Ma'adanai na ruwa
{databox}}{ albarkatun Ruwa albarkatun kasa ne na ruwa waɗanda zasu iya amfani da mutane, [1] misali a matsayin tushen samar da ruwan sha ko ruwan ban ruwa. Kashi 97% na ruwa a Duniya ruwan gishiri ne kuma kashi uku ne kawai ruwa mai laushi; dan kadan fiye da kashi biyu bisa uku na wannan an daskare shi a cikin glaciers da kankara.[2] Sauran ruwan sha da ba a daskare ba ana samun su galibi a matsayin ruwan kasa, tare da karamin ɓangaren da ke sama da ƙasa ko a cikin iska.[3] Tushen ruwa mai laushi ya haɗa da ruwa mai lawu, a ƙarƙashin kogin kogi, ruwa mai zurfi da ruwan daskarewa. Tushen ruwa mai laushi wanda ba na halitta ba ko na mutum ba na iya haɗawa da ruwan da aka tsabtace shi don zaɓuɓɓukan sake amfani, da ruwan teku mai laushi. Mutane suna amfani da albarkatun ruwa don aikin noma, masana'antu da ayyukan Gida.
Abubuwan dake cikin ruwa suna cikin barazana daga batutuwa da yawa. Akwai karancin ruwa, gurɓataccen ruwa, rikice-rikicen ruwa da Canjin yanayi. Ruwa mai laushi shine tushen sabuntawa. Koyaya, samar da ruwan kasa a duniya yana raguwa sosai. Rashin ruwa na kasa (ko overdrafting) yana faruwa misali a Asiya, Kudancin Amurka da Arewacin Amurka.
Tushen ruwa mai laushi
gyara sashe
Tushen ruwa mai laushi ya haɗa da ruwa mai lawu, a ƙarƙashin kogin kogi, ruwa mai zurfi da ruwan daskarewa.
Ruwa na sama
gyara sasheRuwa na sama ruwa ne a cikin kogi, tafkin ko ruwa mai laushi. Ruwa na sama yana cike da hazo kuma ya ɓace ta hanyar fitarwa zuwa Tekuna, evaporation, evapotranspiration da sake caji na ruwa. Abinda kawai ke shigarwa ga kowane tsarin ruwa na sama shine hazo a cikin ruwa. Adadin ruwa a cikin wannan tsarin a kowane lokaci ya dogara da wasu dalilai da yawa. Wadannan dalilai sun hada da damar adanawa a cikin tafkuna, wuraren da ke da ruwa da wuraren ajiya na wucin gadi, ƙarancin ƙasa a ƙarƙashin waɗannan jikin adanawa, halaye na runoff na ƙasar a cikin ruwa, lokacin hazo da ƙimar evaporation na gida. Duk waɗannan abubuwan suna shafar rabo na asarar ruwa.
Mutane galibi suna ƙara ƙarfin ajiya ta hanyar gina tafkuna da rage shi ta hanyar zubar da ruwa. Mutane sau da yawa suna ƙara yawan runoff da sauri ta hanyar shimfida wuraren da kuma yin amfani da kwararar rafi.
Ana iya ƙara ruwa na ƙasa ta hanyar shigo da ruwa daga wani ruwa ta hanyar tashar ruwa ko bututun mai.
An kiyasta Brazil tana da mafi yawan ruwa mai laushi a duniya, sannan Rasha da Kanada suka biyo baya.[4]
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Hoton wuri mai laushi na halitta (Sinclair Wetlands, New Zealand)
Ruwa daga kankara
gyara sasheAna ɗaukar ruwan ƙanƙara a matsayin ruwa na sama. Himalayas, wanda galibi ake kira "The Roof of the World", ya ƙunshi wasu daga cikin manyan wurare masu tsawo a Duniya da kuma mafi girman yanki na kankara da permafrost a waje da sanduna. Goma daga cikin manyan koguna na Asiya suna gudana daga can, kuma fiye da biliyan daya na rayuwarsu sun dogara da su. Don rikitar da al'amuran, yanayin zafi yana tashi da sauri fiye da matsakaicin duniya. A Nepal, zafin jiki ya tashi da digiri 0.6 na Celsius a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, yayin da a duniya, Duniya ta yi zafi kusan digiri 0.7 na Celsius a tsawon shekaru ɗari da suka gabata.
Ruwa na kasa
gyara sasheA karkashin kogin
gyara sasheA ko'ina cikin kogin, jimlar ruwan da aka kai shi ƙasa sau da yawa zai zama haɗuwa da ruwan da ke bayyane tare da gudummawa mai yawa da ke gudana ta hanyar duwatsu da datti waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin kogin da ambaliyar ruwa da ake kira Yankin hyporheic. Ga koguna da yawa a cikin manyan kwari, wannan ɓangaren da ba a gani ba na kwarara na iya wucewa sosai fiye da kwararar da ake gani. Yankin hyporheic sau da yawa yana samar da ma'amala mai ƙarfi tsakanin ruwa mai zurfi da ruwa mai zurfin ƙasa daga aquifers, musayar gudana tsakanin koguna da aquifers waɗanda za a iya caji ko ƙarewa. Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman a yankunan karst inda ramuka da koguna na karkashin kasa suka zama ruwan dare.
Tushen ruwa mai amfani
gyara sasheAkwai maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai kyau da yawa. Ɗaya ana sarrafa ruwa mai guba (ruwa mai dawowa). Wani kuma shine janareto na ruwa na yanayi.[5][6][7] Rashin ruwa mai tsabta wani muhimmin tushe ne. Yana da mahimmanci a yi la'akari da tasirin tattalin arziki da muhalli na waɗannan fasahohin.[8]
Sake amfani da ruwa mai guba
gyara sasheRuwa mai cire gishiri
gyara sasheBincike kan wasu zaɓuɓɓuka
gyara sasheSamun iska a kan teku
gyara sasheMasu bincike sun ba da shawarar "ƙaruwar ruwa mai laushi ta hanyar kama iska mai laushi a kan tekuna" don magance halin yanzu kuma, musamman, karancin ruwa / rashin tsaro a nan gaba.[9]
Janareto na ruwa a ƙasa
gyara sasheBinciken kimantawa mai yuwuwa ya ba da shawarar na'urorin girbi na ruwa masu amfani da hasken rana waɗanda ke cikin ci gaba, tare da ka'idojin ƙira, gano cewa za su iya taimaka wa mutane biliyan su sami damar samun ruwan sha mai aminci, kodayake irin wannan ƙarni na ƙasa na iya "ƙuntata ƙoƙarin haɓaka ababen more rayuwa na dindindin" a wasu matsaloli.[10]
Amfani da ruwa
gyara sasheAdadin ruwan da ake samu a kowane lokaci yana da mahimmanci. Wasu masu amfani da ruwa na mutane suna da buƙatar ruwa. Misali, gonaki da yawa suna buƙatar ruwa mai yawa a cikin bazara, kuma babu ruwa kwata-kwata a cikin hunturu. Sauran masu amfani suna da ci gaba da buƙatar ruwa, kamar tashar wutar lantarki da ke buƙatar ruwa don sanyaya. A cikin dogon lokaci matsakaicin ruwan sama a cikin ruwa shine iyakar sama don matsakaicin amfani da ruwa na halitta daga wannan ruwa.
Aikin noma da sauran ban ruwa
gyara sashemanazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ "water resource | Britannica". www.britannica.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-05-17.
- ↑ "Earth's water distribution". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2009-05-13.
- ↑ "Scientific Facts on Water: State of the Resource". GreenFacts Website. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
- ↑ "The World's Water 2006–2007 Tables, Pacific Institute". Worldwater.org. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
- ↑ Shafeian, Nafise; Ranjbar, A.A.; Gorji, Tahereh B. (June 2022). "Progress in atmospheric water generation systems: A review". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (in Turanci). 161: 112325. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2022.112325. S2CID 247689027 Check
|s2cid=
value (help). - ↑ Jarimi, Hasila; Powell, Richard; Riffat, Saffa (18 May 2020). "Review of sustainable methods for atmospheric water harvesting". International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies. 15 (2): 253–276. doi:10.1093/ijlct/ctz072.
- ↑ Raveesh, G.; Goyal, R.; Tyagi, S.K. (July 2021). "Advances in atmospheric water generation technologies". Energy Conversion and Management. 239: 114226. Bibcode:2021ECM...23914226R. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114226. S2CID 236264708 Check
|s2cid=
value (help). - ↑ van Vliet, Michelle T H; Jones, Edward R; Flörke, Martina; Franssen, Wietse H P; Hanasaki, Naota; Wada, Yoshihide; Yearsley, John R (2021-02-01). "Global water scarcity including surface water quality and expansions of clean water technologies". Environmental Research Letters. 16 (2): 024020. Bibcode:2021ERL....16b4020V. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/abbfc3. ISSN 1748-9326.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Rahman, Afeefa; Kumar, Praveen; Dominguez, Francina (6 December 2022). "Increasing freshwater supply to sustainably address global water security at scale". Scientific Reports (in Turanci). 12 (1): 20262. Bibcode:2022NatSR..1220262R. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-24314-2. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 9726751 Check
|pmc=
value (help). PMID 36473864 Check|pmid=
value (help). Cite error: Invalid<ref>
tag; name "10.1038/s41598-022-24314-2" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Lord, Jackson; Thomas, Ashley; Treat, Neil; Forkin, Matthew; Bain, Robert; Dulac, Pierre; Behroozi, Cyrus H.; Mamutov, Tilek; Fongheiser, Jillia; Kobilansky, Nicole; Washburn, Shane; Truesdell, Claudia; Lee, Clare; Schmaelzle, Philipp H. (October 2021). "Global potential for harvesting drinking water from air using solar energy". Nature (in Turanci). 598 (7882): 611–617. Bibcode:2021Natur.598..611L. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03900-w. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 8550973 Check
|pmc=
value (help). PMID 34707305 Check|pmid=
value (help).