Ilimin jima'i kawai a Uganda
Uganda tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe kalilan na Afirka da ke kudu da Sahara waɗanda suka karɓi Ilimin jima'i kawai a matsayin hanyar ilimin jima'in da ke jaddada Abstinence daga jima'i har zuwa aure a matsayin zaɓi ɗaya. Ilimin jima'i na abstinence-kawai bai haɗa da tsarin karatun hadin gwiwa wanda ke rufe wasu zaɓuɓɓuka ciki har da ayyukan jima'i masu aminci, tsara iyali, kuma ana tallafawa a matsayin hanyar da za a guje wa ciki da cututtukan da ake samu ta hanyar jima'i ba. An san Uganda a matsayin misali mai kyau na rage yawan yaduwar cutar kanjamau.[1] Hakanan ana iya karkatar da adadi ta hanyar rashin magani, ma'ana cewa kashi na masu kamuwa da cutar ya ragu ta hanyar mutuwar da ba ta dace ba. An aiwatar da ilimin jima'i na abstinence-kawai kuma an tallafa wa wannan dalili har zuwa babban mataki a Uganda, zuwa wasu rikice-rikice. Masu sukar sun yi tambaya game da tasirin sa wajen rage yaduwar cutar kanjamau / AIDS. Sun kuma nuna nuna bambanci, Rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi da kuma cin zarafin zamantakewa a matsayin sakamakon shirin a Uganda.
 Ilimin jima'i kawai a Uganda | |
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Asalin
gyara sasheA sakamakon karuwar yaduwar cutar kanjamau a Uganda tun lokacin da ya fara bayyana a 1982, [2] an gabatar da shirye-shirye da yawa don rage yawan cutar kanjamaun daji da kuma ilimantar da cutar. An aiwatar da ilimin jima'i na abstinence-kawai a matsayin wata hanya don dakatar da yaduwar cutar kanjamau / AIDS, ban da ƙirƙirar canjin halayyar kirki zuwa wannan ƙarshen a tsawon lokaci.[2] Yayin da annobar ta zama sananne a duniya, kudi da albarkatu daga kasashe da yawa sun mamaye Afirka gabaɗaya da Uganda musamman. Ilimin jima'i kawai a Uganda a ƙarshen shekarun 1990 zuwa gaba ya fi samun kuɗi daga Amurka da ƙungiyoyin bangaskiya masu zaman kansu [1]
Shirye-shiryen
gyara sasheAbstinence, Yi aminci, yi amfani da Condom (ABC)
gyara sasheAn gabatar da tsarin ABC a lokacin kokarin Amurka da Uganda don ba da shawarar Abstinence-kawai a matsayin hanyar rage yaduwar cutar kanjamau. ABC shine acronym, A shine Abstinence, B shine Kasancewa da Gaskiya, kuma C shine amfani da Condom.[1] Zai zama kamar wannan nau'in abstinence-kawai ya haɗa da wasu ilimi da ƙarfafa condoms, amma aikace-aikacen ABC ya rabu don takamaiman jama'a. Rushewar ita ce Abstinence ga mutanen da ba su riga sun yi aure ba, Ku kasance masu aminci ga waɗanda ke cikin aure, da kuma Amfani da Condom kawai ga mutanen da suka riga sun kamu da cutar ko kuma suna cikin aure inda mutum ɗaya ya kamu da cutar.[1]
ABC ta samo asali ne tun lokacin da aka fara shi zuwa shirin da aka sani da AB, wanda aka saki a shekara ta 2004 a matsayin shirin ilimi na abstinence-kawai ga Uganda musamman. AB ta rage jaddadawa kan kwaroron roba saboda rikice-rikice na koyar da su biyu a lokaci guda da kuma tsoron cewa kwaroron roba ya lalata saƙon abstinence. Ana sukar AB saboda rashin bin ta hanyar tattara bayanai game da ko mahalarta suna gujewa ko a'a. Babban tushen bayanan da aka tattara don AB shine yawan tarurrukan AB, kungiyoyi da tattaunawa game da AB, maimakon canje-canjen halayyar da AB ta gabatar. Sabili da haka, AB yana da wuyar saka idanu yayin da nasarar gaskiya na shirye-shiryen ke da niyyar abstinence da gyare-gyaren zamantakewa, amma ba a adana bayanai ba.
Condoms, Needles, da Tattaunawa (CNN)
gyara sasheCondoms, Needles da Negotiations an haife su ne saboda bukatar rashin auren aure. CNN tana tsaye ne don Condoms, Needles da Tattaunawa. A cikin Afirka ta kudu da Sahara, Uganda ta haɗa, matan da suka yi aure a cikin dangantakar aure suna cikin matsala saboda rashin haƙƙoƙi a cikin aure, ikon ciniki, da tashin hankali na gida.[3] An gano bukatar yayin da yawancin sabbin masu kamuwa da cutar kanjamau suka fito ne daga matan kanjamau da ke kamuwa da cuta a cikin aurensu ta hanyar mazajensu. Ta wannan hanyar, ilimin AB kawai ya kasa kare rayuwar wadanda ke yin hakan. Sashe na Condoms na CNN yana da sau biyu don rage ƙyamar condom da inganta amfani a cikin sashin B (Ka kasance Mai Aminci) na AB. Mata har yanzu suna yin aminci, amma don kare lafiyarsu, har yanzu suna buƙatar fahimtar da amfani da kwaroron roba. N na farko a cikin CNN ya rufe musayar allura, wanda ba ya da alaƙa da ilimin jima'i kawai. Amma N na biyu yana tsaye ne don Tattaunawa, wanda kuma ke taka rawa ga mutanen da ke yin aminci waɗanda har yanzu za a iya cutar da su. Tattaunawa tana sanar da abokan hulɗa game da haɗarin da za su iya haɗuwa da su idan abokin tarayya ba shi da aure kuma yana koya musu ƙwarewa don yin ciniki a matsayinsu a cikin dangantakar.
Shirin Shugaban kasa kan dabarun cutar kanjamau don Sadarwa ga Matasa (PIASCY)
gyara sasheA shekara ta 2001, Shugaban Uganda Yoweri Museveni ya gabatar da shirinsa na hukuma don ilimin jima'i ga matasa na Uganda, Shirin Shugaban kasa kan dabarun cutar kanjamau don Sadarwa ga Matasa, wanda aka taƙaita a matsayin PIASCY . PIASCY galibi tana da niyya ga makarantun firamare, makarantun sakandare da kuma bayan taron matasa na makaranta tare da kayan aiki da koyarwa (HRW, 29). Babban abin da PIASCY ke mayar da hankali shi ne ga matasa su ba da kansu ikon jinkirta jima'i har sai aure ta hanyar abstinence. PIASCY da farko ana tallafawa ta hanyar Hukumar Kula da Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka da Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka na Amurka, dukansu suna ba da wasu ayyuka da yawa a waje da kudi don tallafawa shirin. Bugu da kari, PIASCY tun daga lokacin ya zama fasalin tushe a cikin Shirin Gaggawa na Shugaban Amurka don taimakon cutar kanjamau (PEPFAR). [1]
Makarantun firamare
gyara sasheMatsakaici don shiga makarantar firamare tare da PIASCY shine haɗuwa da littattafai, umarni ga malamai su ba da gudummawa ga ɗalibai, da kuma kayan da aka ba ɗalibai kai tsaye bisa ga shekarunsu / aji. Ana gudanar da taro sau biyu a wata a makaranta don malamai su ba da gabatarwa daga tsarin karatun a cikin littattafan PIASCY.[1] Sakon farko shine zaɓin abstinence da fa'idodinsa, amma darussan da suka biyo baya na iya haɗawa da koyarwar girman kai da kuma yadda za a kasance sama da matsin lamba.[1] Kodayake wasu sassan PIASCY sun haɗa da aikace-aikacen condom daidai da amfani, a matakin farko, abstinence-kawai shine mafi yawan saƙon.
Makarantun sakandare
gyara sasheA shekara ta 2004, gwamnatin Uganda ta kafa PIASCY a makarantun sakandare, a matsayin kyauta ga dalibai da malamai.[1] Ana rarraba tsarin karatun a cikin tsarin aji a kai a kai. An tsara bayanan matakin makarantar sakandare don haɗawa da batutuwa masu mahimmanci kamar masturbation, zubar da ciki da luwaɗi, amma an sadu da adawa mai ƙarfi daga ƙungiyoyi masu ƙarfi, duk da haka ba a bayyana su ba, a Uganda da Amurka.[1] Bugu da ƙari, takardun takardun tallafin makarantar sakandare sun ƙunshi bayanan yaudara da ba daidai ba game da kwaroron roba da rigakafin cutar kanjamau. Bugu da ƙari, an ƙarfafa kwaroron roba bayan aure a matsayin rigakafin cutar kanjamau, amma bai bayyana yadda wannan ya bambanta da matasa marasa aure ba.[1] Shirye-shiryen karshe sun haɗa da umarni na asali akan kwaroron roba ba tare da hotunan da suka dace ba.
Shirye-shiryen da ba na makaranta ba
gyara sashePIASCY kuma yana da wani muhimmin bangare na mayar da hankali ga matasa waɗanda ba su cikin makaranta ta hanyar gudanar da tarurruka da abubuwan da suka faru bayan makaranta ko a waje da makaranta. A Uganda, akwai adadi mai yawa na matasa waɗanda ba su shiga makaranta ba, duk da ƙungiyoyin da aka yi kwanan nan don ilimantar da kowa. Kodayake ana gudanar da waɗannan abubuwan a harabar makaranta ko wurin aiki, duk wanda ke da shekaru 15-30, dalibi ko a'a zai iya shiga.[1] Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru galibi suna da masu magana da suka bambanta kamar Shugaban Uganda ga shugabannin addini.[1] A cikin yankunan karkara, waɗannan suna aiki ne don yada mahimman sakonnin abstinence amma an soki su kamar suna tallafawa ajanda na sake zabar da sakonnin siyasa da kuma hada da bayanan da ba daidai ba game da condoms da abstinense. Bayan tarurruka da shirye-shiryen da aka yi, an sanar da cewa shugabannin siyasa suna kusa don yin tambayoyi da matasa ke da su game da gwamnatin yanzu.[1] PEPFAR, wata kungiya da ke ba da kuɗi ga PIASCY, ta tsara inganta bayanai, rigakafi da maganin cutar kanjamau, kuma ta saba wa ajandar siyasa da kuma yaudarar bayanai a wasu lokuta ana samun su a cikin PIASCy bayan shirye-shiryen makaranta. [1]
Kungiyoyin da suka danganci bangaskiya
gyara sasheA Uganda, akwai kungiyoyi masu yawa da ke da bangaskiya waɗanda ke ba da ilimi na abstinence kawai ga matasa. Yawancin waɗannan suna samun kuɗi da tallafi ba kawai daga Gwamnatin Uganda ba, har ma da Amurka. Gabaɗaya, waɗannan sun dogara ne akan imanin Kirista, kamar yadda kashi 60% na 'yan Uganda Krista ne.[4]
Taron Matasa na Kasa (Uganda)
gyara sasheWata babbar 'yar gwagwarmaya ce ta kafa kungiyar matasa ta kasa don ilimin jima'i kawai, uwargidan Shugaban kasa Janet Museveni. Babban manufar kungiyar matasa ta kasa (NYF) ita ce daidaita tarurruka inda yara maza da mata suka yi alkawarin kasancewa masu tsabta har zuwa aure. Fiye da matasa 70,000 na Uganda sun himmatu ga wannan ta hanyar NYF.[5] NYF da Museveni suna ba da shawarar ilimi na abstinence-kawai a cikin mafi kyawun tsari, har ma da tura ra'ayin cewa kwaroron roba bai isa ba wajen hana cutar kanjamau da ilimi da ya shafi su inganta ayyukan jima'i tsakanin matasa.[1] Ta tafi har ta ba da shawarar gwajin ƙasa na yara maza da mata don budurwa, kodayake wannan bai faru ba. Kungiyar Ms. Museveni NYF kuma tana samun kudade daga gwamnatin Amurka.[6] An kira wannan dangantakar a karkashin bincike a kan dalilin da ya sa UNF Proselytizing da dokokin Amurka game da yanayin duniya na kudaden majalisa.[7]
Ikilisiyar Jama'ar Makerere
gyara sasheIkilisiyar Al'umma ta Makerere wani jagora ne na kasa a cikin turawa kawai. Martin Ssempa, wanda yake daya daga cikin marubutan manufofin AB na Uganda, yana jagorantar cocin da tushe.[1] Ssempa ya jagoranci Ikilisiyar Kirista ta Makerere mai tsattsauran ra'ayi kuma manufofinsa sun fada cikin layi. Yana ɗaukar wani nau'i mai tsanani na abstinence kawai ilimin jima'i, wani lokacin yana magana kai tsaye game da condoms da haƙƙin mata.[1] Yana da wata hanyar da ta fi dacewa da abstinence-kawai da kuma salon rayuwa da ya haɗa da shi.
Cibiyar Rayuwa ta Iyali
gyara sasheFamily Life Network kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke koyar da dabarun abstinence-kawai tare da ilimin jima'i mai mahimmanci. Tun daga shekara ta 2002, sun kai akalla dalibai 130,000 a makarantu sama da 400.[1] Wata dabara da aka sanya a cikin sauƙi ita ce ƙirƙirar abstinence-kawai a cikin tattaunawar jama'a shine sanya hannu kan katunan "Gaskiya Ƙaunar Waits" don yin alkawarin abstinense har zuwa aure.[1] Stephen Langa, babban darektan, ya bayyana Family Life Network kamar yadda yake da manufofi huɗu: dawo da bangaskiya ga tsarin aure; nuna haɗarin jima'i; gargadi yara game da haɗarin duniya, kamar batsa; da kuma tambayar yara su yi alkawarin abstinence. Kodayake Langa ba ta magana da karfi game da amfani da kwaroron roba, imaninsa lokacin da aka tambaye shi ya ƙunshi bayanan ƙarya game da kariya da kwaroron shafawa da canja wurin kwayar cutar kanjamau.[1] Cibiyar Rayuwar Iyali tana karɓar kuɗi daga masu ba da gudummawa na ƙasashen waje da na Uganda, amma a baya ba ta sami gudummawa daga Amurka ko PEPFAR ba.[1]
Tasiri
gyara sasheDubi tasirin ilimin jima'i kawai, ba za a iya auna shi a cikin ilimin da aka karɓa daga ilimi ba, amma a maimakon haka fassarar zuwa yanke shawara da suka fito daga ilimi. Uku daga cikin wadannan sune rigakafin STI / HIV, matakan matasa da ke shiga cikin ayyukan jima'i da kuma ciki da ba a tsara shi ba.
Dangane da rage sabbin kamuwa da cututtukan cututtukatare da HIV musamman, akwai ra'ayi mai rikitarwa game da tasirin abstinence kawai. Edward C. Green, sau da yawa yana tuntuɓar USAID yana mai cewa abstinence-kawai shine babban mai ba da shawara game da rage kamuwa da Cutar HIV / AIDS a Uganda kuma cewa kwaroron roba ba su da tasiri.[8] Bugu da ƙari, ƙwararren masaniyar cutar kanjamau Sophie Wacasa-Monacco ya bayyana cewa abstinence ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin raguwar cutar kanjamawa, amma kawai a hade da cikakken ilimi.[8] Ilimi ne game da cutar kanjamau da STIs gabaɗaya wanda ke ba mutane damar yin yanke shawara mai ilimi game da jikinsu da na abokin jima'i. Abstinence hanya ce mai kyau don kauce wa halayyar jima'i sabili da haka cututtukan da ake samu ta hanyar jima'i, amma ba tare da cikakken yanayin halin da ake ciki game da yanke shawara na jima'i ba, sakamakon na iya zama ba a bayyane ba kuma yaudara.
Ilimin jima'i kawai na abstinence yana ƙarfafa matasa su jinkirta fara jima'i har sai aure. Tsakanin shekarun 1989 zuwa 1995, Uganda ta sami babban nasara tare da yin amfani da abstinence da kuma kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau idan aka kwatanta da maƙwabtansu na yankin. A cikin maza masu shekaru 15-24, an samu raguwa daga kashi 60% zuwa kashi 23% a cikin jima'i kafin aure. Hakazalika, mata masu shekaru 15-25 sun ga raguwa daga 53% zuwa 16% a cikin 1989 da 1995 bi da bi.[2] Wannan raguwa ya yi daidai da manufofin da ake kira zero-pasting, wanda ke jaddada dangantakar mace daya da amincin da aka nuna. Abin sha'awa, akwai shirye-shiryen ilimi na abstinence-kawai kaɗan a wurin a lokacin wannan raguwa, duk da zaɓin abstinense daga jima'i da ke da raguwa mai yawa.[2]
Ilimin jima'i kawai ya bar mata masu rauni a cikin al'umma.[9] Mata a Uganda suna da ƙarancin ikon riƙe iko a jikin su. Sau da yawa ana tilasta mata matasa su shiga dangantaka da tsofaffi maza, malamai, ko "mahaifin sukari" waɗanda ke ba su abubuwa waɗanda ba za a iya samun su ba.[8] A fannin ilimin halitta, idan mata ko maza sun karya alkawarinsu na abstinence, mace tana da sau biyu na kamu da kwayar cutar kanjamau saboda jikinta. Bugu da ƙari, abstinence kawai ilimin jima'i ba ya koyar da hanyoyin kauce wa kamuwa da cutar HIV / AIDS bayan aure.
A Uganda, mata masu aure suna daya daga cikin mafi yawan jama'a masu haɗari. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan damuwa shine jima'i na waje wanda ke kawo kwayar cutar kanjamau cikin dangantaka mara kyau, a zahiri, a Uganda, maza suna da sau biyu na iya kamuwa da matansu a cikin aure bayan sun shiga cikin dangantaka kamar yadda ake kira seronegative. Bugu da ƙari, maza ba su da damar sanar da gaskiyar cewa sun kamu da kwayar cutar kanjamau ga abokan aikinsu. Misali, daga cikin maza da ke asibiti saboda cutar HIV / AIDS, kashi 12% ne kawai suka san cutar mazajensu.[8] Lokacin da mata masu cutar seronegative suka shiga jima'i da maza masu dauke da kwayar cuta, suna da sau biyu da za su kamu da kwayar cutar HIV fiye da maza da ke cikin wannan yanayin. A wannan bangaren, ilimin jima'i kawai ya yi watsi da kare duk wanda ya shiga cikin ayyukan jima'i, musamman mata, saboda dangantakar ikon jinsi a Uganda.
A cikin ilimin jima'i kawai, babu wani shiri a ciki don tsara ciki ko sarrafa sararin haihuwa. Kamar yadda kawai mai haya shine ya guji yin jima'i har zuwa aure, da zarar a cikin aure wannan fasalin ba a amfani da shi ba. A Uganda, akwai tsananin al'ada game da jima'i bayan haihuwa da kuma yayin shayarwa.[10] Abstinence bayan haihuwa shine imani da aka yi a ko'ina kuma ana yin sa gabaɗaya. Abin takaici, wannan sau da yawa yana haifar da jima'i na waje. A cikin dangantakar mace ɗaya, kashi 31% na mazaje sun guje gaba ɗaya. Wannan sauran kashi 69% suna neman wani wuri don jima'i, ta hanyar jima'i da mata da yawa, ma'aikatan jima'i.[10] Wannan lokacin abstinent ba shi da tasiri a fannin hana HIV shiga dangantaka ta seronegative. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin dangantakar da ba ta kiyaye abstinence bayan haihuwa ba, sararin haihuwa ya zama ba ya wanzu. A wannan yanayin, mata da yawa suna da juna biyu cikin sauri.
Rikici
gyara sasheIlimin jima'i kawai ya zama mai kawo rigima a binciken HIV / AIDS da rigakafin ciki saboda alaƙar da ke tattare da ɗabi'a da tuba. Sau da yawa, ana koyar da ilimin jima'i na abstinence-kawai daga hangen nesa na Kirista kuma yana haifar da alaƙa da Budurwa da darajar kai. A lokuta da yawa, idan wani ya yi watsi da shi, sai su kalli darajar kansu kamar yadda ba su da budurwa, wanda ke haifar da halayyar jima'i mai haɗari.[10] Kasashe da yawa sun janye tallafi ga duk wani ilimi na abstinence-kawai saboda damuwa game da ra'ayin bayanan rigakafin cutar kanjamau da aka haɗa da aikin mishan da saƙo.
Har ila yau, an janye tallafi lokacin da aka gano ilimin jima'i na abstinence-kawai yana rarraba bayanan karya game da amfani da kwaroron roba da tasiri. Ilimin jima'i kawai a Uganda an bayar da rahoton cewa akwai ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin kwaroron roba da ke ba da damar kwayar cutar HIV ta wuce, saboda haka suna ganin ba su da aminci don amfani da su don kamuwa da cuta. An kuma yada cewa kwaroron roba ba su da tasiri wajen hana haihuwa kuma damar samun ciki tana da yawa. Wannan bayanin da aka sauƙaƙe a Arewacin Duniya, yana da wuyar yaki a Uganda idan ya zo daga shugabannin siyasa, ruhaniya da al'umma. Wannan ya kara nuna rashin amincewa da amfani da kwaroron roba kuma ya rage yiwuwar mutanen da ke yin jima'i za su yi amfani da su. Wannan bayanan da ba daidai ba shine babban mai ba da shawara game da ilimin jima'i kawai kamar yadda kungiyoyin da ke aiwatar da shirye-shiryen ba su da tabbas ko kuma sun tabbatar da kasancewa a baya.
A yanayi da yawa, zaɓin gujewa ba ya wanzu. 'Yan mata da yawa da wasu yara maza masu karuwanci ne, suna sayar da jikinsu don tsira. A cikin waɗannan mahalli masu haɗari, mahalarta ba su da ikon gujewa ko shiga cikin dangantaka mai aminci.[1] An soki ilimin jima'i na abstinence-kawai a Uganda saboda yin watsi da dubban 'yan ƙasa da aka tilasta su yin jima'i sabili da haka ba a kare su daga HIV / AIDS ba. Saboda koyar da jima'i kawai ta abstinence har zuwa aure a matsayin zaɓi ɗaya, yawancin karuwanci ba su san ko amfani da kwaroron roba ba. Wannan yana haifar da wurin kiwo don yaduwar cutar kanjamau. Ilimin jima'i na abstinence-kawai yana da mummunan nuna bambanci ga mutanen da ke da alaƙa da zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.
A waje da karuwanci, akwai matasan mata da maza waɗanda ba za su iya gujewa ba saboda matsin zamantakewa ko na kuɗi daga tsofaffin jam'iyyun da ke aiki a matsayin "masu tsami" da "mahaifin sukari".[11] Matasa maza da mata suna yin jima'i don samun abubuwa, magani ko damar da ba za su iya karɓa ba. Ilimin jima'i kawai a Uganda ya yi watsi da wanzuwar waɗannan dangantakar kuma ba ya samar da wani shiri ko manufofi don karewa daga kamuwa da cutar HIV / AIDS.
Kungiyoyin da ba a san su ba
gyara sasheWani zargi da aka yi game da ilimin jima'i kawai a Uganda shine iyakance harshe da kuma warewa da manufofin ke ingantawa yayin da suke magana da 'yan mata, gay da bisexual (LGB). Ilimin jima'i kawai na abstinence yana koyar da abstinense daga jima'i har zuwa aure ga abokin tarayya mai aminci. A Uganda, ba a yarda da auren jinsi ɗaya ba, kuma ana iya hukunta masu luwadi saboda fitowa. Ta wannan hanyar, wasu sun yi imanin cewa ilimin jima'i na abstinence-kawai a Uganda yana nuna bambanci ga mutanen LGB kuma ba ya ba su isasshen kayan aiki don yaki da kamuwa da cutar HIV / AIDS.[1]
Kasancewa ta Musamman
gyara sasheMasu sukar ilimin jima'i na abstinence-kawai sun nuna cewa abstinense-kawai gaskiya ya hana ilimi da kuma cikakken ilimi don yaki da kamuwa da cutar HIV / AIDS. Abstinence-kawai na abstinence yana cutar da mabiya saboda ba su iya karɓar ilimi mai yawa ba. Shugabannin hanyar ABC sun nuna amfani da abstinence a matsayin kayan aiki da sauransu. Rashin daidaituwa da yawancin malamai masu gujewa kawai ke tallafawa ba lallai bane ya wanzu.[10] Abstinence na iya zama wani bangare na ilimin jima'i ba tare da kasancewa kawai tsarin karatu ba don tallafawa dandalin ilimi game da kamuwa da cutar HIV / AIDS a Uganda.
Bayanan da aka ambata
gyara sashe- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 Cohen, J., & Tate, T. (2005). The less they know the better. Abstinence-only HIV/AIDS programs in Uganda pg 1.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Stoneburner, R. L., & Low-Beer, D. (2004). Population-level HIV declines and behavioural risk avoidance in Uganda. Science, 304(5671), 714–718.
- ↑ Sinding, S. W. (2005). Does ‘CNN’(condoms, needles and negotiation) work better than 'ABC'(abstinence, being faithful and condom use) in attacking the AIDS epidemic. International Family Planning Perspectives, 31(1), 38–40
- ↑ Human Rights Watch interview, Kampala, November 10, 2004.
- ↑ Janet Museveni, "The AIDS Pandemic: Saving the Next Generation," World Congress of Families, New York, May 3, 2002, http://www.worldcongress.org (retrieved January 11, 2005). Anne Mugisa, "Janet to Host 70,000 Virgins," The New Vision, December 1, 2004, http://allafrica.com (retrieved December 2, 2004).
- ↑ Priya Abraham, "Hooked on Failure Africa: In Africa’s Fight Against AIDS, the United States Continues to Support Family-Planning Groups that Stifle the White House Abstinence and Fidelity Message," World Magazine, November 6, 2004, http://www.worldmag.com (retrieved December 8, 2004).
- ↑ A December 2002 executive order governing federal funding of community and faith-based organizations states that, in accordance with the U.S. Constitution's separation of church and state, "organizations that engage in inherently religious activities, such as worship, religious instruction, and proselytization, must offer those services separately in time or location from any programs or services supported with direct Federal financial assistance." Executive Order 13279—Equal Protection of the Laws for Faith-Based and Community Organizations, Federal Register, vol. 67, no. 241, December 16, 2002.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Schoepf, Brooke Grundfest. "Uganda: lessons for AIDS control in Africa." Review of African Political Economy (2003): 553-572.
- ↑ Schoepf, B. G. (2003). Uganda: lessons for AIDS control in Africa. Review of African Political Economy, 553–572.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 van de Walle, E., & van de Walle, F. (1988). Birthspacing and abstinence in Sub-Saharan Africa. International Family Planning Perspectives, 14(1), 25-6.
- ↑ Hindin, M. J., & Fatusi, A. O. (2009). Adolescent sexual and reproductive health in developing countries: an overview of trends and interventions. International perspectives on sexual and reproductive health, 35(2), 58-62.