Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan [note 1] (an haife shi a Temüjin; [note 2] c. 1162 -Agusta 25, 1227) shine wanda ya kafa kuma Babban Khan na farko (Sarkin sarakuna) na Daular Mongol, wandata zama daula mafi girma a tarihi bayan mutuwarsa. Ya hau kan karagar mulki ta hanyar hada kan da yawa daga cikin kabilun makiyaya na Mongol steppe da kuma shelanta shi a matsayin mai mulkin duniya na Mongols ko Genghis Khan. Da kabilun Arewa maso Gabashin Asiya da ke karkashin ikonsa, ya fara yunkurin mamaye Mongoliya, wanda a ƙarshe ya shaida cin galaba a kan yawancin kasashen Eurasia, da kuma kutse daga bangaren Mongoliya har zuwa yamma har zuwa Legnica a yammacin Poland da kuma kudu da Gaza. Ya kaddamar da yakin yaki da Qara Khitai, Khwarezmia, yammacin Xia da daular Jin a lokacin rayuwarsa, kuma janar-janar dinsa sun kai hari a tsakiyar Jojiya, Circassia, Kievan Rus', da Volga Bulgaria.
 Genghis Khan | |||
|---|---|---|---|
 | |||
1206 - 18 ga Augusta, 1227 ← no value - Tolui (en)  , Ögedei Khan (en) → | |||
| Rayuwa | |||
| Cikakken suna | ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠵᠢᠨ da Тэмүжин | ||
| Haihuwa |
Delüün Boldog (en) , 31 Mayu 1162 | ||
| ƙasa | Masarautar Mongol | ||
| Mutuwa |
Yinchuan (en) , 18 ga Augusta, 1227 | ||
| Makwanci | unknown value | ||
| Yanayin mutuwa |
(horse fall (en) ) | ||
| Ƴan uwa | |||
| Mahaifi | Yesugei | ||
| Mahaifiya | Hoelun | ||
| Abokiyar zama |
Börte (en) Chahe (en) Princess Qiguo (en) Hedaan (en) Yesugen (en) Gürbesu (en) Yesui (en) Khulan (en) Ibaqa beki (en) | ||
| Yara |
view
| ||
| Ahali |
Qasar (en) , Behter (en) , Belgutei (en) , Hachiun (en) , Temüge (en) da Temulin (en) | ||
| Ƴan uwa |
view
| ||
| Yare |
Borjigin (en) | ||
| Sana'a | |||
| Sana'a |
Shugaban soji, tribal chief (en) da sarki | ||
| Aikin soja | |||
| Fannin soja |
Military of the Mongol Empire (en) | ||
| Ya faɗaci |
Mongol invasion of Khwarazmian Empire and Eastern Iran (en) Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty (en) Battle of Dalan Baljut (en) Battle of Yehuling (en) Battle of Indus (en) Mongol conquest of Western Xia (en) | ||
| Imani | |||
| Addini |
Tengrism (en) | ||
 | |||
Nasarar soja ta musamman ta sa Genghis Khan ya zama daya daga cikin manyan mayaƙan da suka yi nasara a kowane lokaci, kuma a ƙarshen rayuwar Babban Khan, daular Mongol ta mamaye wani yanki mai yawa na Asiya ta Tsakiya da China ta yau. Genghis Khan da labarinsa na cin nasara suna da kyakkyawan suna a tarihin gida. [4] Marubutan tarihin zamanin da da kuma masana tarihi na zamani sun bayyana cin nasarar Genghis Khan wanda ya haifar da halakar da ya haifar da raguwar yawan jama'a a wasu yankuna. Kididdigar adadin mutanen da suka mutu ta hanyar yaki, cututtuka da yunwa sakamakon yakin soja na Genghis Khan sun kai kimanin miliyan hudu a cikin mafi yawan ƙididdiga masu ra'ayin mazan jiya har zuwa miliyan sittin a cikin mafi yawan tarihin tarihin. [5] A Bari daya kuma, Genghis Khan ma ya sami siffanta shi da kyau ta hanyar marubutan da suka fito daga masana kimiyya na zamani da na farfadowa a Turai zuwa masana tarihi na zamani don yada ra'ayoyin fasaha da fasaha a ƙarƙashin rinjayar Mongol. [6]
Bayan nasarorin da ya samu na soji, nasarorin da Genghis Khan ya samu sun haɗa da kafa dokar Mongol da ɗaukar rubutun Uyghur a matsayin tsarin rubutu a faɗin manyan yankunansa. Ya kuma yi aiki da cancanta da kuma juriya na addini. Mongolia na yanzu suna kallonsa a matsayin uban Mongoliya don hada kan kabilun makiyaya na Arewa maso Gabashin Asiya. Ta hanyar kawo hanyar siliki a ƙarƙashin yanayi guda ɗaya na siyasa, ya kuma sauƙaƙe hanyoyin sadarwa da kasuwanci tsakanin arewa maso gabashin Asiya, musulmin kudu maso yammacin Asiya, da Turai na Kirista, yana haɓaka kasuwancin duniya da faɗaɗa hangen nesa na al'adu na duk wayewar Eurasian na zamanin.
Sunaye da lakabi
gyara sasheBisa ga Tarihin Sirrin Mongols, sunan haihuwar Genghis Khan Temüjin (Chinese) ya fito ne daga sarkin Tatar Temüjin-üge wanda mahaifinsa ya kama. Sunan Temüjin kuma ana daidaita shi da Turco-Mongol temürči (n), "maƙeri", kuma akwai wata al'adar da ta kalli Genghis Khan a matsayin maƙerin, a cewar Paul Pelliot, wanda, ko da yake ba shi da tushe, an kafa shi sosai ta tsakiyar. karni na 13.
Genghis Khan lakabi ne na girmamawa ma'ana "mai mulkin duniya" wanda ke wakiltar ƙara girman lakabin Khan da aka riga aka yi amfani da shi don nuna babban dangi a Mongolian. Ana tunanin kiran "Genghis" zuwa kalmar ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Turkic "tengiz", ma'ana teku, yin lakabin girmamawa a zahiri "mai mulkin teku", amma an fahimci shi sosai a matsayin misali na duniya ko kuma cikar mulkin Temüjin daga hangen nesa Mongol.
Lokacin da Kublai Khan ya kafa daular Yuan a shekara ta 1271, ya sa kakansa Genghis Khan ya sanya shi cikin bayanan hukuma kuma ya ba shi sunan haikalin Taizu (Chinese: 太祖 ) da kuma bayan mutuwar sunan Emperor Shengwu ( Chinese: 聖武皇帝 ). Ana kuma kiran Genghis Khan da Yuan Taizu (Sarkin Taizu na Yuan; Chinese: 元太祖 ) a cikin tarihin tarihin kasar Sin. Daga baya Külüg Khan ya fadada taken Genghis Khan zuwa Emperor Fatian Qiyun Shengwu ( Chinese: 法天啟運聖武皇帝 ).
Rayuwar farko
gyara sasheZuriya da haihuwa
gyara sashe
An haifi Temüjin ɗan fari na Hoelun, matar ta biyu ga mahaifinsa Yesügei, wanda shine shugaban dangin Borjigin a cikin ƙungiyar Khamag Mongol mai ƙaura, ɗan'uwan Ambaghai da Hotula Khan, [7] [8] kuma abokin tarayya. na Toghrul na kabilar Keraite. [9] Temüjin yana da alaƙa a gefen mahaifinsa zuwa Khabul Khan, Ambaghai, da Hotula Khan, wanda ya jagoranci ƙungiyar Khamag Mongol kuma zuriyar Bodonchar Munkhag ( c. 900), [10] [7] yayin da mahaifiyarsa Hoelun ta kasance. daga zuriyar Olkhunut na kabilar Khongirad. [11] Asalin martabar Temüjin ya sa ya samu sauƙi daga baya a rayuwarsa don neman taimako daga ƙarshe kuma ya haɗa sauran kabilun Mongol. [12]
Akwai babban rashin tabbas game da kwanan wata da wurin da aka haifi Temüjin, tare da bayanan tarihi da ke ba da kwanakin haihuwa daga 1155 zuwa 1182 da wurare dabam dabam na yiwuwar haihuwa. Masanin tarihi na Larabawa Rashid al-Din ya tabbatar da cewa an haifi Temüjin a shekara ta 1155, yayin da tarihin Yuan ya rubuta shekarar haihuwarsa a shekara ta 1162 kuma majiyoyin Tibet sun bayyana 1182 a matsayin daidai lokacin. Nazarin tarihi na zamani ya tabbatar da cewa shekaru 1162 da tarihin kasar Sin ya gabatar a matsayin mafi inganci, idan aka yi la'akari da manyan matsalolin da ke tattare da yadda ko dai kwanakin shekarar 1155 ko 1182 za su yi la'akari da sauran abubuwan da suka faru a cikin jadawalin Temüjin. [10] Karɓar haihuwa a 1155, alal misali, zai sa Temüjin ya zama uba yana da shekaru 30 kuma yana nuna cewa shi da kansa ya ba da umarnin yaƙi da Tanguts yana da shekaru 72. [10] Tarihin Sirrin Mongols ya danganta. Cewa Temüjin jariri ne a lokacin harin da Merkits suka kai masa, lokacin da aka haifi 1155 zai sa ya cika shekaru 18. [10] Kwanan 1162 a halin yanzu an tabbatar da shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban, ciki har da binciken 1992 na kalandar Mongol da UNESCO ta ba da shawarar takamaiman ranar 1 ga Mayu 1162.
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ Morgan 1986, p. 186.
- ↑ Pronunciation references:
- Samfuri:Cite American Heritage Dictionary
- "Genghis Khan". Webster's New World College Dictionary. Wiley Publishing. 2004. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
- Samfuri:Cite dictionary
- ↑ "Central Asiatic Journal". Central Asiatic Journal. 5: 239. 1959. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
- ↑ Ian Jeffries (2007).
- ↑ Lane 2004.
- ↑ Weatherford 2005.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Derenko et al. 2007.
- ↑ Lee 2016.
- ↑ Morgan 1986.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Ratchnevsky 1991.
- ↑ Guida Myrl Jackson-Laufer, Guida M. Jackson, Encyclopedia of traditional epics, p. 527
- ↑ Columbia University.
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