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Marcus Aurelius

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (Latin: [ˈmaːrkʊs au̯ˈreːliʊs antoːˈniːnʊs]; Turanci: /ɔːˈriːliəs/ or-EE-lee-əs;[1] 26 Afrilu 121 - 17 Maris 180) ya kasance 1philopher na Romawa zuwa 10. Ya kasance memba na daular Nerva – Antonine, na ƙarshe na masu mulki daga baya aka sani da sarakunan kirki biyar da kuma sarki na ƙarshe na Pax Romana, zamanin kwanciyar hankali, kwanciyar hankali, da kwanciyar hankali ga Daular Romawa daga 27 BC. zuwa 180 AD. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na Roma a cikin 140, 145, da 161.

Marcus Aurelius
Roman emperor (en) Fassara

7 ga Maris, 161 - 17 ga Maris, 180
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ancient Roman senator (en) Fassara


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Rayuwa
Cikakken suna Marcus Catilius Severus Annius Verus
Haihuwa Roma, 26 ga Afirilu, 121
ƙasa Romawa na Da
Mazauni Roma
Mutuwa Vindobona (en) Fassara, 17 ga Maris, 180
Makwanci Castel Sant'Angelo (en) Fassara
Yanayin mutuwa Sababi na ainihi (plague (en) Fassara)
Ƴan uwa
Mahaifi Marcus Annius Verus, Antoninus Pius
Mahaifiya Calvisia Domitia Lucilla
Abokiyar zama Faustina the Younger (en) Fassara
Ma'aurata Ceionia Fabia (en) Fassara
Yara
Ahali Annia Cornificia Faustina (en) Fassara
Ƴan uwa
Yare Antonines (en) Fassara
Aurelies (en) Fassara
Karatu
Harsuna Harshen Latin
Ancient Greek (en) Fassara
Malamai Alexander of Cotiaeum (en) Fassara
Herodes Atticus (en) Fassara
Marcus Cornelius Fronto (mul) Fassara
Junius Rusticus (en) Fassara
Sana'a
Sana'a ɗan siyasa, mai falsafa, marubuci da sarki
Muhimman ayyuka Meditations (en) Fassara
Fafutuka stoicism (en) Fassara
Imani
Addini ancient Roman religion (en) Fassara

Marcus Aurelius ɗan sarki Marcus Annius Verus ne da matarsa, Domia Calvilla. An danganta shi ta hanyar aure da sarakuna Trajan da Hadrian. Marcus yana da shekaru uku sa'ad da mahaifinsa ya rasu, kuma mahaifiyarsa da kakansa sun girma. Bayan ɗan riƙon Hadrian, Aelius Kaisar, ya mutu a shekara ta 138, Hadrian ya ɗauki kawun Marcus Antoninus Pius a matsayin sabon magaji. Bi da bi, Antoninus ya ɗauki Marcus da Lucius, ɗan Aelius. Hadrian ya mutu a wannan shekara, kuma Antoninus ya zama sarki. Yanzu magajin karagar mulki, Marcus ya yi karatun Hellenanci da Latin karkashin masu koyarwa irin su Herodes Atticus da Marcus Cornelius Fronto. Ya auri 'yar Antoninus Faustina a shekara ta 145.

Bayan Antoninus ya mutu a shekara ta 161, Marcus ya hau kan karagar mulki tare da ɗan'uwansa wanda ya ɗauko shi, wanda ya ɗauki sunan sarauta Lucius Aurelius Verus. A ƙarƙashin mulkin Marcus Aurelius, daular Roma ta ga rigima da yawa na soja. A Gabas, Romawa sun yi yaƙin Parthian na Lucius Verus tare da farfado da Daular Parthia da Masarautar 'yan tawaye ta Armeniya. Marcus ya ci Marcomanni, Quadi, da Sarmatian Iazyges a yakin Marcomanni. Waɗannan da sauran al'ummomin Jamus sun fara wakiltar gaskiya mai tada hankali ga Daular. Ya rage tsaftar azurfar kudin Roma, dinari. Da alama tsanantawar da ake yi wa Kiristoci a Daular Roma ya ƙaru a lokacin sarautarsa, amma ba zai yuwu ba ya shiga cikin wannan tun da babu wani tarihin Kiristoci na farko a ƙarni na 2 da suka kira shi mai tsanantawa, kuma Tertullian ma ya kira Marcus “mai-kare Kiristoci. "[3 Annobar Antonine ta barke a shekara ta 165 ko 166 kuma ta lalata al’ummar daular Roma, wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane miliyan biyar zuwa goma. Wataƙila Lucius Verus ya mutu daga annoba a shekara ta 169. Lokacin da Marcus da kansa ya mutu a shekara ta 180, ya gaje shi.su[2] Commodus.

Magajin Commodus bayan Marcus ya kasance batun muhawara tsakanin masana tarihi na zamani da na zamani. Rukunin Marcus Aurelius da mutum-mutumin dawaki na Marcus Aurelius har yanzu suna nan a Roma, inda aka gina su don murnar nasarar da ya samu na soja. Tunani, rubuce-rubucen "masanin falsafa" - kamar yadda masu tarihin tarihin zamanin da ake kira Marcus - sune mahimman tushen fahimtar zamani na falsafar Stoic ta zamanin da. ’Yan’uwan marubuta, masana falsafa, sarakuna, da ’yan siyasa sun yaba wa waɗannan rubuce-rubuce ƙarnuka da yawa bayan mutuwarsa.

11.2 Na zamani

12 Hagu na waje

Tushe

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Manyan tushen da ke nuna rayuwa da mulkin Marcus Aurelius ba su da tushe kuma ba su da tabbas. Ƙungiya mafi mahimmanci na tushe, tarihin rayuwar da ke kunshe a cikin Tarihin Augusta, da'awar cewa gungun marubuta ne suka rubuta a farkon karni na 4 AD, amma an yi imanin cewa marubuci ɗaya ne ya rubuta su (wanda ake magana a nan a nan). a matsayin 'mai tarihin rayuwa') daga kusan 395.[3] Tatsuniyoyi na baya-bayan nan da tarihin sarakunan da ke karkashinsu da masu satar mutane ba abin dogaro ba ne, amma tarihin rayuwar da aka yi a baya, wadanda aka samo asali daga tushen da aka rasa a yanzu (Marius Maximus ko Ignotus), ana ganin sun fi daidai. [4] Ga rayuwar Marcus da mulkinsa, tarihin Hadrian, Antoninus, Marcus, da Lucius abin dogaro ne sosai, amma na Aelius Verus da Avidius Cassius ba su kasance ba.[5]

Tawagar wasiƙa tsakanin mai koyar da Marcus Fronto da jami'an Antonine daban-daban sun tsira a cikin jerin rubuce-rubucen da ba su da kyau, wanda ya ƙunshi lokacin daga c. 138 zuwa 166.[[6] [7] Tunanin Marcus na kansa yana ba da taga game da rayuwarsa ta ciki, amma ba ta daɗe kuma ba ta da takamaiman bayani game da al'amuran duniya.[8] Babban tushen labari na wannan lokacin shine Cassius Dio, dan majalisar dattawan Girka daga Bitiniya Nicaea wanda ya rubuta tarihin Roma daga kafuwarta zuwa 229 a cikin littattafai tamanin. Dio yana da mahimmanci ga tarihin soja na lokacin, amma ra'ayinsa na majalisar dattijai da kuma adawa mai karfi ga fadada daular sun rufe masa hangen nesa.[9] Wasu kafofin wallafe-wallafen sun ba da cikakkun bayanai: rubuce-rubucen likita Galen game da halaye na Antonine elite, maganganun Aelius Aristides game da fushin lokutan, da kuma kundin tsarin mulki da aka kiyaye a cikin Digest da Codex Justinianeus akan aikin shari'a na Marcus. [10] Rubuce-rubuce da tsabar kudi suna samun ƙarin tushen wallafe-wallafe.[11]

Rayuwar farko

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Babban labarin: farkon rayuwar Marcus Aurelius

Sunaye

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An haifi Marcus a Roma a ranar 26 ga Afrilu 121. Ana ba da sunan haihuwarsa a wasu lokuta kamar Marcus Annius Verus, [12] amma majiyoyi suna sanya masa wannan sunan a lokacin mutuwar mahaifinsa da kuma renon kakansa ba bisa ka'ida ba, bayan ya girma. ref>Cassius Dio, Book 69,21.1. Archived 29 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine "Marcus Annius Verus [...] This Marcus Annius, earlier named Catilius, was a grandson of Annius Verus [...] He preferred Verus on account of his kinship and his age and because he was already giving indication of exceptional strength of character. This led Hadrian to apply to the young man the name Verissimus, thus playing upon the meaning of the Latin word</ref> [[13] 1[14] [15] Wataƙila an san shi da [16][17] a lokacin haihuwa ko wani lokaci a cikin ƙuruciyarsa, [18] ko "Marcus Catilius Severus Annius Verus". Bayan da Antoninus ya ɗauke shi a matsayin magajin sarauta, an san shi da "Marcus Aelius Aurelius Verus Kaisar" kuma, bayan hawansa, ya kasance "Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus" har zuwa mutuwarsa;[1Epiphanius na Salamis, a cikin tarihin tarihinsa. na sarakunan Rumawa sun hada da On nasaMa'auni da Ma'auni, suna kiransa Marcus Aurelius Verus.[19]

Asalin iyali

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Mahaifin Marcus Aurels shine Marcus Annius Verus (III).[20] Annii Veri dangin Romawa ne da suka zauna a cikin ƙaramin yanki na Ucubi (Colonia Claritas Iulia Ucubi) kudu maso gabas na Cordoba a Iberian Baetica (Andalusia na zamani, Spain); sun kasance asalin Italic, kuma suna da da'awar zuriyarsu daga Numa Pompilius.[[21] [22] Annii Veri ya yi suna a Roma a ƙarshen karni na 1 AD. Kakan Marcus Marcus Annius Verus (I) dan majalisar dattawa ne kuma (bisa ga Tarihi Augusta) tsohon shugaban kasa; kakansa Marcus Annius Verus (II) an mai da shi patrician a cikin 73-74.[[23] Ta wurin kakarsa Rupilia Faustina, Marcus yana da alaƙa da daular Nerva-Antonine; Rupilla ita ce 'yar uwar Salonia Matidia, wacce ita ce 'yar'uwar sarki Trajan.[24]

Mahaifiyar Marcus, Domitia Lucilla Minor (wanda aka fi sani da Domia Calvilla), ɗiyar Patrician Roman ce P. Calvisius Tullus kuma ta gaji babban arziki (wanda aka kwatanta a tsayi a cikin ɗaya daga cikin haruffa Pliny) daga iyayenta da kakanni. Gadon ta ya haɗa da manyan bulo-bulo a bayan garin Rome - kamfani mai fa'ida a zamanin da garin ke fuskantar haɓakar gini - da Horti Domitia Calvillae (ko Lucillae), ƙauye a kan tudun Caelian na Rome.[25] [26] da kansa an haife shi kuma ya girma a cikin Horti kuma ya kira tsaunin Caelian a matsayin 'My Caelian'.[27][28] [35]

Iyalin da suka ɗauki Marcus su ne gens Aurelia, tsohuwar gens na Romawa.[36] Mahaifin riƙonsa Antoninus Pius ya fito ne daga Aurelii Fulvi, reshe na Aurelii ya zauna a yankin Nemausus na Roman Gaul.[29][30]

Yarantaka

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'Yar'uwar Marcus, Annia Cornificia Faustina, an haife ta a shekara ta 122 ko 123.[31] Wataƙila mahaifinsa ya mutu a cikin 125 ko 126 lokacin Marcus yana ɗan shekara uku a lokacin sarautarsa.[32] bayanin kula [33] Ko da yake da wuya ya san mahaifinsa, Marcus ya rubuta a cikin tunaninsa cewa ya koyi 'tawali'u da mutuntaka' daga wurinsa. Tunanin mahaifinsa da sunan mutumin bayan mutuwarsa[34] Mahaifiyarsa Lucilla ba ta sake yin aure ba[39] kuma, bin al'adun gargajiya na yau da kullun, mai yiwuwa ba ta daɗe da ɗanta ba. Madadin haka, Marcus yana cikin kulawar 'ma'aikatan jinya' [35] kuma kakansa Marcus Annius Verus (II) ya tashe shi bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, wanda ya kasance yana riƙe da ikon doka na patria potestas akan ɗansa da jikansa. A fasaha wannan ba tallafi ba ne, ƙirƙirar sabon patria potestas daban-daban. Lucius Catilius Severus, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin kakan Marcus na wajen uwa, shi ma ya shiga cikin renon sa; watakila shi ne dattijon uban Domia Lucilla.[17] Marcus ya taso ne a gidan iyayensa da ke kan tudun Caelian, wani yanki mai girman gaske wanda ke da ƴan gine-ginen jama'a amma ƙauyuka da yawa. Kakan Marcus ya mallaki wani gida kusa da Lateran, inda zai shafe yawancin kuruciyarsa.[36] Marcus ya gode wa kakansa da ya koya masa ‘kyakkyawan hali da nisantar mugun hali[37] Ba ya son farkar da kakansa ya dauka kuma ya zauna tare da ita bayan rasuwar matarsa ​​Rupilia.[38] Marcus ya yi godiya cewa ba sai ya zauna da ita fiye da yadda ya yi ba.[39]

Batun matashin Marcus Aurelius (Gidan Gidan Tarihi). Anthony Birley, mawallafin tarihin rayuwarsa na zamani, ya rubuta game da bust: 'Hakika wannan saurayi kabari ne'.[40]

Tun yana ƙarami, Marcus ya nuna sha'awar yin kokawa da dambe. Ya horar da yin kokawa sa’ad da yake matashi da kuma shekarunsa na samartaka, ya koyi yaƙi da makamai kuma ya shiga Salii, umarni na firistoci da aka keɓe ga gunkin Mars waɗanda ke da alhakin tsarar garkuwoyi, wanda ake kira Ancilia, kuma wataƙila don ba da sanarwar farkon lokacin yaƙi. kuma karshen. Marcus ya sami ilimi a gida, daidai da abubuwan da suka faru na zamani; [41] ya gode wa Catilius Severus don ƙarfafa shi.don nisantar makarantun jama’a[42] Ɗaya daga cikin malamansa, Diognetus, masanin zane-zane, ya tabbatar da tasiri musamman; da alama ya gabatar da Marcus Aurelius ga tsarin rayuwar falsaf[43]A cikin watan Afrilu 132, bisa umarnin Diognetus, Marcus ya ɗauki tufafi da halaye na masanin falsafa: ya yi karatu yayin da yake sanye da mayafin Girka mai ƙaƙƙarfan, kuma yana kwana a ƙasa har sai mahaifiyarsa ta lallashe shi ya kwanta a kan gado.[51] Wani sabon saitin malamai - masanin Homeric Alexander na Cotiaeum tare da Trosius Aper da Tuticius Proculus, malaman Latin[52] [bayanin kula 3] - sun karɓi ilimin Marcus a cikin kusan 132 ko 133.[54] Marcus ya gode wa Alexander saboda horon da ya yi a kan salon adabi.[Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag

A cikin watan Afrilu 132, bisa umarnin Diognetus, Marcus ya ɗauki tufafi da halaye na masanin falsafa: ya yi karatu yayin da yake sanye da mayafin Girka mai ƙaƙƙarfan, kuma yana kwana a ƙasa har sai mahaifiyarsa ta lallashe shi ya kwanta a kan gado.[44] Wani sabon saitin malamai - masanin Homeric Alexander na Cotiaeum tare da Trosius Aper da Tuticius Proculus, malaman Latin[45] [bayanin kula 3] - sun karɓi ilimin Marcus a cikin kusan 132 ko 133.[46] Marcus ya gode wa Alexander saboda horon da ya yi a kan salon adabi.[<ref>Tasirin Alexander – annashuwa a kan al’amura a kan salo da lafazin tsantsan kalmomi, tare da furucin Homeric lokaci-lokaci – an gano shi a cikin tunanin Marcus.<ref>Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 40, 270 n.28, citing A.S.L. Farquharson, The Meditations of Marcus Antoninus (Oxford, 1944) ii. 453.<=

Magaji zuwa Hadrian

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A ƙarshen 136, Hadrian ya kusan mutu daga zubar jini. Convalescent a cikin villansa a Tivoli, ya zaɓi Lucius Ceionius Commodus, surukin Marcus, a matsayin magajinsa kuma ɗan renonsa, [57] bisa ga mawallafin tarihin 'saɓawa da burin kowa'.[58] Duk da cewa ba a tabbatar da manufarsa ba, amma da alama burinsa shi ne ya dora Marcus mai matashin kan karagar mulki[59]. A matsayin wani ɓangare na renonsa, Commodus ya ɗauki sunan, Lucius Aelius Kaisar. Rashin lafiyarsa ta yi rauni sosai, ta yadda a lokacin bikin zama magajinsa, ya yi rauni sosai, ba zai iya ɗaga babbar garkuwa da kansa ba[60]. Bayan wani ɗan gajeren zango a kan iyakar Danube, Aelius ya koma Roma don yin jawabi ga Majalisar Dattijai a ranar farko ta 138. Duk da haka, da dare kafin jawabin da aka tsara, ya yi rashin lafiya kuma ya mutu sakamakon zubar jini daga baya a rana. [shafi na 4]

Tsabar (AD 136–138) na Hadrian (Bayyana) da ɗan riƙonsa, Lucius Aelius (na baya). Hadrian yana sanye da kambin laurel. Rubutun: HADRIANVS ... / LVCIVS CAESAR.

A ranar 24 ga Janairu 138, Hadrian ya zaɓi Aurelius Antoninus, mijin kawar Marcus Faustina dattijo, a matsayin sabon magajinsa.[63] A matsayin wani ɓangare na sharuddan Hadrian, Antoninus, shi ma ya ɗauki Marcus da Lucius Commodus, ɗan Lucius Aelius.[64] Marcus ya zama M. Aelius Aurelius Verus, kuma Lucius ya zama L. Aelius Aurelius Commodus. Bisa buqatar Hadrian, an auri 'yar Antoninus Faustina da Lucius.[65] An ba da rahoton cewa Marcus ya gaishe da labarin cewa Hadrian ya zama kakan riƙonsa da baƙin ciki, maimakon farin ciki. Sai da rashin so ya ƙaura daga gidan mahaifiyarsa a kan Caelian zuwa gidan Hadrian na keɓanta.[66]

A wani lokaci a cikin 138, Hadrian ya bukaci a majalisar dattijai cewa Marcus ya kebe shi daga dokar da ta hana shi zama mai tayar da hankali kafin ranar haihuwarsa na ashirin da hudu. Majalisar dattijai ta yarda, kuma Marcus ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin Antoninus, mai kula da 139.[67]. Rikon Marcus ya kawar da shi daga tsarin aiki na ajinsa. Idan ba don ɗaukarsa ba, da wataƙila ya zama triumvir monetalis, matsayi mai daraja sosai wanda ya haɗa da gudanar da token na jihar Mint; bayan haka, zai iya zama tribune tare da runduna, ya zama babban kwamandan runduna na biyu. Wataƙila Marcus zai zaɓi tafiya da ƙarin ilimi maimakon. Kamar yadda yake, an ware Marcus daga ’yan uwansa. Duk da haka, marubucin tarihin rayuwarsa ya tabbatar da cewa halinsa bai taɓa faruwa ba: 'Har yanzu yana girmama dangantakarsa kamar yadda ya kasance a lokacin da yake ɗan ƙasa na gari, kuma ya kasance mai ƙwazo da taka-tsantsan da dukiyarsa kamar yadda ya kasance lokacin da yake zaune a cikin ƙasa. masu zaman kansu[68].

Bayan jerin yunƙurin kashe kansa, duk wanda Antoninus ya ci tura, Hadrian ya tafi Baiae, wurin shakatawa na bakin teku a gabar tekun Campania. Yanayinsa bai inganta ba, ya bar abincin da likitocinsa suka umarce shi, yana shagaltuwa da abinci da abin sha. Ya aika a kirawo Antoninus, wanda yake gefensa lokacin da ya rasu a ranar 10 ga Yuli 138.[69] An binne gawarsa cikin nutsuwaa Puteoli.[70] Magajin Antoninus ya kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali da kwanciyar hankali: Antoninus ya ajiye wadanda Hadrian ya zaba a ofis kuma ya faranta wa majalisar dattijai, mutunta gatanta da sassauta hukuncin kisa na mutanen da aka tuhume su a zamanin Hadrian[71]. Saboda halinsa na aiki, an nemi Antoninus ya karɓi sunan 'Pius'.[72]

Magaji ga Antoninus Pius (138-145)

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Sestertius ko Antoninus Pius (AD 140–144). Yana murna da auren Marcus Aurelius da Faustina ƙarami a cikin 139, hoton da ke ƙasa Antoninus, wanda ke riƙe da mutum-mutumi na Concordia kuma yana haɗa hannu da Faustina Dattijo. Rubutun: ANTONINVS AVG. PIVS P.P., TR. P., CO[N]S. III / CONCORDIAE S.C.[73]Denarius na Antoninus Pius (AD 139), tare da hoton Marcus Aurelius a baya. Rubutun: ANTONINVS AVG. PIVS P.P. / AVRELIVS CAES. AVG. PII F. CO[N]S. DEC.[74]

Nan da nan bayan mutuwar Hadrian, Antoninus ya tunkari Marcus kuma ya nemi a gyara tsarin aurensa: Za a soke auren Marcus ga Ceionia Fabia, kuma za a ɗaura shi da Faustina, 'yar Antoninus, maimakon haka. Za a soke auren Faustina da ɗan'uwan Ceionia Lucius Commodus. Marcus ya yarda da shawarar Antoninus.[75] An nada shi karamin jakada na 140 tare da Antoninus a matsayin abokin aikinsa, kuma an nada shi a matsayin sevir, daya daga cikin kwamandoji shida na Knight, a faretin shekara-shekara na odar a ranar 15 ga Yuli 139. A matsayin magaji, Marcus ya zama princeps iuventutis, shugaban odar dawaki. Yanzu ya ɗauki sunan Marcus Aelius Aurelius Verus Kaisar.[76] Daga baya Marcus zai yi wa kansa gargaɗi game da ɗaukan sunan da muhimmanci: ‘Ku lura kada ku zama Kaisar; kada a tsoma shi a cikin rini mai ruwan shunayya – domin hakan na iya faruwa.[77] A bukatar majalisar dattijai, Marcus ya shiga dukkan kwalejojin firistoci (pontifices, augurs, quindecimviri sacris faciundis, septemviri epulonum, da dai sauransu);[78] shaida kai tsaye don zama memba, duk da haka, yana samuwa ne kawai ga Arval Brothers.[79]

Antoninus ya bukaci Marcus ya zauna a gidan Tiberius, fadar sarki a Palatine, kuma ya dauki dabi'ar sabon tasharsa, aulicum fastiium ko 'kyautar kotu', a kan rashin amincewar Marcus.[78]. Marcus zai yi gwagwarmaya don daidaita rayuwar kotu da burinsa na falsafa. Ya gaya wa kansa manufa ce mai yiwuwa - 'Inda rayuwa za ta yiwu, to yana yiwuwa a yi rayuwa mai kyau; rayuwa tana yiwuwa a cikin fada, saboda haka yana yiwuwa a yi rayuwa mai kyau a gidan sarauta[80] – amma duk da haka ya gagara. Zai soki kansa a cikin tunani don 'cin zarafin rayuwar kotu' a gaban kamfani[81].

A matsayinsa na quaestor, Marcus zai sami ɗan aikin gudanarwa na gaske da zai yi. Ya kan karanta wasikun sarki zuwa majalisar dattawa lokacin da Antoninus ba ya nan kuma zai yi aikin sakatariya ga sanatoci.[82] Amma sai ya ji ya nutse a cikin takarda kuma ya kai ƙara ga malaminsa, Marcus Cornelius Fronto: 'Ba ni da hurumin faɗar haruffa kusan talatin'.[83] Ana ‘dare shi don mulkin jihar’, kamar yadda marubucin tarihin rayuwarsa ya rubuta.[84] An bukace shi da ya yi jawabi ga Sanatoci da suka taru su ma, inda ya ba da horon baka da muhimmanci ga aikin.[85]

A ranar 1 ga Janairu 145, an nada Marcus a matsayin jakada na biyu. Fronto ya bukace shi a cikin wasikar cewa ya sami isasshen barci 'domin ku shigo majalisar dattawa da launi mai kyau kuma ku karanta jawabinku da murya mai karfi'.[86] Marcus ya koka game da rashin lafiya a wata wasiƙa da ta gabata: ‘Game da ƙarfina, na fara dawowa; kuma babu alamar ciwon kirjina. Amma wannan ulcer [...][bayanin kula 5] Ina samun magani kuma ina kula da kada in aikata wani abu da zai kawo masa cikas.[87] Bai taɓa samun lafiya ko ƙarfi ba, Cassius Dio ya yaba wa Marcus, yayin da yake rubuta shekarunsa na ƙarshe, saboda halin da'a duk da cututtuka daban-daban.[88] A cikin Afrilu 145, Marcus ya auri Faustina, bisa ga doka'yar'uwa, kamar yadda aka tsara tun 138.[89]. Ba a san takamaiman bikin ba, amma marubucin tarihin ya kira shi 'abin lura'.[90] An ba da tsabar kudi tare da shugabannin ma'auratan, kuma Antoninus, a matsayin Pontifex Maximus, zai yi aiki. Marcus ba ya bayyana a fili game da auren a cikin wasiƙunsa masu rai, kuma kawai yana da alaƙa da Faustina.[91]

Fronto da ƙarin ilimi

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Bayan shan toga virilis a shekara ta 136, mai yiwuwa Marcus ya fara horo a fannin magana.[92] Yana da malamai uku a cikin Hellenanci (Aninus Macer, Caninius Celer, da Herodes Atticus) da ɗaya a cikin Latin (Marcus Cornelius Fronto). Na biyun su ne mafi daraja masu magana a zamaninsu, [93] amma mai yiwuwa ba su zama masu koyar da shi ba har sai da Antoninus ya karbe shi a shekara ta 138. Gabatar da malaman Girkanci yana nuna muhimmancin harshen Girka ga sarakunan Roma.[94] ] Wannan shine shekarun Sophistic na Biyu, sake farfadowa a cikin haruffan Hellenanci. Ko da yake ya yi karatu a Roma, a cikin tunaninsa Marcus zai rubuta tunaninsa a cikin Hellenanci.[95]

Atticus ya kasance mai kawo rigima: babban attajiri ne (wataƙila shi ne mutumin da ya fi kowa kuɗi a gabashin rabin daular), ya yi saurin fushi kuma ya yi fushi da ’yan uwansa Atheniya saboda irin taimakon da ya yi.[96]. Atticus ya kasance babban abokin gaba na Stoicism da falsafar falsafa.[97] Ya yi tunanin sha'awar Stoics na rashin son zuciya wauta ce: za su yi rayuwa ta 'jinkirin, rai mai kuzari', in ji shi.[98] Duk da tasirin Atticus, Marcus zai zama Stoic daga baya. Ba zai ambaci Hirudus ba kwata-kwata a cikin Tafsirinsa, duk da cewa za su hadu da yawa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.[99]

Fronto ya kasance mai daraja sosai: a cikin duniyar antiquarian na haruffan Latin, [100] an yi tunanin shi a matsayin na biyu kawai ga Cicero, watakila ma madadinsa. , ko da yake a ƙarshe Marcus ya sanya ma'auratan akan sharuɗɗan magana. Fronto ya yi cikakken ƙware a cikin harshen Latin, yana iya gano maganganu ta hanyar wallafe-wallafe, samar da ma'anar ma'ana, da ƙalubalanci ƙananan rashin dacewa cikin zaɓin kalmomi.[101]

Wani adadi mai yawa na wasiƙun da ke tsakanin Fronto da Marcus ya tsira.[105] Ma'auratan sun kasance kusa sosai, suna amfani da yare na kud da kud kamar 'Farewell my Fronto, a duk inda kuke, ƙaunata mafi daɗi da jin daɗi. Yaya tsakanina da kai? Ina son ku kuma ba ku nan a cikin wasikunsu[106]. Marcus ya zauna tare da matar Fronto da ’yarsa, dukansu masu suna Cratia, kuma sun ji daɗin tattaunawa mai sauƙi.[107]

Ya rubuta wa Fronto wasika a ranar haihuwarsa, yana mai cewa yana son shi kamar yadda yake son kansa, kuma yana kira ga alloli da su tabbatar da cewa duk kalmar da ya koya na wallafe-wallafen, zai koyi 'daga leɓun Fronto'.[108] Addu'o'in da ya yi na neman lafiyar Fronto sun fi na al'ada, domin Fronto yana yawan rashin lafiya; a wasu lokuta, yakan zama kamar ba shi da inganci, ko da yaushe yana shan wahala[109] – kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na wasiƙun da suka tsira suna magance cututtukan mutumin.[110] Marcus ya nemi a yi wa kansa ciwon Fronto, 'da kaina da kowane irin rashin jin daɗi'[111].

Fronto bai taba zama cikakken malamin Marcus ba kuma ya ci gaba da aikinsa a matsayin mai ba da shawara. Wani sanannen al’amari ya jawo shi cikin rikici da Atiku[112]. Marcus ya roki Fronto, da farko da 'shawarwari', sannan a matsayin 'albarka', kada ya kai wa Atticus hari; ya riga ya nemi Atikuwa da ya guji yin bugu na farko[113]. Fronto ya amsa da cewa ya yi mamakin gano Marcus ya kirga Atticus a matsayin aboki (watakila Atticus bai riga ya koyar da Marcus ba), kuma ya yarda cewa Marcus na iya zama daidai, [114] amma duk da haka ya tabbatar da aniyarsa ta lashe shari'ar ta kowane hali: [ T] zargin yana da ban tsoro kuma dole ne a yi magana da shi a matsayin mai ban tsoro. Musamman wadanda ke magana a kan duka da fashi zan kwatanta su don su ji dadi da cizon yatsa.Idan na kira shi ɗan Hellenanci mara ilimi ba zai zama yaƙi har mutuwa ba.[115] Ba a san sakamakon shari’ar ba.[116]

A lokacin da yake da shekaru ashirin da biyar (tsakanin Afrilu 146 da Afrilu 147), Marcus ya yi rashin gamsuwa da karatunsa a fannin shari'a, kuma ya nuna wasu alamun rashin lafiya. Ubangidansa, ya rubuta wa Fronto, ya kasance maƙarƙashiya marar daɗi, kuma ya yi masa 'bugu': 'Yana da sauƙi a zauna yana hamma kusa da alkali, in ji shi, amma zama alkali babban aiki ne'.[117] ] Marcus ya gaji da atisayensa, da daukar matsayi a cikin mahawara. Lokacin da ya soki rashin gaskiyar harshe na al'ada, Fronto ya ɗauki kare shi.[118] Ko ta yaya, karatun Marcus ya ƙare yanzu. Ya kiyaye malamansa da kyau, yana bin su da gaske. Ya 'ya cutar da lafiyarsa sosai', in ji marubucin tarihin rayuwarsa, don ya ba da himma sosai ga karatunsa. Shi ne kawai abin da marubucin tarihin tarihin zai iya samun kuskure a cikin dukan kuruciyar Marcus.[119]

Fronto ya gargadi Marcus game da nazarin falsafa tun da wuri: "Yana da kyau kada a taɓa koyarwar falsafa [...] da a ɗanɗana ta sama da ƙasa, tare da gefen lebe, kamar yadda ake faɗi". 120] Ya kyamaci falsafa da falsafa kuma ya raina zaman Marcus tare da Apollonius na Chalcedon da sauran mutane a cikin wannan da'ira.[105] Fronto ya sanya fassarar maras taimako na 'juyawar Marcus zuwa falsafa': 'A cikin salon samari, sun gaji da aiki mai ban sha'awa', Marcus ya juya zuwa falsafa don guje wa ci gaba da horar da baka.[121]. Marcus ya ci gaba da tuntuɓar Fronto, amma zai yi watsi da ɓarkewar Fronto.[122]

Wataƙila Apollonius ya gabatar da Marcus ga falsafar Stoic, amma Quintus Junius Rusticus zai fi tasiri a kan yaron. Ya girmi Fronto kuma ya girmi Marcus shekaru ashirin. A matsayinsa na jikan Arulenus Rusticus, daya daga cikin shahidai ga zaluncin Domitian (r. 81-96), ya kasance magaji ga al'adar 'Stoic Opposition' ga 'miyagun sarakuna' na karni na farko;[126] magajin gaskiya na Seneca (ya bambanta da Fronto, na ƙarya).[127] Marcus ya gode wa Rusticus don ya koya masa 'kar a batar da shi cikin sha'awar zance, don yin rubuce-rubuce kan jigogi, don tattaunawa kan nassoshi masu ɗabi'a .... Don guje wa baƙar magana, waƙa, da rubutu mai kyau [128].

Philostratus ya kwatanta yadda ko lokacin da Marcus ya tsufa, a ƙarshen mulkinsa, ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Sextus na Chaeronea:

Sarkin sarakuna Marcus ya kasance almajirin Sextus mai ilimin falsafa na Boeotian, yana yawan kasancewa tare da shi kuma yana yawan zuwa gidansa. Lucius, wanda ya zo Roma, ya tambayi Sarkin sarakuna, wanda ya sadu da shi a kan hanyarsa, inda zai je da kuma aikin, Marcus ya amsa, 'Yana da kyau ko dattijo ya koya; Yanzu ina kan hanya ta zuwa Sextus masanin falsafa don koyon abin da ban sani ba tukuna.' Sai Lucius, ya ɗaga hannunsa zuwa sama, ya ce, ‘Ya Zeus, Sarkin Romawa a cikin tsufansa ya ɗauki allunansa ya tafi makaranta.’ [129]

Haihuwa da mutuwa

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Ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 147, Faustina ta haifi yarinya mai suna Domitia Faustina. Ita ce ta farko a cikin akalla yara goma sha uku (ciki har da tagwaye biyu) da Faustina za ta haifa a cikin shekaru ashirin da uku masu zuwa. Washegari, 1 ga Disamba, Antoninus ya ba Marcus ikon mulki da daular - iko bisa runduna da lardunan sarki. A matsayinsa na tribune, yana da hakkin ya gabatar da ma'auni guda a gaban majalisar dattawa bayan da Antoninus hudu zai iya gabatar da shi. Za a sabunta ikon mulkinsa tare da Antoninus a ranar 10 ga Disamba 147.[130]. Na farko ambaton Domitia a wasiƙun Marcus ya bayyana ta a matsayin jaririya marar lafiya. 'Kaisar zuwa Fronto. Idan allah ya yarda da alama muna da begen murmurewa. Zawo ya tsaya, ƙananan hare-haren zazzabi suna daan koreshi. Amma ciwon har yanzu yana da yawa kuma har yanzu akwai ɗan tari. Shi da Faustina, Marcus ya rubuta, sun kasance 'sun shagaltu sosai' da kulawar yarinyar.[131] Domia zai mutu a shekara ta 151.[132]

Mausoleum na Hadrian, inda aka binne 'ya'yan Marcus da Faustina

A cikin 149, Faustina ta sake haihuwa, ga 'ya'ya maza tagwaye. Tsabar kudi ta zamani tana tunawa da taron, tare da ƙetare cornucopiae a ƙarƙashin hotunan ƙananan yara maza biyu, da almara temporum felicitas, 'farkon zamani'. Ba su daɗe ba. Kafin ƙarshen shekara, an ba da wani tsabar kuɗi na iyali: yana nuna ƙaramin yarinya, Domitia Faustina, da ɗa namiji ɗaya. Sai wani: yarinyar ita kadai. An binne jariran ne a cikin Mausoleum na Hadrian, inda tatsuniyoyinsu suka tsira. Ana kiran su Titus Aurelius Antoninus da Tiberius Aelius Aurelius.[133] Marcus ya dage: ‘Wani mutum ya yi addu’a: ‘Yadda ba zan rasa ƙaramin ɗana ba’, amma dole ne ka yi addu’a: ‘Ta yaya ba zan ji tsoron rasa shi ba’.[134] Ya nakalto daga Iliyad abin da ya kira “takaice zantukan da aka sani [...] wanda ya isa ya kawar da bakin ciki da tsoro”:[135].

 ganye iska ta watsar da wasu a kan fuskar ƙasa; kamar su 'ya'yan mutane ne.

– Iliyadi vi.146[135]

An haifi wata 'yar a ranar 7 ga Maris 150, Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla. A wani lokaci tsakanin 155 da 161, mai yiwuwa ba da daɗewa ba bayan 155, mahaifiyar Marcus Domitia Lucilla ta rasu.[136] Wataƙila Faustina ta sami wata diya a shekara ta 151, amma yaron mai suna Annia Galeria Aurelia Faustina, mai yiwuwa ba a haife shi ba sai 153.[137] An haifi wani ɗa mai suna Tiberius Aelius Antoninus a shekara ta 152. Batun tsabar kuɗi na bikin fecunditati Augustae, 'zuwa haihuwar Augusta', wanda ke nuna 'yan mata biyu da wani jariri. Yaron bai dade da tsira ba, kamar yadda tsabar kudi 156 suka nuna, wanda ya nuna 'yan matan biyu ne kawai. Wataƙila ya mutu a shekara ta 152, a shekarar da ’yar’uwar Marcus Cornificia.[138] A ranar 28 ga Maris 158, lokacin da Marcus ya amsa, wani 'ya'yansa ya mutu. Marcus ya gode wa majalisar dattawan haikali, 'ko da yake wannan ya zama akasin haka'. Ba a san sunan yaron ba.[139] A cikin 159 da 160, Faustina ta haifi 'ya'ya mata: Fadilla da Cornificia, sunansa bi da bi bayan yayyen Faustina da Marcus.[140]

Shekarun ƙarshe na Antoninus Pius

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Bust na Antoninus Pius, Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya

Lucius ya fara aikinsa na siyasa ne a matsayin mai katsalandan a shekara ta 153. Ya kasance jakada a shekara ta 154, [141] kuma ya sake zama jakada tare da Marcus a shekara ta 161.[142]. Lucius ba shi da wasu lakabi, sai na 'dan Augustus'. Lucius ya bambanta da Marcus: yana jin daɗin wasanni iri-iri, amma musamman farauta da kokawa; ya ji daɗin wasannin circus da yaƙe-yaƙe.[143] [bayanin kula 8] Bai yi aure ba sai 164.[147].

A shekara ta 156, Antoninus ya cika shekara 70. Ya yi masa wuya ya miƙe tsaye ba tare da tsayawa ba. Ya fara busasshen biredi don ya ba shi ƙarfin kasancewa a faɗake cikin liyafar safiya. Kamar yadda Antoninus ya tsufa, Marcus zai ɗauki ƙarin ayyuka na gudanarwa, har yanzu lokacin da ya zama shugaban ƙasa (ofishin da ya kasance babban sakatare kamar soja) lokacin da Marcus Gavius ​​Maximus ya mutu a 156 ko 157.[148]. A cikin 160, Marcus da Lucius an naɗa jakadan haɗin gwiwa don shekara mai zuwa. Wataƙila Antoninus ya riga ya yi rashin lafiya.[140]

Kwanaki biyu kafin mutuwarsa, mawallafin tarihin ya ruwaito, Antoninus yana gidan kakanninsa a Lorium, cikin Etruria, [149] kimanin kilomita 19 (mita 12) daga Roma.[150] Ya ci cuku mai tsayi a abincin dare sosai. Da dare ya yi amai; Washegari yayi zazzabi. Washegari, 7 ga Maris 161, [151] ya kira majalisar sarakuna, ya mika jihar da 'yarsa ga Marcus. Sarkin ya ba da mahimmin bayani ga rayuwarsa a cikin kalma ta ƙarshe da ya furta lokacin da tribune na agogon dare ya zo tambayar kalmar sirri - 'aequanimitas' (equanimity) [152]. Sai ya juyo, kamar zai kwana, damutuwa.[153] Mutuwarsa ta rufe sarauta mafi dadewa tun Augustus, wanda ya zarce Tiberius da watanni biyu.[154]

=Sarkin sarakuna

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Babban labarin: Mulkin Marcus Aurelius

Samun Marcus Aurelius da Lucius Verus (161)

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Busts na co-emperors Marcus Aurelius (hagu) da Lucius Verus (dama), British Museum

Bayan Antoninus ya mutu a shekara ta 161, Marcus ya kasance mai mulkin daular. Ka'idodin matsayin zai biyo baya. Ba da daɗewa ba Majalisar Dattijai za ta ba shi suna Augustus da kuma sarauta, kuma ba da daɗewa ba za a zabe shi a matsayin pontifex maximus, babban firist na ƙungiyoyin asiri. Marcus ya nuna juriya: mawallafin tarihin ya rubuta cewa an tilasta masa ya ɗauki ikon sarauta.[155] Wannan na iya zama ainihin abin tsoro imperii, 'tsoron ikon sarauta'. Marcus, tare da abin da ya fi so don rayuwar falsafar, ya sami ofishin daular ba ta da hankali. Koyarwar da ya yi a matsayin Stoic, duk da haka, ya bayyana masa zabin cewa aikinsa ne [156].

Ko da yake Marcus bai nuna son kai ga Hadrian ba (mahimmanci, bai gode masa ba a cikin littafin farko na tunani), mai yiwuwa ya yi imani da cewa aikinsa ne ya aiwatar da tsare-tsaren magajin mutumin[157]. Don haka, ko da yake majalisar dattijai ta yi niyyar tabbatar da Marcus shi kaɗai, ya ƙi ya hau mulki sai dai idan Lucius ya sami iko daidai da [158]. Majalisar dattijai ta yarda, ta ba Lucius sarauta, ikon mulki, da lakabi Augustus.[159] Marcus ya zama, a cikin titulature na hukuma, Imperator Kaisar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus; Lucius, ya bar sunansa Commodus kuma ya ɗauki sunan dangin Marcus Verus, ya zama Imperator Kaisar Lucius Aurelius Verus Augustus.

Duk da daidaiton su, Marcus ya riƙe mafi iko, ko 'iko', fiye da Lucius. Ya kasance jakada sau ɗaya fiye da Lucius, ya yi tarayya cikin mulkin Antoninus, kuma shi kaɗai ne pontifex maximus.[164] Da ya fito fili ga jama’a wane sarki ne ya fi girma[163]. Kamar yadda marubucin tarihin rayuwa ya rubuta: “Verus ya yi biyayya ga Marcus [...] a matsayin Laftanar yana biyayya ga mai mulki ko kuma gwamna yana biyayya ga sarki”[165].

Nan da nan bayan amincewa da Majalisar Dattawa, sarakunan suka tafi Castra Praetoria, sansanin masu gadi. Lucius yayi jawabi ga rundunonin da suka taru, inda suka yaba wa ma'auratan a matsayin sarakuna. Bayan haka, kamar kowane sabon sarki tun Claudius, Lucius ya yi wa sojojin alkawarin ba da gudummawa ta musamman.[166] Wannan gudummawar, duk da haka, ta ninka girman waɗanda suka gabata sau biyu: sesterces 20,000 (dinari 5,000) ga kowane mutum, tare da ƙari ga jami'ai. Domin samun wannan falala, daidai da albashin shekaru da yawa, sojojin sun yi rantsuwar ba da kariya ga sarakuna[167]. Watakila bikin bai zama dole ba, ganin cewa hawan Marcus ya kasance cikin lumana ba tare da hamayya ba, amma yana da kyakkyawar inshora ga matsalolin soja daga baya.[168] Bayan hawansa ya kuma rage darajar kudin Rum. Ya rage tsarkin azurfar dinari daga 83.5% zuwa 79% - nauyin azurfa yana faduwa daga 2.68 g (0.095 oz) zuwa 2.57 g (0.091 oz)[169].

Shagulgulan jana'izar Antoninus sun kasance, a cewar mawallafin tarihin, 'bayyane'.[170]. Da a ce jana’izarsa ta biyo bayan waɗanda suka gabace shi, da an kona gawarsa a kan wani katako a Campus Martius, kuma da an ga ruhunsa yana hawa gidan alloli a sama. Marcus da Lucius sun zaɓi mahaifinsu don Allahntaka. Sabanin yadda suka kasance a lokacin yakin neman zaben Antoninus na bautawa Hadrian, Majalisar Dattawa ba ta adawa da muradin sarakunan. An nada wani ɗan wuta, ko limamin ɗarika, don ya yi hidimar bautar Divus Antoninus. An binne gawar Antoninus a makabartar Hadrian, tare da ragowar 'ya'yan Marcus da na Hadrian shi kansa.[171] Haikalin da ya keɓe ga matarsa ​​Diva Faustina, ya zama Haikali na Antoninus da Faustina. Yanaya tsira kamar cocin San Lorenzo a Miranda.[168]

A bisa ga wasiyyarsa, arzikin Antoninus ya koma ga Faustina.[172] (Marcus ba ya da bukatar dukiyar matarsa. Hakika, a lokacin hawansa, Marcus ya mayar da wani yanki na gadon mahaifiyarsa zuwa ga dan uwansa, Ummius Quadratus.[173]) Faustina na da ciki wata uku a hawan mijinta. A cikin ciki sai ta yi mafarkin ta haifi macizai biyu, daya ya fi daya zafi[174]. A ranar 31 ga Agusta, ta haifi tagwaye a Lanuvium a Lanuvium: T. Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus da Lucius Aurelius Commodus. horoscopes ga yara.[177]. An yi maulidin ne a kan tsabar kudin sarki[178].

Mulkin farko

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Ba da daɗewa ba bayan hawan sarki, ’yar Marcus ’yar shekara goma sha ɗaya, Annia Lucilla, ta ɗaura aure da Lucius (duk da cewa shi kawunta ne).[179] A wajen bukukuwan tunawa da taron, an yi sabbin tanadi don tallafa wa yara marasa galihu, bisa tsarin da aka kafa na farko na daular.[180] Marcus da Lucius sun shahara da mutanen Roma, waɗanda suka amince da farar hula ("rashin ƙaƙƙarfan hali"). Sarakunan sun ba da izinin yin magana, wanda ya tabbatar da cewa marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Marullus ya iya zarge su ba tare da azabtar da su ba. Kamar yadda marubucin tarihin rayuwa ya rubuta, “Babu wanda ya rasa hanyoyin sassaucin ra’ayi na Pius”[181].

Marcus ya maye gurbin wasu manyan jami'an daular. Ab epistulis Sextus Caecilius Crescens Volusianus, mai kula da wasiƙun daular, an maye gurbinsa da Titus Varius Clemens. Clemens ya fito daga lardin Pannonia da ke kan iyaka kuma ya yi aiki a yakin Mauretania. Kwanan nan, ya kasance mai kula da larduna biyar. Mutum ne da ya dace da lokacin rikicin soja[182]. Lucius Volusius Maecianus, tsohon mai koyar da Marcus, ya kasance gwamnan lardin Masar a hawan Marcus. An tuna da Maecianus, ya zama Sanata, kuma ya nada shugaban ma'aji (aerarium Saturni). An nada shi karamin jakada ba da jimawa ba[183]. Surukin Fronto, Gaius Aifidius Victorinus, an nada shi gwamnan Babban Jarumi [184].

Fronto ya koma gidansu na Roman da asuba a ranar 28 ga Maris, bayan ya bar gidansa a Cirta da zarar labarin shigar almajiransa ya riske shi. Ya aika da takarda zuwa ga mai 'yantar da sarki Charilas, yana tambayar ko zai iya kiran sarakunan. Daga baya Fronto zai bayyana cewa bai kuskura ya rubuta sarakunan kai tsaye ba[185]. Malamin ya yi matukar alfahari da dalibansa. Da yake yin la'akari da jawabin da ya rubuta game da ɗaukar mukaminsa a shekara ta 143, lokacin da ya yaba wa matashin Marcus, Fronto ya kasance mai girman kai: "A lokacin akwai wani kyakkyawan yanayi na halitta a cikin ku; yanzu akwai kyakkyawan kyakkyawan aiki. masara, yanzu akwai girbi mai girma, abin da nake fata a lokacin, yanzu na zama gaskiya. Fronto ya kira Marcus shi kadai; babu tunanin gayyatar Lucius.[187]

Lucius ba shi da daraja da Fronto fiye da ɗan'uwansa, saboda abubuwan da yake so sun kasance a kan ƙananan matakin. Lucius ya bukaci Fronto da ya yanke hukunci a kan takaddamar da shi da abokinsa Calpurnius suka fuskanta kan cancantar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo biyu.[188] Marcus ya gaya wa Fronto game da karatunsa - Coelius da ɗan ƙaramin Cicero - da danginsa. 'Ya'yansa mata sun kasance a Roma tare da babban kaka Matidia; Marcus yayi tunanin iskar kasar ta yi musu sanyi sosai. Ya tambayi Fronto don 'wasu al'amuran karatu na musamman, wani abu naka, ko Cato, ko Cicero, ko Sallust ko Gracchus - ko wani mawaƙi, don ina buƙatar damuwa, musamman ta irin wannan hanyar, ta hanyar karanta wani abu da zai ɗaga Ka watsar da damuwata.'[189] Farkon mulkin Marcus ya ci gaba da tafiya lafiya; ya iya ba da kansa gabaɗaya ga falsafa da neman shaharasoyayya[190]. Ba da daɗewa ba, duk da haka, zai ga yana da damuwa da yawa. Yana nufin ƙarshen felicitas temporum ('lokacin farin ciki') da tsabar kuɗin 161 ya yi shelar.[191]





Tsibirin Tiber da aka gani a alamar ruwa mai tsayi na shekaru arba'in na Tiber, Disamba 2008

A cikin ko dai kaka 161 ko bazara 162, [bayanin kula 12] Tiber ya mamaye bankunansa, ya mamaye yawancin Rome. Ya nutsar da dabbobi da dama, ya bar garin cikin yunwa. Marcus da Lucius sun ba da hankalinsu na sirri.[193] [193] [bayyana 13] A wasu lokutan yunwa, an ce sarakuna sun ba wa al'ummar Italiya abinci daga rumbun ajiyar Romawa.[195]

Marcus Aurelius yana rarraba gurasa ga mutane. Zanen Joseph-Marie Vien (1765).

Wasiƙun Fronto sun ci gaba har zuwa farkon mulkin Marcus. Fronto ya ji cewa, saboda shaharar Marcus da ayyukan jama'a, darussa sun fi mahimmanci a yanzu fiye da yadda suke a da. Ya yi imani cewa Marcus ya kasance 'ya fara jin buri na zama balaga, duk da rashin sha'awar balaga na wani lokaci'[196]. Fronto zai sake tunatar da ɗalibinsa tashin hankalin da ke tsakanin aikinsa da tunaninsa na falsafa: 'A ce, Kaisar, za ka iya kai ga hikimar Cleanthes da Zeno, duk da haka, ba tare da nufinka ba, ba ulun woolen na falsafa ba'.[197].

Farkon zamanin mulkin Marcus sun kasance mafi farin ciki a rayuwar Fronto: Marcus ya kasance abin ƙauna ga mutanen Roma, babban sarki, ɗalibi mai ƙauna, kuma watakila mafi mahimmanci, mai iya magana kamar yadda ake so.[198]. Marcus ya nuna basirar iya magana a cikin jawabinsa ga majalisar dattawa bayan girgizar kasa a Cyzicus. Ya ba da labarin wasan kwaikwayo na bala'in, kuma Majalisar Dattawa ta yi mamaki: "Ba kwatsam ko tashin hankali ya girgiza birnin ba fiye da tunanin masu sauraron ku ta wurin jawabinku". Fronto ya ji daɗi sosai.[199]

Yaƙi da Parthia (161-166)

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Babban labarin: Yaƙin Roman-Parthiya na 161-166

Duba kuma: Yaƙe-yaƙe na Roman-Persian

Coin na Vologases IV na Parthia. Rubutun: a sama ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΝ ΔΥΥ, dama ΑΡΣΑΚΟΥ ΒΟΛΑΑΑΣΟΥ, hagu ΕΠΙΦΑΝΝΝΚΗ , kasa ΔΙΟΥ (Rubutun Girkanci don SARKIN SARAKUNA - ARSAKIS VOLAGASES - ILLUSTRIUS PHILELLENE). Shekara ΔΟΥ = ΥΟΔ΄ = 474 = 162-163.

A lokacin mutuwarsa, Antoninus bai ce komai ba sai gwamnati da sarakunan kasashen waje da suka zalunce shi.[200] Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan sarakuna, Vologases IV na Parthia, ya yi tafiya a ƙarshen bazara ko farkon kaka 161.[201]. Vologases ya shiga cikin Masarautar Armeniya (daga nan wata ƙasa ce ta abokin ciniki ta Roma), ya kori sarkinta ya nada nasa - Pacorus, Arsacid kamar kansa.[202] Gwamnan Kapadokiya, wanda ke kan gaba a duk rikice-rikicen Armeniya, shi ne Marcus Sedatius Severianus, Gaul mai gogewa sosai a harkokin soja[203].

Da tabbacin annabi Alexander na Abonoteichus cewa zai iya kayar da mutanen Parthia cikin sauƙi kuma ya sami daukaka ga kansa, [204] Severianus ya jagoranci wata runduna (watakila IX Hispana [205]) zuwa Armenia, amma babban babban jami'in Parthian Chosrhoes a Elegeia ya kama shi. , wani gari da ke daura da iyakar Kapadokiya, tsayin daka ya wuce mashigin Yufiretis. Bayan Severianus ya yi wasu ƙoƙarin da bai yi nasara ba don shiga Chosrhoes, ya kashe kansa, kuma an kashe sojojinsa. Gangamin ya dauki kwanaki uku kacal.[206]

Akwai kuma barazanar yaki a kan wasu iyakoki - a Biritaniya, da kuma a Raetia da Jamus ta sama, inda a kwanan nan tsaunukan Chatti ko Taunus suka ketare lemun tsami.[207] Marcus bai shirya ba. Antoninus da alama bai ba shi kwarewar soja ba; Mawallafin tarihin ya rubuta cewa Marcus ya shafe tsawon shekaru ashirin da uku na sarautar Antoninus a wajen sarkinsa ba a cikin larduna ba, inda yawancin sarakunan da suka gabata suka yi aikinsu na farko.[208][14]

Wani labari mara dadi ya zo: Sojojin gwamnatin Sham sun ci nasara a hannun Farisa, suka koma cikin rudani[210]. An aika da ƙarfafawa don iyakar Parthian. P. Julius GeminiusMarcianus, dan majalisar dattijai na Afirka da ke ba da umarni ga X Gemina a Vindobona (Vienna), ya tafi Kapadokiya tare da wasu gungun 'yan ta'adda na Danubian [211]. An kuma aika da cikakken runduna uku zuwa gabas: I Minervia daga Bonn a Upper Jamus, [212] II Adiutrix daga Aquincum, [213] da V Macedonica daga Troesmis.[214]

Yankunan arewa sun yi rauni da dabara; An gaya wa gwamnonin kan iyaka da su guji rikici a duk inda zai yiwu.[215] An aika M. Annius Libo, ɗan uwan ​​Marcus na farko, don ya maye gurbin gwamnan Siriya. Ofishin Jakadancinsa na farko ya kasance a cikin 161, don haka mai yiwuwa ya kasance a farkon shekarunsa talatin, [216] kuma a matsayinsa na patrician, ba shi da ƙwarewar soja. Marcus ya zaɓi mutum abin dogara maimakon haziƙi.[217]

Aureus ko Marcus Aurelius (AD 166). A baya, Victoria tana riƙe da garkuwa da aka rubuta 'VIC(toria) PAR(thica)', tana nufin nasarar da ya yi a kan Parthians. Rubutun: M. ANTONINVS AVG. / TR. P. XX, IMP. IIII, CO[N] S. III.[218]

Marcus ya yi hutun kwana huɗu na jama'a a Alsium, wani wurin shakatawa da ke gabar tekun Etruria. Ya kosa ya huta. Da yake rubutawa Fronto, ya bayyana cewa ba zai yi magana game da hutunsa ba.[219] Fronto ya amsa: 'Me? Shin ban san cewa ka tafi Alsium da nufin ka sadaukar da kanka ga wasanni, wasa da wasa da kuma nishadi tsawon kwanaki hudu ba?'[220] Ya kwadaitar da Marcus ya huta, yana mai kira ga misalin magabata (Antoninus ya ji dadin motsa jiki). a cikin palaestra, kamun kifi, da wasan ban dariya),[221] har zuwa rubuta tatsuniya game da rabon alloli na yini tsakanin safiya da maraice - Marcus ya kasance yana ciyar da mafi yawan maraicensa akan al'amuran shari'a maimakon a. lokacin hutu[222]. Marcus ya kasa daukar shawarar Fronto. "Ina da wasu ayyuka da suka rataya a kaina wadanda da wuya a kore ni," in ji shi.[223] Marcus Aurelius ya sanya muryar Fronto don azabtar da kansa: "Nasihar ta yi muku kyau sosai", za ku ce!' Ya huta, kuma yakan huta, amma 'wannan sadaukarwa ga aiki! Wane ne ya fi ku sanin buqatarta!’[224]



Manazarta

gyara sashe
  1. ↑ Marcus Aurelius' Archived 28 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Dictionary.com
  2. ↑ Keresztes, Paul (July 1968). "Marcus Aurelius a Persecutor?". Harvard Theological Review. 61 (3): 321–341. doi:10.1017/S0017816000029230. ISSN 1475-4517. S2CID 159950967. Archived from the original on 3 June 2022. Retrieved 3 June
  3. ↑ Rohrbacher, p. 5
  4. ↑ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 229–230. The thesis of single authorship was first proposed in H. Dessau's 'Über Zeit und Persönlichkeit der Scriptores Historiae Augustae' (in German), Hermes 24 (1889), pp. 337ff
  5. ↑ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 230. On the HA Verus, see Barnes, 'Hadrian and Lucius Verus', pp. 65–74.
  6. ↑ Fleury, P. 2012. "Marcus Aurelius' Letters." In A Companion to Marcus Aurelius. Edited by M. van Ackeren, 62–76. Oxford and Malden, MA: Blackwell
  7. ↑ Freisenbruch, A. 2007. "Back to Fronto: Doctor and Patient in His Correspondence with an Emperor." In Ancient Letters: Classical and Late Antique Epistolography. Edited by R. Morello and A. D. Morrison, 235–256. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  8. ↑ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 227
  9. ↑ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 228–229, 253
  10. ↑ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 227–228
  11. ↑ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 228
  12. ↑ Magill, p. 693
  13. ↑ Historia Augusta, Marcus Antoninus I.9–10. "At the beginning of his life Marcus Antoninus was named Catilius Severus after his mother's grand-father. After the death of his real father, however, Hadrian called him Annius Verissimus, and, after he assumed the toga virilis, Annius Verus."
  14. ↑ Van Ackeren, p. 139.
  15. ↑ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 33.
  16. ↑ "Marcus Annius Catilius Severus", Cassius Dio, Book 69,21.1. Archived 29 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine "Marcus Annius Verus [...] This Marcus Annius, earlier named Catilius, was a grandson of Annius Verus [...] He preferred Verus on account of his kinship and his age and because he was already giving indication of exceptional strength of character. This led Hadrian to apply to the young man the name Verissimus, thus playing upon the meaning of the Latin word."
  17. ↑ McLynn, Marcus Aurelius: Warrior, Philosopher, Emperor, p. 24.
  18. ↑ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 33.
  19. ↑ Dean, p. 32
  20. ↑ Sánchez, p. 165
  21. ↑ Sánchez, p. 165
  22. ↑ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 29; McLynn, Marcus Aurelius: Warrior, Philosopher, Emperor, p. 14
  23. ↑ HA Marcus i. 2, 4; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 28; McLynn, Marcus Aurelius: A Life, p. 14.
  24. ↑ Giacosa, p. 8.
  25. ↑ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 29, citing Pliny, Epistulae 8.18
  26. ↑ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 30.
  27. ↑ "M. Cornelius Fronto: Epistulae". Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
  28. ↑ l. Richardson, jr; Richardson, Professor of Latin (Emeritus) L. (October 1992). A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome. JHU Press. p. 198. ISBN 978-0801843006. horti domizia lucilla.
  29. ↑ Ad Marcum Caesarem ii. 8.2 (= Haines 1.142), qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 31
  30. ↑ Bury, p. 523
  31. ↑ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 31, 44
  32. ↑ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 31
  33. ↑ Meditations 1.1, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 31.
  34. ↑ Meditations 1.1, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 31.
  35. ↑ HA Marcus ii. 1 and Meditations v. 4, qtd. in Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 32.
  36. ↑ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 31–32.
  37. ↑ Meditations i. 1, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 35.
  38. ↑ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 35
  39. ↑ Meditations i. 17.2; Farquharson, 1.102; McLynn, Marcus Aurelius: Warrior, Philosopher, Emperor, p. 23; cf. Meditations i. 17.11; Farquharson, 1.103.
  40. ↑ McLynn, Marcus Aurelius: Warrior, Philosopher, Emperor, 20–21
  41. ↑ McLynn, Marcus Aurelius: Warrior, Philosopher, Emperor, 20–21
  42. ↑ Meditations 1.4; McLynn, Marcus Aurelius: Warrior, Philosopher, Emperor, p. 20.
  43. ↑ HA Marcus ii. 2, iv. 9; Meditations i. 3; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 37; McLynn, Marcus Aurelius: Warrior, Philosopher, Emperor, pp. 21–22
  44. ↑ HA Marcus ii. 6; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 38; McLynn, Marcus Aurelius: Warrior, Philosopher, Emperor, p. 21.
  45. ↑ Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 40, citing Aristides, Oratio 32 K; McLynn, Marcus Aurelius: Warrior, Philosopher, Emperor, p. 21.
  46. ↑ HA Marcus ii. 3; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 40, 270 n.27.
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