Braille na Ghana
Ana amfani da haruffan braille da yawa a Ghana. Don Ingilishi, an karɓi Haɗin Kan Turanci Braille . An rubuta wasu harsuna huɗu da makafi: Akan (Twi), Ga, Ewe, da Dagaare . Dukkan haruffa guda uku sun dogara ne akan ainihin ƙimar haruffan rubutun hannu na ainihin haruffan Latin:
Braille na Ghana | |
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Braille | |
Bayanai | |
Ƙasa | Ghana |
Kwatankwacin kwatancen haruffan da suka wuce waɗannan an kwatanta su a ƙasa. Turanci ana amfani da alamar rubutu a cikin Ghana da (bisa ga UNESCO 2013) Togo.
Ba a yin amfani da Braille sosai a Ghana don kowane harshe sai Ingilishi. Koyaya, akwai wasu tsofaffin wallafe-wallafe a cikin waɗannan haruffan rubutun hannu.
Akan (Twi) Braille
gyara sasheTwi Braille Akan Braille | |
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Type |
alphabet
|
Languages | Twi |
Parent systems |
Braille
|
Akan yana da karin wasu haruffa guda ɗaya. ⠪ ɔ ana iya sa ran daga ƙa'idodin ƙasashen duniya / Afirka ; ⠻ ɛ na musamman ga Ghana.
ɔ |
ɛ |
Ga and Dagaare Braille
gyara sasheGa da Dagaare sun ƙara wasiƙa ta uku, ⠬ ŋ .
ɔ |
ɛ |
ŋ |
Ewe Braille
gyara sasheEwe Braille |
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Ewe yana ƙara ƙarin baƙaƙe da yawa: ⠫ ɖ, ⠹ ƒ, ⠣ ɣ, ⠮ ʋ .
ɔ |
ɛ |
ŋ |
ɖ |
ƒ |
ɣ |
ʋ |
Ɓ da ɣ sune ƙa'idodin ƙasashen duniya/Afirka (duba kuma Braille na Najeriya ); ƒ da ʋ sun fito ne daga sautunan Ingilishi th, mafi kusanci a cikin wannan harshe bayan f da v .
Braille don harsunan Togo
gyara sasheEwe shine yaren farko na Togo, kuma ana amfani da shi a Togo tare da aikin makafi iri ɗaya kamar na Ghana. UNESCO (2013 [1990]) ta ba da rahoton ƙarin wasu haruffan Togo da yawa waɗanda ba ta iya tabbatarwa ba, amma waɗanda aka tsara su tare da harsunan Ghana; Babu shakka suna amfani da ayyukan Ewe na Ghana:
- Bassar da Konkomba an rubuta su da asali na mawallafi da Ewe ŋ, ɔ .
- Kabiye ya ɖ ɛ ɣ ɩ ŋ ɔ ʊ . Haruffa ɩ da ʊ suna bin ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa, kuma sun yi daidai da ⠔ ị da ⠳ cikin Igbo Braille . (Unesco ta bayar da rahoton cewa ana musanya kimar maƙarƙashiya u/ʊ daga al'ada, mai yuwuwar kuskuren kwafi.[1] ) Sauran haruffa suna kamar a Ewe.
- Moba ya na ɛ ɩ ŋ ɔ, tare ⠔ ɩ kamar a Kabiye.
- Tem ya ɖɛ ɩ ŋ ɔ υ, kamar a Kabiye.
Bugu da ƙari, UNESCO ta ba da rahoton cewa harsunan Togo daban-daban suna da ⠡ don wasulan hanci, ⠸ don sauti mai girma, ⠘ don sautin tsakiya, da ⠰ don ƙananan sautin.
Dukkan waɗannan harsuna biyar ana magana da su a Ghana da kuma Togo, amma Unesco ba ta ba da rahoton cewa an mayar da su zuwa makafi a can ba.
Nassoshi
gyara sashe- ↑ World Braille Usage Third Edition, Perkins / International Council on English Braille / UNESCO, 2013: contrast p. 100 (Igbo) vs p.144 (Kabiyé) (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-04-15, retrieved 2024-02-24