "Leontovych, Mykola Dmytrovych". UKRainskyi Obyednannyi Portal (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 31 December 2007.
  6. ↑ РЕКВІЄМ ПО ЛЕОНТОВИЧУ (Requiem about Leontovych) Archived 18 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine Article by Olga Melnyk on 18–31 December 2008 edition of the Ukrainian Gazette. Discusses "тривожні часи" (rough times) and poverty that Leontovych and others had to live through during that time.
  7. ↑ "Toronto choirs to pay tribute to Mykola Leontovych". The Ukrainian Weekly. Retrieved 21 May2011.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Kuzyk, Valentyna. "Mykola Dmytrovych LEONTOVYCH". National Organization of Composers of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 9 November 2007. Retrieved 31 December2007.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Kuzyk, Valentyna. "Mykola Dmytrovych LEONTOVYCH". National Organization of Composers of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 9 November 2007. Retrieved 31 December2007.
  10. ↑ Путін і Денікін – одна дорога з України (Putin and Denikin – one road of Ukraine) Article by Vasyl Zilhalov on radiosvoboda.org. Published 25 May 2009. Retrieved 18 July 2011 (in Ukrainian)
  11. ↑ "Николай Леонтович " НотОбоз – большой нотный архив. Ноты для балалайки, баяна, кларнета, ноты песен... Ноти" (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 30 July 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Вбивця стріляв у сплячого композитора (The killer was shooting at the sleeping composer) – article from the newspaper 20 Minutes
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 «Щедрик» Леонтовича лунає по всьому світу (Leontovych's "Shchedryk" echoes through the entire world Archived 2017-12-23 at the Wayback Machine (in Ukrainian) Article published 20 January 2011 in Halychyna Gazette
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Микола Леонтович - Бах у хоровій музиці". www.aratta-ukraine.com.
  15. ↑ Музей Леонтовича (Museum of Leontovych) description of Leontovych Museum in the village of Markivka
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 Mykola Dmytrovich Leontovych About/Bio – ClassicalArchives.com
  17. ↑ The music of Mykola Lysenko Duma Music, Inc.
  18. ↑ CD Universe Track listing of Vienna Boy's Choir Album Christmas Greetings From The Vienna Boys Choir
  19. ↑ iTunes Track listing Celtic Woman's Album Holidays & Hits: Christmas Celebration / The Greatest Journey
  20. ↑ iTunes Track listing of Jessica Simpson's 2010 Album Happy Christmas
  21. ↑ iTunes Track Listing of Destiny's Child's Album 8 Days of Christmas
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Леонтович Микола Дмитрович - 100 видатних українців (Leontovych Mykola Dmytrovych - 100 famous Ukrainians Archived 2018-01-22 at the Wayback Machine Dictionary entry on Leontovych from "100 famous Ukrainians" (in Ukrainian) Accessed 2 August 2011
  23. ↑ Леонтович Микола Дмитрович (1877–1921) композитор, хоровий диригент, громадський діяч, педагог Archived 2022-03-22 at the Wayback Machine Article analyzing the music of Mykola Leontovych (in Ukrainian)
  24. ↑ Ukrainian Republican Kapelle Encyclopedia of Ukraine article by Wasyl Wytwycky
  25. ↑ CDs/Cassettes[dead link] CD's and cassettes sold the O. Koshetz Choir website including a CD entitled "Mykola Leontovych – Liturgical Music"

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje gyara sashe


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