Wikipedia

Harshen Kuteb

Kuteb (wanda aka fi sani da Kutep ko Ati ) yare ne a Najeriya, kabilar Kuteb na zaune ne a yankin kudancin jihar Taraba, sannan mutane sama da dubu na amfani da harshen yankin iyakar Kamaru. A Nijeriya, kuma galibi anfi magana da yaren Ƙaramar Hukumar Takum dake Jihar Taraba.

Harshen Kuteb
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3 kub
Glottolog kute1248[1]
Kuteb
Ati
Yanki Taraba State
'Yan asalin magana
 46,000 (2000)[2]
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3 kub
Glottolog kute1248[1]

Karin Harshe

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Kuteb na da sautukan baƙi 27, wasula 12, da sautuka biyar. [3]

Wasula

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A cikin Kuteb, akwai nau'ikan wasula biyu, na baka, da na hanci. A sautin magana, kowane saiti yana da wasula daban-daban guda shida. Gabaɗaya, akwai sauti iri daban-daban guda 12. Matsayin ɨ kasancewar sautin magana a Kuteb bai tabbata ba. Wannan sautin yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin rubabbun sirafi, wasu sunaye prefixes, da kuma rage magana ta inda akwai tsaka tsaki u da i . [3]

Tebur na amon wasali a Kuteb
Wasikun baka Wasalin hanci
Gaba Tsakiya Baya Gaba Tsakiya Baya
Kusa i

/i /

ɨ

/ɨ /

u

/u /

ĩ

/ĩ /

ũ

/ũ /

Kusa Tsakiya e

/e /

o

/o /

ē

/ẽ /

ō

/õ /

Kusa Da Buɗe ae

/æ /

ãe

/æ̃ /

Buɗe a

/a /

ã

/ã /

Tsarin Sauti

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Kuteb yana da sauti iri daban-daban 27. Ana samun shigarwar da aka buga da rubutu a cikin kalmomin rance gama gari, ko, a cikin yanayin / v / da / z /, bambancin rarrabuwa. Kamar yawancin harsunan Jukunoid, Kuteb ya ba da baƙin baƙin. A cikin binciken daya, waɗannan ba a haɗa su azaman gyare-gyare kan tushe-phoneme ba, amma a matsayin nasu sautin daban. [4]

Tebur na karin sauti a Kuteb
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Hanci m

/m /

n, nn [note 1] /n / ny

/ɲ /

ŋ

/ŋ /

Kusa bayyana b

/b /

d

/d /

g

/g /

ba'a ji ba shafi na

/p /

t

/t /

c

/c /

k

/k /

pre-hanci



</br> bayyana 		mb

/ m /

nd

/ n /

nj

/ n / /

ŋg

/ ŋgg /

Ricarfafa ts

/s /

Fricative bayyana v

/v /

z

/z /

j

/ʒ /

ba'a ji ba f

/f /

s

/s /

sh

/ʃ /

h

/h /

Mai kusanci y

/j /

w

/w /

Shafa r

/ɾ /

Lateral-Kusanci l

/l /

Sautuna

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A cikin Kuteb, akwai sautuna daban-daban guda huɗu ko biyar, dangane da yadda aka ƙidaya su. Sautunan da yawancin karatu ke karɓa sune ƙananan (marasa alama), tsakiyar (¯), babba (´), da sautunan (ˆ).

Muhawara

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A cewar Roger Blench, akwai sautuna daban-daban guda biyar a cikin Kuteb, waɗannan sune: ƙananan (marasa alama), tsakiyar (¯), babba (´), fadowa (ˆ), da tashin (ˇ). Sauti na biyar, (mai tasowa) an ƙirƙire shi ne kawai ta hanyar canje-canjen sandhi waɗanda ke shafar wasu ƙamus bayan “tsani”. [3] Dangane da WE Welmers, wannan canjin sandhi ba ya faruwa, kuma idan ya faru, kawai furucin zai canza, ba ma rubutaccen bugun rubutu ba kuma.

Hanyoyin sarrafa abubuwa

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Iyakokin Syllabic

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A Kutep, kamar a sauran Harsunan Jukunoidid

N - rubutun hanci, V - wasali, C - baƙi
Kuteb ( rarrabaccen tsarin aiki) Kuteb Fassarar Turanci
ƙ

N

ḿ.m .m a'a
V u.fu ufu kofa
CV bá bá zo
CVC mūm mūm tona
CCV u.kwe ukwe shugaba
CCVC kwáb kwáb gwada

Sandhi ya canza

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Harafin ⟨w⟩ a cikin yaren Kuteb yana riƙe da matsayinta na kusan labio-velar, kamar yadda yake a uwé 'face' ko kuma a wōm 'bushe' - kodayake, lokacin da aka haɗa ⟨w⟩ a cikin gungu tare da baƙon faranti (/ c, j, sh, nj /) / w /, saboda canje-canjen sandhi, ya zama ana sakin murya ko sakin magana.

Rarraba baƙin

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A cikin Kuteb, akwai gungu da yawa na baƙaƙe waɗanda zasu iya wanzu, kodayake, mafi yawan waɗannan suna faruwa tsakanin iyakokin kalmomi, kodayake, wasu daga waɗannan suna faruwa ne a cikin keɓewar sigari guda ɗaya - waɗannan jerin kalmomin suna ƙasa. A ka'idar duk da haka, duk wani haɗuwa da baƙi-na ƙarshe (duba ƙasa) sannan kowane harafin harafi zai biyo baya. Zai yiwu, duk da haka, ragin zai iya faruwa, kamar yadda a cikin kalmar ushitong 'mai motsa-miya' (daga shir da utoŋ ) inda aka jefa / r / a ciki. Har ila yau, lokacin da finalnn⟩ na ƙarshe [note 1] mai tushe zai kasance mai tushe farawa da ⟨n⟩, ⟨nn⟩ + doublen⟩ ninki biyu ya ragu zuwa kawai justn⟩. Ana iya nuna wannan tasirin a cikin kalmomi kamar munae (munn-náe) 'su kasance masu yalwa', kuma a munji (munn-nji) 'manta'. [5]

A cikin matsayin CV, ana amfani da baƙin baƙi masu zuwa: [5]

  • p ts tckb (d) (g) mb nd nj ŋg fs sh hvz nz mn ŋ rl

Duk da yake a cikin C (C) VC matsayi na ƙarshe, ana amfani da waɗannan a maimakon:

  • brgmn * ŋ *

Kuma ana amfani da waɗannan masu zuwa a gungu CC:

  • Tare da Cw : pw, mbw, bw, fw, mw, sw (?), Cw, njw, jw, shw, kw, ngw, da ŋw [note 2]
  • Tare da Cy : py, mby
  • Tare da Ck : pk, tk, fk, sk
  • Tare da Cg : mbg, ndg

Ƙungiyoyin baƙi

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A cikin 1964, Peter Ladefoged ya yi rikodin sautuka a harsunan Yammacin Afirka da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan yarukan shine Kuteb, kuma waɗannan abubuwan bincikensa ne:

Labial Hakori Alveolar Palatal Post-palatal Velar
Tare da / w / Tare da / y / Tare da / ɣ / ko / x /
pw py px ts tx tʃ tf kw
mbw mby mbɣ ndz ndɣ ndʒ ndv ŋgw
bw by bɣ dʒ dv (gw)
fw fy fx sk .f
mw na (mɣ) a'a ŋw

Bayanan kula

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 In the standard Kuteb orthography, ⟨n⟩ is used initially and medially for /n/, while ⟨nn⟩ is used finally
  2. ↑ Roger Blench notes that ⟨ŋ⟩ and ⟨ng⟩ are equivalent in the standard orthography. Here, both ⟨ŋw⟩ and ⟨ngw⟩ are listed as separate phonemes, though, the difference between them is not given

Hanyoyin haɗin waje

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Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Kuteb". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Glottolog" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ Samfuri:Ethnologue18
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Blench, Roger. Kuteb grammar. p. 19
  4. ↑ Blench, Roger. Kuteb grammar. p. 20
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Blench, Roger. Kuteb grammar. p. 37–38
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