Harsunan Bua
Harsunan Bua rukuni ne na rukunin rukunin Mbum-Day na harsunan Savanna da mutane kasa da 30,000 ke magana a kudancin Chadi a wani yanki da ke tsakanin kogin Chari da Guéra Massif . An yi musu lakabi da "G13" a cikin shawarwarin iyali da harshen Adamawa na Joseph Greenberg . A ƙarshe suna cikin dangin Nijar – Kongo, kuma sun yi tasiri sosai a Laal .
| Bua | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | southern Chad |
| Linguistic classification | Nnijer–Kongo |
| Glottolog | adam1257[1] |
Harsunan Bua sun yi mu'amala mai yawa da harsunan Chadic .
Harsuna gyara sashe
Harsunan Bua sun haɗa da:
- Harshen Bua (masu magana da harshen 7,708 a 1993), arewacin kogin Chari da ke kewayen Korbol da Gabil (wanda aka sanya wa kungiyar suna); fahimtar juna tare da Fanian.
- Fanian, ko Mana, ko Kobe (> 1,100 jawabai a 1997), a cikin kauyukan Mouraye, Sengué, Malakonjo, Rim, Sisi, Karo yammacin tafkin Iro.
- Niellim ko Lua (masu magana 5,157 a cikin 1993), ana magana da su a kusa da Niellim da Niou tare da kogin Chari a arewacin Sarh (ciki har da yaren Chini da ba a taɓa gani ba)
- Tunia (masu magana da 2,255 a cikin 1993), a kusa da Sarh (ciki har da yare na Perim)
- Noy ko Loo (masu magana 36 a cikin 1993), ana magana da su a Bedaya, Balimba, Djoli, Koumra, da Koumogo kudancin Sarh . Kusan bacewa.
- Harsunan Gula :
- Koke (masu magana 600 a 1993), a kusa da Daguela
- Bolgo (masu magana 1,800 a cikin 1993), kusa da Melfi, a cikin Koya, Boli, Gagne, da Bedi.
Wanda ya fara lura da kamanceceniya tsakanin Bua da Niellim a buga shine Gustav Nachtigal, a cikin 1889. Maurice Gaudefroy-Demombynes ya kara Tunia da "Mana" (watakila madadin sunan Fanian) a cikin 1907, ya kafa "Groupe Boa". Haka nan Johannes Lukas (1937) ya bayyana “Bua-Gruppe” wanda ya ƙunshi Bua, Niellim, da Koke, kuma a cikin rarrabuwar Joseph Greenberg ta 1963 The Languages of Africa, an haɗa harsunan guda uku tare a cikin rukunin Adamawa a matsayin ƙungiya mai suna Adamawa. -13. Daga baya, Pairault (1965, 1969) ya ƙara ƙarin harsunan Gula na arewa, Fanian, Koke, da Bolgo, yana barin Samarin (1971) ya ayyana kusan membobin Bua harsuna/Adamawa-13. Daga baya Palayer ya kara da Noy.
Cikakken jerin harsunan Bua daga Boyeldieu, et al. (2018: 55-56) an ba da ƙasa. [2]
| Harshe | Madadin sunaye | Sunan kai | Wurare | Yawan masu magana |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lua | Niellim, Nielim | luwa | Niellim, Niou, Sar | 5,000 |
| Cini | ci | Niellim | bacewa | |
| Tun | Tuni, Tunya | tyan | Sar | 2,000 |
| Perim | prim | kewayen Niellim | bacewa | |
| Lɔɔ | A'a | lɔ́ɔ̄ | Bédaya, Djoli, Balimba, Koumogo Koumra | bacewa |
| Kulaal | Goula d'Iro, Gula Iro | glossonym: kuláál | Masidjanga, Boum Kabir, Tiéou, Tiolé Kabir | 3,500 |
| Bon Gula (Goula de Bon) | Eeni | Bon, Ibir | 1,200 | |
| Zan Gula (Goula de Zan) | Moraj | glossonym: Ƙari ko Morre [mɔrrɛ] | Zan, Chinguil | 3,200 |
| Ƙa | Buwa, Ba, Bua | ɓà | Korbol, Lagouaye, Nyamko, Tigli, Tim, Bar, Sakre Deleb, Malbom, Ladon da kuma, more zuwa Arewa, wani keɓe kungiya a Gabil. | 8,000 |
| Korom/Kawãwãy | Bar, Sarabara, Sakré Deleb, Tilé Nougar | 60 | ||
| Fanya | Faniya | fãỹa | Karo, Ataway, Tilé Nougar, Timan, Sisi, Rim | 1,000 |
| Tereu | Bolgo Dugag | terēù, glossonym: terēùni | Aloa (IGN Alouna?), Niagara (IGN Niakra?), Koya, Boli | 1,000 |
| Bolgo daidai | Bolgo Kubar | ɓulgò, glossonym: ɓulgòni | Arap, Gagne, Bedi, Moulouk, Hari, Kodbo | 1,800 (Bolgo dace da Bormo) |
| Borno | Bolgo Kubar | bòrmó, glossonym: ɓommoni | Arap, Gagne, Bedi, Moulouk, Hari, Kodbo | 1,800 (Bolgo dace da Bormo) |
| Koke | Khoke | Daguela, Chobo | 600 |
Rarrabuwa gyara sashe
Rabe-rabe na farko na Kastenholz's (2017:2) ya raba harsunan Bua zuwa ƙungiyar Riverine da ƙungiyar Inland. [3] [2] [4]
- Buwa
- Kogin Kogin
- Tun
- Ɓa, Lua
- Cikin Ƙasa
- Koke, Bolgo
- Gula
- Bon Gula
- nukiliya Gula
- Zan Gula
- Fãya, Kulaal
- Kogin Kogin
Siffofin harshe gyara sashe
Duk waɗannan harsunan tonal ne, tare da tsayin wasali na musamman da wasulan hanci a cikin iyakantaccen yanayi. Yawancin waɗannan harsuna sun rasa tsarin ajin suna Neja-Congo (Goula Iro da alama ya riƙe shi zuwa wani mataki). bak'i da/ko suffixation.
Bayanan kafa gyara sashe
Littafi Mai Tsarki gyara sashe
Babban dacewa gyara sashe
- Pascal Boyeldieu da C. Seignobos, "Taimakawa a l'étude du biya niellim (Moyen-Chari–Tchad)", L'homme et le milieu, Al'amuran du développement au Tchad, N'Djamena, "Annales de l'Universite du Tchad ", Série: Lettres, Langues vivantes et Sciences humaines, no. 3, 1975, shafi. 67-98. Ya haɗa da jerin kwatancen kalmomi 80 don Niellim da nau'ikan Tunia guda uku, tare da wasu maganganu akan wasiku na yau da kullun.
- P. Boyeldieu "Présentation sommaire du groupe boua, Tchad (Adamawa 13 de JH Greenberg)[dead link] ", shafi na 275-286, a cikin: Colloques et séminaires : Le Milieu et les Hommes. Recherches comparatives et historiques dans la bassin du lac Tchad. Actes du 2ème colloque Méga-Tchad ORSTOM BONDY, le 3 da 4 ga Oktoba 1985. Ministan Faransa française de la Coopération & MESRES Cameroun, 1985.
- P. Boyeldieu, "vestiges de suffixes des classes nominales dans les langues du groupe boua (Tchad, Adamawa-13 de JH Greenberg)" - Hanyoyi na Yanzu zuwa Harshen Afirka, vol. 2 (J. Kaye, H. Koopman, D. Sportiche da A. Dugas, eds.) - Dordrecht/Cinnaminson, Foris Publications, pp. 3–15.
- P. Boyeldieu & C. Seignobos, Gudunmawa a l'étude du biya niellim, Université du Tchad / INTSH, N'djamena, 1974. Ya haɗa da jerin kalmomi don Kwa Tchini (Yaren Niellim) da Kwa Perim (harshen Tunisiya).
- P. Boyeldieu "Vestiges de suffixes de classes nominales dans les langues du groupe boua (Tchad, Adamawa-13 de JH Greenberg)" in Current Approaches to African Linguistics (Actes du 13ème Colloque Annuel de Linguistique Africaniste, Montréal, Canada) . Dordrecht: Foris Publications, 1983, p. 3-15. Col. Bugawa a cikin harsunan Afirka da ilimin harshe.
- M. Gaudefroy-Demombynes, Documents sur les langues de l'Oubangui-Chari, Paris, 1907. Ya haɗa da (pp. 107-122) jerin kwatancen kalmomi 200 na Bua, Niellim, Fanian, da Tunia, tare da taƙaitaccen nahawu da wasu jimlolin da Decorse ya tattara.
- A. Joly, Le canton de Boli, 1935, N'djamena Archives W-52/19. Ya ƙunshi wasu kalmomi Fanian da Bolgo 200 (shafi. 43-50.)
- J. Lukas, Zentralsudanisches Studien, Hamburg, Friedrichsen, de Gruyter & Cie, 1937. Yana ba da jerin kalmomi na Nachtigal, zu Mecklenburg, Barth, da Gaudefroy-Demombynes don Bua (~ kalmomi 400), Niellim (~ kalmomi 200), da Koke (~ kalmomi 100).
- P. Palayer, "Notes sur les Noy du Moyen-Chari (Tchad)", Les langues du groupe Boua, N'djamena, INSH, "Etudes et documents tchadiens", Série C (Linguistique), no. 2, pp. 196-219. Abubuwan Noy, da jerin kwatancen kalmomi 50 na Noy, Niellim (harrukan 2), Tunia, Iro Gula.
- Gen. de Rendinger, "Gudunmawa à l'étude des langues nègres du Center Africain", Journal de la Société des Africanistes, XIX-II, 1949, pp. 143-194. Ya haɗa da misalai da bayanan nahawu kan nau'ikan Bolgo da Zan Gula.
- AN Tucker & MA Bryan, Harsunan Bantu na Arewa maso Gabashin Afirka, Littafin Jagoran Harsunan Afirka, Sashe na III, Jami'ar Oxford na Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka ta Duniya, 1956. Ya ƙunshi jerin manyan harsunan Bua, taƙaitaccen nahawu na Bua, Tunia, da Niellim dangane da aikin filin da ake da su, da taƙaitaccen jerin kalmomi na Rana.
Takaitattun harsuna gyara sashe
Dubi Niellim, Gula Iro don ayyuka akan waɗannan harsuna.
- PA Benton, Harsuna da Jama'ar Bornu Vol. I, Frank Cass & Co:London 1912 (ed. na farko)/1968 (eded.) 78-130.
- P. Boyeldieu, La langue lua ("niellim") (Groupe Boua - Moyen-Chari, Tchad) Phonologie - Morphologie - Dérivation verbale . Description des langues et monographes ethnologuistiques, 1. Jami'ar Cambridge Press & Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme na SELAF. Paris 1985. ISBN 0-521-27069-3 (CUP). (Babban tushen wannan littafin tarihin.)
- Faris, David da Marba Meundeung. 1993. Etude sociolinguistique de la langue bon goula ' [ <span title="Dead link tagged November 2016">matacciyar hanyar haɗin gwiwa ta dindindin</span> ]. SIL Chadi. Ya haɗa da jerin kalmomi.
- J. Mouchet, "Gudunmawa à l'étude du Gula (Tchad)", Bulletin de l'IFAN, vol. XX, jerin B, no. 3-4, 1958, shafi. 593-611. Bon Gula.
- P. Palayer, Esquisse phonologique du Tounia, INSH, 1974 (?).
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje gyara sashe
- Archived Jerin Proto-Bua Swadesh Archived 2022-04-02 at the Wayback Machine </link> (Boyeldieu ms)
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Adamawa Bua". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Boyeldieu, Pascal, Raimund Kastenholz, Ulrich Kleinewillinghöfer & Florian Lionnet (2018). The Bua Group languages (Chad, Adamawa 13): A comparative perspective. In Kramer & Kießling (eds.), Current approaches to Adamawa and Gur languages. Cologne: 2018, 53-126.
- ↑ Kastenholz, Raimund. 2017. La langue bolgo du Guéra (Tchad) : notes de recherche et matériel lexical. (Working Papers of the Department of Anthropology and African Studies of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 172).
- ↑ Lionnet, Florian. 2021. Areal alignment and the diversification of Bua languages (Chad). Diedrich Westermann-Workshop (West-central African linguistic history between Macro-Sudan Belt and Niger-Congo: commemorating Diedrich Westermann’s legacy and the 100th anniversary of the Berlin professorship for African languages), 4-6 November 2021, Humboldt University of Berlin.