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Gurbataccen abinci mai gina jiki

Ya

Gurbataccen abinci mai gina jiki
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli da water pollution (en) Fassara
Daya daga cikin Abinci daya ke bada matsala in ba a gyara ba

Gurbatar Abinci Mai Gina Jiki, wani nau'i ne na gurbataccen ruwa, yana nufin gurbatawar abubuwan gina jiki da yawa. Yana da babban dalilin eutrophication na ruwa mai zurfi (tafkuna, koguna da ruwa na bakin teku ), wanda yawancin abubuwan gina jiki, yawanci nitrogen ko phosphorus, suna karfafa ci gaban algal.[1]

Tushen gurbacewar kayan abinci sun hada da kwararar kasa daga filayen gonaki da wuraren kiwo, fitar da tankunan ruwa da wuraren abinci, da hayaki i daga konewa. Danyen najasa shine babban mai ba da gudummawa ga eutrophication na al'ada tunda najasa yana da yawa a cikin sinadirai. Sakin najasa a cikin babban ruwa ana kiransa zubar da ruwa, kuma har yanzu yana faruwa a duk fadin duniya. Matsalolin nitrogen mai wuce gona da iri a cikin muhalli suna da alaka da yawancin abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli masu girma. Wadannan sun hada da eutrophication na ruwa mai cutarwa, furen algal mai cutarwa, hypoxia, ruwan sama na acid, karancin nitrogen a cikin gandun daji, da canjin yanayi.[2]

Tun bayan bunkasuwar noma a shekarun 1910, da kuma a cikin shekarun 1940, don dacewa da karuwar bukatar abinci, noman noma ya dogara sosai kan amfani da taki.[3] Taki abu ne na halitta ko sinadarai da aka gyara wanda ke taimaka wa kasa ta zama kasa mai albarka. Wadannan takin sun kunshi babban adadin phosphorus da nitrogen, wanda ke haifar da yawan abubuwan gina jiki da ke shiga cikin kasa. Nitrogen, phosphorus da potassium sune sinadarai na farko na "Big 3" a cikin takin kasuwanci, kowane dayan wadannan mahimman abubuwan gina jiki suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin abinci mai gina jiki.[4] Lokacin da nitrogen da phosphorus ba su cika amfani da tsire-tsire masu girma ba, ana iya rasa su daga filayen gona kuma suna yin mummunan tasiri ga iska da ingancin ruwa.[5] Wadannan sinadirai na iya karewa a cikin yanayin yanayin ruwa kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga habaka eutrophiation.[6] Lokacin da manoma suka baje takinsu, ko na halitta ne ko na roba, wasu za su bar shi a matsayin malala kuma za su iya tattara abubuwan da ke haifar da eutrophic na al'adu.[7]

Hanyoyi masu ragewa don rage fitar da gurbataccen abinci mai gina jiki sun haɗa da gyaran abinci, ciniki na gina jiki da rabon tushen abinci.

Sources

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Noma shine babban tushen gurbatar abinci mai gina jiki a cikin Tekun Mexico. A cikin Chesapeake Bay, noma babban tushe ne, tare da yankunan birane da ajiyar yanayi.

Samfuri:Bar chart

 
Misali a cikin Tennessee na yadda kasa daga filayen da aka hade za ta iya juyewa da sauri ta zama dimbin ruwa da ke haifar da dimbin abubuwan gina jiki wadanda ke gudana cikin jikin ruwa na gida.

Babban tushen (s) na gurbataccen abinci a cikin magudanar ruwa ya dogara da yawan amfanin kasa . Madogaran na iya zama tushen batu, mabubbugar da ba na batu ba, ko duka biyu:

  • Noma : noman dabbobi ko amfanin gona.
  • Birni/Babban birni: guguwar ruwa daga tituna da wuraren ajiye motoci; yawan amfani da taki akan lawn; cibiyoyin kula da najasa na birni; hayakin abin hawa.
  • Masana'antu: gurɓataccen iska (misali masana'antar wutar lantarki ), fitar da ruwan sha daga masana'antu daban-daban.[8]

Gurbatar abinci mai gina jiki daga wasu hanyoyin gurbataccen iska na iya faruwa ba tare da amfanin kasar gida ba, saboda jigilar gurbataccen iska daga nesa mai nisa.

Don auna yadda mafi kyawun hana eutrophication faruwa, dole ne a gano takamaiman hanyoyin da ke ba da gudummawar lodin kayan abinci. Akwai mabubbukan guda biyu na abinci na gina jiki da kwayoyin halitta: makasudi da tushe marasa ma'ana.[9]

Nitrogen

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abinci mara gina jiki

Amfani da takin zamani, kona man fetur, da samar da dabbobi, musamman ayyukan ciyar da dabbobi (CAFO), sun kara yawan iskar nitrogen zuwa biosphere.[10] A duk duniya, ana rarraba ma'auni na nitrogen ba tare da inganci ba tare da wasu kasashe masu ragi da wasu ragi, suna haifar da kewayon batutuwan muhalli na farko. Ga mafi yawan kasashe a duniya, cinikin tsakanin rufe gibin amfanin gona da rage gurbacewar iskar iskar gas ba shi da yawa ko babu.[11]

Phosphorus

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Ana samun gurbacewar sinadarin phosphorus ne ta hanyar yawan amfani da takin zamani da taki, musamman idan aka haxa shi da zaizayar qasa.[12] A cikin Tarayyar Turai, an kiyasta cewa za mu iya rasa fiye da ton 100,000 na Phosphorus ga ruwa da tafkuna saboda zaizayar ruwa.[13] Hakanan ana fitar da sinadarin Phosphorus ta kamfanonin sarrafa najasa na birni da wasu masana'antu.

Tushen tushe.

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Mabubbukan batu kai tsaye suna da alaka da tasiri daya. A cikin mabubbugar mabubbugar ruwa, sharar abinci tana tafiya kai tsaye daga tushe zuwa ruwa. Tushen maki suna da saukin daidaitawa.[14]

Madogaran marasa ma'ana.

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It has been shown that nitrogen transport is correlated with various indices of human activity in watersheds,<m[15]

[16][17] Ploughing in agriculture and development are among activities that contribute most to nutrient loading.

Rike kasa.

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Abubuwan gina jiki daga ayyukan dan adam suna taruwa a cikin kasa kuma su kasance a wurin har tsawon shekaru. [18] An nuna cewa adadin phosphorus da aka rasa a cikin ruwan saman yana karuwa daidai da adadin phosphorus a cikin Kasa. Don haka yawancin abubuwan da ke lodawa a cikin Kasa a karshe suna yin hanyar zuwa ruwa. Nitrogen, haka ma, yana da lokacin juyawa na shekarun da suka gabata.

Gudun ruwa zuwa saman ruwa.

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Abubuwan gina jiki daga ayyukan dan adam kan yi tafiya daga kasa zuwa ko dai kasa ko ruwan kasa. Ana cire Nitrogen musamman ta hanyar magudanar ruwa, bututun najasa, da sauran nau'ikan zubar da ruwa . Asarar abinci mai gina jiki a cikin zubar da ruwa da leach sau da yawa ana danganta su da aikin noma . Noma na zamani yakan hada da amfani da kayan abinci mai gina jiki akan gonaki don habaka samarwa. Duk da haka, manoma akai-akai suna amfani da abinci mai gina jiki fiye da yadda amfanin gona ke bukata ta, wanda ke haifar da gurbataccen ruwa da ke gudana a cikin ruwa ko kasa.[19] ko makiyaya. Dokokin da ke da nufin rage fitar da sinadarai daga aikin noma yawanci ba su da karfi fiye da wadanda aka sanya a kan masana'antar kula da najasa da sauran masu gurbata ma'ana. Ya kamata kuma a lura cewa tafkunan da ke cikin dazuzzukan dazuzzuka suma suna karkashin tasirin kwararar ruwa.[20] Guduwar ruwa na iya wanke ma'adinan nitrogen da phosphorus daga detritus kuma a sakamakon haka samar da jikunan ruwa zuwa jinkirin, eutrophication na halitta.[21]

Jigilar yanayi.

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Ana fitar da Nitrogen a cikin iska saboda ammoniya volatilization da kuma samar da nitrous oxide. Konewar burbushin mai babban mai ba da gudummawa ne ta hanyar dan adam ga gurbatar yanayi na nitrogen. Nitrogen na yanayi yana isa kasa ta hanyoyi biyu daban-daban, na farko shine jika kamar ruwan sama ko dusar kankara, na biyu kuma bushewar bushewa wanda shine barbashi da iskar gas da ake samu a cikin iska.[22] Zubar da yanayi (misali, a cikin nau'in ruwan sama na acid ) kuma na iya yin tasiri a cikin abubuwan gina jiki a cikin ruwa,[23] musamman a yankuna masu yawan masana'antu.

Tasiri.

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Tasirin muhalli da tattalin arziki

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An takaita yawan abubuwan gina jiki kamar yadda mai yuwuwar haifar da:

  • Yawan girma na algae ( cutarwa algal blooms ); da asarar halittu;[24]
  • Canje-canjen gidan yanar gizon abinci, karancin haske;
  • wuce haddi kwayoyin carbon (eutrophication); narkar da iskar oxygen ( hypoxia muhalli ); samar da guba;[25]

Gurbatar abinci mai gina jiki na iya samun tasirin tattalin arziki saboda karuwar farashin maganin ruwa, asarar kamun kifi na kasuwanci da asarar kifi, asarar kamun kifi na Nishadi, da rage samun kudin shiga yawon buɗe ido.

Tasirin lafiya.

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Tasirin lafiyar dan adam sun hada da wuce haddi na nitrate a cikin ruwan sha ( blue baby syndrome ) da kuma kayyakin kwayoyin cuta a cikin ruwan sha. Yin iyo a cikin ruwa wanda bala'i mai cutarwa ya shafa na iya haifar da rakuman fata da matsalolin numfashi.[26]

Rage fitar da gurbataccen abinci mai gina jiki

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Ciniki na gina jiki.

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Ciniki na gina jiki nau'in ciniki ne na ingancin ruwa, kayan aiki na tushen kasuwa da ake amfani dashi don inganta ko kula da ingancin ruwa. Manufar kasuwancin ingancin ruwa ya dogara ne akan gaskiyar cewa mabubbugar ruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa na iya fuskantar farashi daban-daban don sarrafa gurɓataccen abu daya. Kasuwancin ingancin ruwa ya hada da musayar rangwamen kima na ragi na gurbataccen ruwa daga tushe masu karancin kudi na kula da gurbataccen gurbataccen ruwa ga wadanda ke da tsadar sarrafa gurbatar yanayi, kuma ka'idodin iri daya sun shafi cinikin ingancin ruwa na gina jiki. Ka'idar da ke ƙunshe da ita ita ce " mai biyan kudi mai gurbata muhalli ", yawanci ana danganta shi da ƙa'idodin tsari don shiga cikin shirin ciniki.[27]

Rahoton Forest Trends na 2013, ya taƙaita shirye-shiryen ciniki na ingancin ruwa kuma ya samo manyan nau'ikan masu ba da tallafi guda uku: masu cin gajiyar kariyar ruwa, masu gurɓata ruwa suna biyan tasirin su da "masu biyan kudi na jama'a" waɗanda ba za su amfana kai tsaye ba, amma suna ba da kudin rage gurɓataccen kima a madadin gwamnati ko NGO.[25] Tun daga 2013, masu biyan kudi na jama'a kamar gwamnatoci da kungiyoyin sa-kai ne suka fara biyan kuɗi da yawa. :11

Rarraba tushen gina jiki.

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Ana amfani da rabon tushen abubuwan gina jiki don ƙididdige nauyin kayan abinci daga sassa daban-daban da ke shiga cikin ruwa, bayan raguwa ko jiyya. Noma yawanci shine tushen tushen nitrogen a cikin ruwa a Turai, yayin da a yawancin gidaje gidaje da masana'antu sukan kasance masu ba da gudummawar phosphorus. Inda ingancin ruwa ya yi tasiri ta hanyar abubuwan gina jiki masu yawa, samfuran rarraba tushen kaya na iya tallafawa daidaitaccen tsarin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa ta hanyar gano hanyoyin gurbataccen ruwa. Akwai hanyoyi guda biyu masu fa'ida don daukar kayan kira, (i) hanyoyin da suka dace da daukar nauyi wadanda asalin rabon bisa ga bayanan sa ido a cikin rafi[28] da (ii) hanyoyin da suka dace da tushen inda adadin yaɗuwa, ko gurɓataccen tushen tushe[29][30] ana ƙididdige fitar da hayaki ta hanyar amfani da ƙira yawanci bisa ƙididdige ƙididdiga na fitarwa daga magudanar ruwa masu irin wannan halaye.[31][32] Misali, Model Load Load (SLAM) yana ɗaukar hanyar ta ƙarshe, yana ƙididdige gudummawar dangi na tushen nitrogen da phosphorus zuwa saman ruwa a cikin magudanan ruwa na Irish ba tare da bayanan sa ido a cikin rafi ba ta hanyar haɗa bayanai kan fitarwar batu (ruwa na birni, masana'antu da sauransu). Tsarin tanki na septic), hanyoyin watsawa (kiwo, ciyayi, gandun daji, da sauransu), da bayanan kama, gami da halayen hydrogeological.[33]

Misalai na kasa.

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Amurka

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Gurbacewar tushen noma (NPS) ita ce mafi girman tushen rashin ingancin ruwa a duk fadin Amurka, bisa binciken hukumomin muhalli na jihohi.[34]:10Gurbacewar NPS baya karkashin izinin fitarwa a karkashin Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa ta Tarayya (CWA).[35] EPA da jihohi sun yi amfani da tallafi, hadin gwiwa da ayyukan zanga-zanga don kirkirar abubuwan karfafawa ga manoma don daidaita ayyukansu da rage kwararar ruwa.

Ci gaban manufofin gina jiki.

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Abubuwan bukatu na asali don jihohi don habaka ka'idodin abinci mai gina jiki da ma'auni an wajabta su a cikin Dokar Ruwa mai Tsafta ta 1972. Aiwatar da wannan shirin ingancin ruwa ya kasance babban kalubalen na kimiyya, fasaha da albarkatun kasa ga EPA da jahohi, kuma ana ci gaba da bunkasa har cikin karni na 21st.

EPA ta buga ka'idar kula da ruwan sha a cikin 1978, don fara magance matsalar gurbacewar nitrogen ta kasa sa, wacce ta Karu shekaru da yawa. A cikin 1998, hukumar ta buga Dabarun Gina Jiki na kasa tare da mai da hankali kan habaka ka'idodin abinci mai gina jiki.[36] [37]

Tsakanin 2000, da 2010. EPA ta buga ma'auni na sinadarai na matakin tarayya don koguna/rafuka, tafkuna/tafkunan ruwa, guraben ruwa da wuraren dausayi; da jagora mai alaƙa. "Ecoregional" ma'auni na gina jiki don 14, ecoregions a duk fadin Amurka an haɗa su a cikin wadannan wallafe-wallafe. Yayin da jihohi za su iya yin amfani da ka'idojin EPA da aka buga kai tsaye, a yawancin lokuta jihohi suna buƙatar gyara ma'auni don yin la'akari da takamaiman yanayi. A cikin 2004, EPA ta bayyana tsammaninta na ma'auni na kididdigewa (sabanin kayyadaddun kididdiga) don jimlar nitrogen (TN), jimillar phosphorus (TP), chlorophyll a (chl-a), da tsabta, kuma ta kafa "an yarda da juna. bisa tsare-tsare" don ci gaban ka'idojin jiha. A shekara ta 2007, hukumar ta bayyana cewa ci gaban da aka samu a jihohin kan bunkasa ka'idojin gina jiki bai yi daidai ba. EPA ta sake nanata tsammaninta na ma'auni kuma ta yi alkawarin goyon bayanta ga kokarin jiha na haɓaka ka'idodinsu.

Bayan EPA ta gabatar da NPDES na tushen ruwa wanda ke ba da izini a cikin 2007, sha'awar kawar da abinci mai gina jiki da cimma iyakokin yanki na Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Load (TMDL) na yanki ya haifar da habaka dabarun ciniki na abinci.[38]

A cikin 2008, EPA ta buga rahoton ci gaba kan kokarin jihar don habaka ka'idodin abinci mai gina jiki. Yawancin jihohi ba su samar da ma'auni na gina jiki na lambobi don koguna da koguna ba; tafkuna da tafkuna; dausayi da estuaries (ga wadannan jihohin da ke da estuaries).[39] A cikin wannan shekarar, EPA ta kuma kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Jiha da EPA, don sa ido da kimanta ci gaban rage gurɓataccen abinci.[40] A cikin 2009 NTIG ta ba da rahoto, "Kira na gaggawa don Aiki," yana nuna damuwa cewa ingancin ruwa ya ci gaba da tabarbarewa a duk fadin kasar saboda karuwar gurbataccen abinci mai gina jiki, tare da ba da shawarar habaka ka'idodin ka'idodin abinci mai gina jiki ta jihohi.[41] [42]

A cikin 2011, EPA ta sake nanata bukatar jihohi su ci gaba da inganta ka'idojin abinci mai gina jiki, lura da cewa cin zarafin ruwan sha na nitrates ya ninka cikin shekaru takwas, cewa rabin dukkan kogunan kasar suna da matsakaici zuwa matsakaicin matakan nitrogen da phosphorus, kuma furannin algal masu cutarwa suna karuwa.[43] Hukumar ta fitar da wani tsari ga jihohi don bunkasa abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da kuma matakin magudanar ruwa don rage abubuwan gina jiki.

Izinin fitarwa.

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Yawancin masu fitar da tushen tushe a cikin Amurka, kodayake ba lallai ba ne mafi girman tushen abubuwan gina jiki a cikin magudanan ruwa nasu, ana buƙatar su bi ƙayyadaddun kayyadaddun abubuwan gina jiki a cikin izininsu, waɗanda ake bayarwa ta Tsarin Kawar da Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyaki (NPDES), bisa ga CWA.[44][45]

Wasu manyan tsire-tsire masu kula da najasa na birni, irin su Blue Plains Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant a Washington, DC sun shigar da tsarin kawar da sinadirai (BNR) don biyan buƙatun tsari.[46] Sauran gundumomi sun yi gyare-gyare ga ayyukan aiki na tsarin jiyya na biyu na yanzu don sarrafa abubuwan gina jiki.[47]

Izinin NPDES kuma ana sarrafa fitar da kaya daga manyan wuraren kiwon dabbobi (CAFO). Ruwan ruwa daga filayen gonaki, babban tushen sinadirai a cikin magudanan ruwa da yawa,[48] an kebe shi da gurbatawar NPS kuma ba a tsara shi ta izinin NPDES.

Farashin TMDL.

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Jimlar Matsakaicin Load na yau da kullun (TMDL) shiri ne na tsari wanda ke tsara iyakar adadin gurbataccen abu (ciki har da abubuwan gina jiki) wanda jikin ruwa zai iya karba yayin da yake cika ka'idojin ingancin ruwa na CWA. Musamman, Sashe na 303 na Dokar yana bukatar kowace jiha ta samar da rahoton TMDL ga kowane jikin ruwa wanda gurbatacce ya lalace. Rahoton TMDL ya gano matakan gurbata yanayi da dabaru don cimma burin rage gurbataccen gurbatawa. EPA ta siffanta TMDLs a matsayin kafa "kasafin kudi i mai kazanta" tare da kasafi ga kowane tushen gurbataccen abu.[49]

Ga yawancin ruwayen bakin teku, babban al'amarin gurbataccen abu shine wuce gona da iri na gina jiki, wanda kuma ake kira habakar abinci mai gina jiki.[50]

A TMDL na iya rubuta karamin matakin narkar da iskar oxygen (DO) da ake samu a jikin ruwa, wanda ke da alaka kai tsaye da matakan gina jiki. ( Duba Hypoxia na Ruwa . TMDLs da ke magance gurbatar abinci mai gina jiki babban sashi ne na Dabarun Gina Jiki na Kasar Amurka.[51] TMDLs suna gano duk tushen ma'ana da gurbataccen tushen tushen da ba a kai ba a cikin magudanar ruwa. Don aiwatar da TMDLs tare da mabubbugan ma'ana, an hada rabon kayan sharar gida a cikin izinin NPDES din su.[52] Fitowar NPS gaba daya suna cikin yanayin yarda da son rai.[53]

EPA ta buga wani TMDL don Chesapeake Bay a cikin 2010, yana magana da nitrogen, phosphorus da gurbataccen ruwa ga duk magudanar ruwa, wanda ya rufe yanki mai 64,000 square miles (170,000 km2) . Wannan tsari na tsari ya kunshi duka kauyen da kauyukan sa-mafi girma, mafi hadaddun takaddun TMDL da EPA ta bayar har zuwa yau.

A cikin Long Island Sound, tsarin ci gaba na TMDL ya ba Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Kariyar Muhalli ta Connecticut da Ma'aikatar Kula da Muhalli ta Jihar New York damar shigar da 58.5 bisa dari na rage yawan nitrogen a cikin tsarin tsari da doka.

Nassoshi.

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  1. ↑ Walters, Arlene, ed. (2016). Nutrient Pollution From Agricultural Production: Overview, Management and a Study of Chesapeake Bay. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers. ISBN 978-1-63485-188-6.
  2. ↑ "Reactive Nitrogen in the United States: An Analysis of Inputs, Flows, Consequences, and Management Options, A Report of the Science Advisory Board" (PDF). Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). EPA-SAB-11-013. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 19, 2013.
  3. ↑ Seo Seongwon; Aramaki Toshiya; Hwang Yongwoo; Hanaki Keisuke (2004-01-01). "Environmental Impact of Solid Waste Treatment Methods in Korea". Journal of Environmental Engineering. 130 (1): 81–89. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2004)130:1(81).
  4. ↑ "Fertilizer 101: The Big Three―Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium". Arlington, VA: The Fertilizer Institute. 2014-05-07. Archived from the original on 2023-06-05. Retrieved 2023-05-13.
  5. ↑ "The Sources and Solutions: Agriculture". Nutrient Pollution. EPA. 2021-11-04.
  6. ↑ Huang, Jing; Xu, Chang-chun; Ridoutt, Bradley; Wang, Xue-chun; Ren, Pin-an (August 2017). "Nitrogen and phosphorus losses and eutrophication potential associated with fertilizer application to cropland in China". Journal of Cleaner Production. 159: 171–179. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.05.008.
  7. ↑ Carpenter, S. R.; Caraco, N. F.; Correll, D. L.; Howarth, R. W.; Sharpley, A. N.; Smith, V. H. (August 1998). "Nonpoint Pollution of Surface Waters with Phosphorus and Nitrogen". Ecological Applications. 8 (3): 559. doi:10.2307/2641247. hdl:1813/60811. JSTOR 2641247.
  8. ↑ "Sources and Solutions". Nutrient Pollution. EPA. 2021-08-31.
  9. ↑ "The Effects: Environment". Nutrient Pollution. EPA. 2021-03-01.
  10. ↑ Galloway, J.N.; et al. (September 2004). "Nitrogen Cycles: Past, Present, and Future". Biogeochemistry. 70 (2): 153–226. doi:10.1007/s10533-004-0370-0. S2CID 98109580.
  11. ↑ Wuepper, David; Le Clech, Solen; Zilberman, David; Mueller, Nathaniel; Finger, Robert (November 2020). "Countries influence the trade-off between crop yields and nitrogen pollution". Nature Food. 1 (11): 713–719. doi:10.1038/s43016-020-00185-6. hdl:20.500.11850/452561. ISSN 2662-1355. S2CID 228957302.
  12. ↑ Panagos, Panos; Köningner, Julia; Ballabio, Cristiano; Liakos, Leonidas; Muntwyler, Anna; Borrelli, Pasquale; Lugato, Emanuele (2022-09-13). "Improving the phosphorus budget of European agricultural soils". Science of the Total Environment (in Turanci). 853: 158706. Bibcode:2022ScTEn.853o8706P. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158706. PMID 36099959 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 252219900 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  13. ↑ "Phosphorus and Water". USGS Water Science School. Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). 2018-03-13.
  14. ↑ "Point Source; Pollution Tutorial". Silver Spring, MD: U.S. National Ocean Service. Retrieved 2022-06-10.
  15. ↑ "Basic Information about Nonpoint Source Pollution". 15 September 2015.
  16. ↑ Cole J.J., B.L. Peierls, N.F. Caraco, and M.L. Pace. (1993) "Nitrogen loading of rivers as a human-driven process", pp. 141–157 in M. J. McDonnell and S.T.A. Pickett (eds.) Humans as components of ecosystems. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA, 08033994793.ABA.
  17. ↑ Howarth, R. W.; Billen, G.; Swaney, D.; Townsend, A.; Jaworski, N.; Lajtha, K.; Downing, J. A .; Elmgren, R.; Caraco, N.; Jordan, T.; Berendse, F.; Freney, J.; Kudeyarov, V.; Murdoch, P.; Zhao-Liang, Zhu (1996). "Regional nitrogen budgets and riverine inputs of N and P for the drainages to the North Atlantic Ocean: natural and human influences" (PDF). Biogeochemistry. 35: 75–139. doi:10.1007/BF02179825. S2CID 134209808. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-03. Retrieved 2013-03-31.
  18. ↑ Sharpley AN, Daniel TC, Sims JT, Pote DH (1996). "Determining environmentally sound soil phosphorus levels". Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. 51: 160–166. Archived from the original on 2023-03-30. Retrieved 2023-05-14.
  19. ↑ Buol, S. W. (1995). "Sustainability of Soil Use". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 26: 25–44. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.26.110195.000325.
  20. ↑ Carpenter, S. R.; Caraco, N. F.; Correll, D. L.; Howarth, R. W.; Sharpley, A. N.; Smith, V. H. (August 1998). "Nonpoint Pollution of Surface Waters with Phosphorus and Nitrogen". Ecological Applications. 8 (3): 559. doi:10.2307/2641247. hdl:1813/60811. JSTOR 2641247.
  21. ↑ Xie, Meixiang; Zhang, Zhanyu; Zhang, Pingcang (16 January 2020). "Evaluation of Mathematical Models in NitrogenTransfer to Overland Flow Subjectedto Simulated Rainfall". Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 29 (2): 1421–1434. doi:10.15244/pjoes/106031.
  22. ↑ "Critical Loads – Atmospheric Deposition". U.S. Forest Service. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  23. ↑ Paerl H. W. (1997). "Coastal Eutrophication and Harmful Algal Blooms: Importance of Atmospheric Deposition and Groundwater as "New" Nitrogen and Other Nutrient Sources" (PDF). Limnology and Oceanography. 42 (5_part_2): 1154–1165. Bibcode:1997LimOc..42.1154P. doi:10.4319/lo.1997.42.5_part_2.1154. S2CID 17321339.[permanent dead link]
  24. ↑ "Frequent Questions about Water Quality Trading". NPDES. EPA. 2022-02-25.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Genevieve Bennett; Nathaniel Carroll; Katherine Hamilton (2013). "Charting New Waters, State of Watershed Payments 2012" (PDF). Washington, DC: Forest Trends Association.
  26. ↑ "The Effects: Human Health". Nutrient Pollution. EPA. 2022-04-19.
  27. ↑ "Frequent Questions about Water Quality Trading". NPDES. EPA. 2022-02-25.
  28. ↑ Source apportionment of nitrogen and phosphorus inputs into the aquatic environment. European Environment Agency. Copenhagen: European Environment Agency. 2005. ISBN 978-9291677771. OCLC 607736796.CS1 maint: others (link)
  29. ↑ Greene, S.; Taylor, D.; McElarney, Y.R.; Foy, R.H.; Jordan, P. (2011). "An evaluation of catchment-scale phosphorus mitigation using load apportionment modelling". Science of the Total Environment. 409 (11): 2211–2221. Bibcode:2011ScTEn.409.2211G. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.02.016. PMID 21429559.
  30. ↑ Grizzetti, B.; Bouraoui, F.; Marsily, G. de; Bidoglio, G. (2005). "A statistical method for source apportionment of riverine nitrogen loads". Journal of Hydrology. 304 (1–4): 302–315. Bibcode:2005JHyd..304..302G. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.07.036.
  31. ↑ Mockler, Eva M.; Deakin, Jenny; Archbold, Marie; Daly, Donal; Bruen, Michael (2016). "Nutrient load apportionment to support the identification of appropriate water framework directive measures". Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. 116B (3): 245–263. doi:10.3318/bioe.2016.22. hdl:10197/8444. JSTOR 10.3318/bioe.2016.22. S2CID 133231562.
  32. ↑ Smith, R.V.; Jordan, C.; Annett, J.A. (2005). "A phosphorus budget for Northern Ireland: inputs to inland and coastal waters". Journal of Hydrology. 304 (1–4): 193–202. Bibcode:2005JHyd..304..193S. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.10.004.
  33. ↑ Mockler, Eva M.; Deakin, Jenny; Archbold, Marie; Gill, Laurence; Daly, Donal; Bruen, Michael (2017). "Sources of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions to Irish rivers and coastal waters: Estimates from a nutrient load apportionment framework". Science of the Total Environment. 601-602: 326–339. Bibcode:2017ScTEn.601..326M. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.186. PMID 28570968.
  34. ↑ National Nonpoint Source Program: A catalyst for water quality improvements (Report). EPA. October 2016. EPA 841-R-16-009.
  35. ↑ "NPDES Permit Basics". EPA. 2021-09-28.
  36. ↑ Kilian, Chris ka'idodin. "Cracking down on Nutrient Pollution: CLF Fights to Bring New England's Coastal Waters Back to Life". Conservation Matters. 16 (2).
  37. ↑ National Strategy for the Development of Regional Nutrient Criteria (Report). EPA. June 1998. EPA 822-R-98-002.
  38. ↑ Grumbles, Benjamin (2007-05-25). "Nutrient Pollution and Numeric Water Quality Standards" (PDF). EPA. Memorandum to State and Tribal Water Program Directors.
  39. ↑ "Permit Limits: Watershed-based Permitting". NPDES. EPA. 2021-10-11.
  40. ↑ State Adoption of Numeric Nutrient Standards (1998–2008) (Report). EPA. December 2008. EPA 821-F-08-007.
  41. ↑ "Programmatic Information on Numeric Nutrient Water Quality Criteria". EPA. 2017-05-16.
  42. ↑ An Urgent Call to Action: Report of the State-EPA Nutrient Innovations Task Group (Report). EPA. August 2009. EPA 800-R-09-032.
  43. ↑ Stoner, Nancy K. (2011-03-16). "Working in Partnership with States to Address Phosphorus and Nitrogen Pollution through Use of a Framework for State Nutrient Reductions" (PDF). EPA. Headquarters Memorandum to EPA Regional Administrators.
  44. ↑ "Status of Nutrient Requirements for NPDES-Permitted Facilities". NPDES. EPA. 2021-09-28.
  45. ↑ "Removing Nitrogen from Wastewater Protects our Waterways". Washington, D.C.: DC Water. Retrieved 2018-01-15.
  46. ↑ "National Study of Nutrient Removal and Secondary Technologies". EPA. 2021-09-22.
  47. ↑ "Animal Feeding Operations". NPDES. EPA. 2021-07-23.
  48. ↑ "Agriculture". Learn the Issues. Annapolis, Maryland: Chesapeake Bay Program. Archived from the original on 2018-10-07. Retrieved 2018-10-06.
  49. ↑ "Overview of Identifying and Restoring Impaired Waters under Section 303(d) of the CWA". Impaired Waters and TMDLs. EPA. 2021-09-20.
  50. ↑ "TMDLs at Work: Long Island Sound". EPA. 2021-06-16.
  51. ↑ "National Nutrient Strategy". EPA. 2007.
  52. ↑ Golen, Richard F. (2007). "Incorporating Shellfish Bed Restoration into a Nitrogen TMDL Implementation Plan" (PDF). Dartmouth, MA: University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-11-16. Retrieved 2023-05-14.
  53. ↑ "Chapter 6. Water Quality-Based Effluent Limitations". NPDES Permit Writers' Manual (Report). EPA. September 2010. EPA-833-K-10-001.
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