Harshen Ga

Tsarin rubutu	Latin (Haruffa na Ga) Braille na Ghana
Matsayin hukuma
Harshen hukuma a cikin	Babu. Gwamnati ta dauki nauyin harshe.
Lambobin harshe
ISO 639-2	gaa
ISO 639-3	gaa
Glottolog	gaaa1244

Ga
Ga
Gã
Lafazin	[ɡã]
Yanki	Kudu-maso-gabashin Ghana, a kusa da Accra
Kabilanci	Ga
Masu magana na asali	miliyan 8.5 (2007)
Iyalin harshe	Niger–Congo? Atlantic–Congo Volta-Congo Kwa Ga–Dangme Ga; ; ; ; ;

Harshen Ga
	Ga
'Yan asalin magana	745,000 (2013)
Dangin harshen	Harsunan Nijar-Congo; Harsunan Atlantic-Congo; Harsunan Volta-Congo; Harsunan Kwa; Harsunan Ga–Dangme; Harshen Ga; ; ; ; ; ;
Baƙaƙen rubutu	Baƙaƙen boko
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-2	gaa
ISO 639-3	gaa
Glottolog	gaaa1244

Ga harshe ne da ake magana da shi a Ghana, a cikin babban birnin Accra da kewaye. Yana da bambancin sauti tsakanin tsayin wasali uku.

Samuel yana magana Gã, wanda aka fi rubutawa da "Ga".

Rabewa

Ga yaren Kwa ne, wani yanki ne na dangin Nijar-Congo. Yana da alaƙa da Adangme sosai, kuma tare suka kafa reshen Ga–Dangme a cikin Kwa.

Ga shi ne yaren mutanen Ga, ƙabilar Ghana. Kabilanci Ga sunayen dangi {sunayen suna} sun haɗa da Owoo, Lartey, Nortey, Aryee, Poku, Lamptey, Tetteh, Ankrah, Tetteyfio, Laryea, Ayitey, Okine, Bortey, Quarshie, Quaye, Quaynor, Ashong, Kotei, Clottey, Nai, Sowah, Odoi, Maale, Ako, Adjetey, Annang, Addo, Yemoh, Abbey da Adjei.

Rarraba yanki

Ana magana da Ga a kudu maso gabashin Ghana, ciki da wajen Accra babban birnin kasar. Yana da ɗan ƙaramin bambancin yare. Ko da yake Ingilishi shine harshen hukuma na Ghana, Ga yana ɗaya daga cikin harsuna 16 da Ofishin Harsunan Ghana ke buga abubuwa da su.

Fassarar sauti

Baƙi

**Consonant phonemes**
	Labial		Dental		Postalveolar da palatal				Velar				Labial- velar		Glottal
	Labial		Dental		Plain		Labialized		Plain		Lab.v		Labial- velar		Plain	Lab.
Nasal	m		n		ɲ				ŋ				ŋ͡m
Stop	p	b	t	d	tʃ	dʒ	tʃʷ	dʒʷ	k	ɡ	kʷ	ɡʷ	k͡p	ɡ͡b
Fricative	f	v	s	z	ʃ		ʃʷ								h	hʷ
Approximant			l		j		ɥ						w

[ŋʷ] allophone ne na /w/ wanda ke faruwa a gaban hanci kuma ana wakilta da nasa digraph a rubuce.
/l/ ana iya gane shi azaman [r] lokacin tsakanin baƙar fata da wasali
/j/ yana da allophone [ɲ] kafin wasulan hanci

Wasula

Ga yana da wasulan baka bakwai da wasulan hanci biyar. Duk wasulan suna da tsayin wasali daban-daban guda uku: gajere, dogo ko karin tsayi (na karshen yana bayyana ne kawai a nan gaba mai sauki da saukin sifofi mara kyau na baya).

	Gaba		Tsakiya		Baya
	na baka	hanci	na baka	hanci	na baka	hanci
Kusa	i	ĩ			u	ũ
Kusa-tsakiyar	e				o
Bude-tsakiyar	ɛ	ɛ̃			ɔ	ɔ̃
Bude			a	ã

Sautuna

Ga yana da sautuna biyu, babba da ƙasa. Kamar yawancin harsunan Afirka ta Yamma, tana da sautin terracing.

Wasan kwaikwayo

Siffar silsilar Ga ita ce (C)(C)V(C), inda sautin waya na biyu na gungu na farko ba zai iya zama /l/ kawai ba kuma na ƙarshe zai iya zama baƙar hanci (gajere ko tsawo) kawai, misali. ekome, "daya", V-CV-CV; kakadaŋŋ, "dogon", CV-CV-CVC; mli, "ciki", CCV. Har ila yau, kalmomin Ga suna iya ƙunshe da syllabic hanci kawai, misali a cikin harafin farko na ŋshɔ, "teku".

Tsarin rubutu

An fara rubuta Ga a kusan 1764, ta Christian Jacob Protten (1715-1769), wanda ɗan sojan Danish ne kuma macen Ga.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] Protten ya kasance mishan mishan na Moravia na Afirka ta Gold Coast kuma malami a karni na sha takwas. A tsakiyar 1800s, ɗan mishan na Jamus, Johannes Zimmermann (1825-1876), wanda masanin tarihin Gold Coast, Carl Christian Reindorf (1834-1917) ya taimaka da wasu, ya yi aiki da yawa akan nahawu na harshe, ya buga ƙamus kuma ya fassara. dukan Littafi Mai Tsarki cikin harshen Ga.^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11] An sake sake fasalin rubutun kalmomin sau da yawa tun 1968, tare da sake dubawa na baya-bayan nan a cikin 1990.

Tsarin rubutu tushen haruffan Latin ne kuma yana da haruffa 26. Yana da ƙarin alamun haruffa guda uku waɗanda suka dace da alamun IPA. Hakanan akwai digraphs goma sha ɗaya da trigraphs biyu. Tsawon wasali ana wakilta ta hanyar ninka ko ninka alamar wasali, misali. 'a', 'a' da 'a'. Sautuna ba a wakilta. Nasalisation yana wakilta bayan baƙaƙe na baka inda ya bambanta tsakanin ƙananan nau'i-nau'i.

Harafin Ga shine: Aa, Bb, Dd, Ee, Ɛɛ, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, shuŋ, Oo, Ɔɔ, Pp, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv , Ww, Yayi, Zz

Haruffa masu zuwa suna wakiltar sautuna waɗanda basu dace da harafi ɗaya da alamar IPA ba (misali B tana wakiltar /b/):

J j - /d͡ʒ/
Y y - /j/

Digraphs da trigraphs:

Gb gb - /ɡb/
Gw gw - /ɡʷ/
Hw hw - /hʷ/
Jw jw - /d͡ʒʷ/
Kp kp - /kp/
Kw kw - /kʷ/
Ny ny - /ɲ/
Ŋm ŋm - /ŋm/
Ŋw ŋw - [ŋʷ] (allophone maimakon sautin waya)
Sh sh - /ʃ/
Ts ts - /t͡ʃ/
Shw shw - /ʃʷ/
Tsw tsw - /t͡ʃʷ/

Bayanan kafa

↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Ga". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑ "Ga". www.ethnologue.com. EthnologuePrint. Archived from the original on 29 July 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
↑ Ga at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
↑ Smith, Noel. "Christian Jacob Protten". dacb.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-10-14.
↑ Dreydoppel, Otto. "Christian Jacob Protten". dacb.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-10-14.
↑ Sebald, Peter (1994). "Christian Jacob Protten Africanus (1715-1769) - erster Missionar einer deutschen Missionsgesellschaft in Schwarzafrika". Kolonien und Missionen. (in Jamusanci): 109–121. OCLC 610701345.
↑ "This Month in Moravian History: Christian Protten - Missionary to the Gold Coast of Africa" (PDF). Moravian Archives. Bethlehem, PA. (74). June 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
↑ "Johannes Zimmerman". dacb.org (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2017-11-24. Retrieved 2017-11-24.
↑ "Zimmermann, Johannes – Life and work – Johannes-Rebmann-Stiftung". www.johannes-rebmann-stiftung.de (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2017-11-24. Retrieved 2017-11-24.
↑ Reindorf, Carl Christian (1895). History of the Gold Coast and Asante, Based on Traditions and Historical Facts: Comprising a Period of More Than Three Centuries from about 1500 to 1860 (in Turanci). The author. ISBN 9780598937520.
↑ Reindorf, Carl Christian (2018-04-21). History of the Gold Coast and Asante (Classic Reprint) (in Turanci). LULU Press. ISBN 9781330819852.

Manazarta

M. E. Kropp Dakubu, ed. (1977). West African Language Data Sheets Vol 1. West African Linguistic Society.
M. E. Kropp Dakubu, ed. (1988). The Languages of Ghana. London: Kegan Paul International for the International African Institute. ISBN 0-7103-0210-X.
M. E. Kropp Dakubu (1999). Ga-English dictionary with English-Ga Index. Accra: Black Mask Ltd. ISBN 9964-960-50-6.
M. E. Kropp Dakubu (2002). Ga Phonology. Legon: Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana.
Bureau of Ghana Languages (1995). Ga Wiemɔ Kɛ Ŋmaa. Accra:Bureau of Ghana Languages. ISBN 9964-2-0276-8.
A. A. Amartey (1989). Beginners' Ga. Ga Society.
Campbell, Akua Asantewaa (2017). A Grammar of Gã (Doctor of Philosophy thesis). Rice University. hdl:1911/102269.

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Ga". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[2] "Ga". www.ethnologue.com. EthnologuePrint. Archived from the original on 29 July 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2016.

[e18-3] Ga at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[:02-4] Smith, Noel. "Christian Jacob Protten". dacb.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-10-14.

[:12-5] Dreydoppel, Otto. "Christian Jacob Protten". dacb.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-10-14.

[:2-6] Sebald, Peter (1994). "Christian Jacob Protten Africanus (1715-1769) - erster Missionar einer deutschen Missionsgesellschaft in Schwarzafrika". Kolonien und Missionen. (in Jamusanci): 109–121. OCLC 610701345.

[:6-7] "This Month in Moravian History: Christian Protten - Missionary to the Gold Coast of Africa" (PDF). Moravian Archives. Bethlehem, PA. (74). June 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[:0-8] "Johannes Zimmerman". dacb.org (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2017-11-24. Retrieved 2017-11-24.

[:1-9] "Zimmermann, Johannes – Life and work – Johannes-Rebmann-Stiftung". www.johannes-rebmann-stiftung.de (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2017-11-24. Retrieved 2017-11-24.

[10] Reindorf, Carl Christian (1895). History of the Gold Coast and Asante, Based on Traditions and Historical Facts: Comprising a Period of More Than Three Centuries from about 1500 to 1860 (in Turanci). The author. ISBN 9780598937520.

[11] Reindorf, Carl Christian (2018-04-21). History of the Gold Coast and Asante (Classic Reprint) (in Turanci). LULU Press. ISBN 9781330819852.

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