Ana Gallum
Ana Gallum, wanda kuma ake kira da Nansi Wiggins (kimanin 1755 - 1840), mace ce ’yar Senegal da aka yi bauta a Florida, daga ƙarshe ta zama mai shukar bayi da kanta.
 Ana Gallum | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Rayuwa | |
| Haihuwa | Senegal, 18 century |
| ƙasa | Tarayyar Amurka |
| Mutuwa | 1810s |
| Sana'a | |
| Sana'a | ɗan kasuwa |
An sace ta daga ƙasarta ta haihuwa kuma aka kawo ta Amurka a matsayin ɗaurin aure . [1] Farkon labarinta ya yi kama da miliyoyin sauran 'yan Afirka da suka fada cikin cinikin bayi a tekun Atlantika kuma aka yi musu balaguro ta tsakiya . Rayuwar Gallum kuwa, ta bambanta da yawancinsu. An 'yanta ta ne bayan ta yi hidimar bauta na ɗan lokaci kaɗan, inda ta auri tsohuwar bawarta - ' yar shukar Ingila - kuma ta haifi 'ya'ya shida tare da shi. A matsayinta na gwauruwa, Gallum a ƙarshe za ta gaji kuma ta bautar da mutane da yawa da kanta, haka kuma ta mallaki kuma ta yi aikin gona a cikin abin da yake a lokacin Florida ta Spain . [2] Dokta Jane Landers, masanin tarihi kuma babban mai bincike a kan Gallum, ya taƙaita rayuwar Gallum: "Ana ta sha wahala da fyade da wahala a kan iyakar Florida, amma ta sami damar yin amfani da albarkatun doka da zamantakewa a cikin Mutanen Espanya wanda ya ba ta damar kafa tsaro. ". [3]
Rayuwar farko
gyara sasheBa a san komai ba game da farkon rayuwar Ana Gallum saboda tsananin rashin takardu. Abin da aka sani shi ne, an haife ta a kusan 1755 a Senegal, Afirka, inda aka sace ta tun tana karama kuma aka sayar da ita ga kamfanin kasuwanci na Scotland, Panton, Leslie & Company . Da zarar ta shiga cikin jirgin bawa, ta tsira daga balaguron tafiya ta Tsakiyar Tsakiya kuma aka kawo ta St. Augustine, Florida . Da ta isa, sai aka sayar da ita ga wani ɗan shukar ɗan Ingilishi, Joseph "Ayyuka" Wiggins. [4] Bayan ɗan lokaci tare, su biyun sun yi aure a cikin bikin Furotesta a 1781. Amma, domin su biyun sun zaɓi su yi aure a wajen Cocin Katolika, jami’an Spain ba su amince da auren ba domin cocin Katolika bai tsarkake shi ba. Ko da kuwa, sun ci gaba da rayuwarsu, kuma Gallum a ƙarshe ya yi amfani da aurenta a matsayin tsauni don tashi daga kasancewa matsakaiciyar ma'aikacin shuka zuwa zama uwargidan shuka. [4]
Ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya shida tare a duk tsawon aurensu -'ya'ya mata 4 da maza 2 - duk an haife su kyauta a karkashin dokar Spain. A ƙarshe Gallum za ta yi wa dukan ’ya’yanta baftisma a cocin Katolika a shekara ta 1795 da 1797, wanda hakan zai taimaka wa yaran su ci gaba a rayuwarsu kuma su ba su damar yin aure mai fa’ida a ƙarƙashin mulkin Spain. [5] Su biyun sun kasance tare har tsawon shekaru 18 har Wiggins ya mutu a cikin 1797, ya bar duk dukiyarsa da duk kadarorin ga Gallum a matsayin magajin da ya dace a madadin 'ya'yansu. Ta ci gaba da mallakar gidan, haƙƙin 'ya'yanta, gidan shuka da aka tanada, da duk wani ɗan'uwan da ya yi aikin. Bayan haka, Gallum ta ci gaba da gudanar da sabon kadarorinta kamar yadda mijinta yake da shi, bambanci ɗaya kawai shi ne cewa ita ce shugabar gida, tare da taimakon ɗanta Benjamin. [5]
Aure da yara
gyara sasheAna Gallum ta auri Joseph Wiggins a cikin bikin Furotesta a 1779 a Rolleston, Florida. [6] Yanzu da aka fi sani da Palatka, Birtaniyya ne ke rike da shi daga 1763 zuwa 1784, a lokacin ne aka ba da shi ga Mutanen Espanya a matsayin wani bangare na yarjejeniyar Paris ta 1783 . [4] Wannan ya sa auren da ke tsakanin Wiggins da Gallum ya zube a idanun Cocin Katolika. Wannan saboda Yusufu ɗan Furotesta ne, kuma sabuwar gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Spain (wanda ita ce Katolika ) ba ta amince da aurensu ba. [4]
A lokacin da Wiggins da Gallum suka yi aure, Gallum yana da kusan shekaru 24 kuma ya fi iya haifuwa. Koyaya, ɗansu na farko - Beatriz, wanda aka fi sani da Patricia - an haife shi kusan shekaru uku bayan haka, a cikin 1782, lokacin Gallum yana ɗan shekara 27. [6] Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya shida gaba ɗaya, sun fara da Beatriz/Patricia a 1782, Maria a 1785, Benjamin a 1788, Abigail Juana / Jennie in 1789, Ana Maria on May 15, 1792, and Jorge Jose on Yuli 10, 1795. [4] Joseph Wiggins ya mutu ne kawai shekaru biyu bayan haihuwar ɗansa na ƙarshe lokacin Gallum yana da shekaru 42. [3] Wannan ya kai ga Gallum ya gaji dukiyarsa, wadda ta ƙunshi kusan gonaki mai girman eka 1,400, shanu 100, kayan aikin noma, da ɗakunan mutane shida na bayi. [4] [6] Mutuwar Wiggins kuma ta fara abin da zai zama tsari na shekaru huɗu don tabbatar da cewa Gallum shine, a zahiri, matar da ta dace kuma wanda ya gaji dukiyarsa. [4]
Bayan mutuwar mijinta, Gallum ya yi aikin shuka kuma ya shiga cikin cinikin shanu da bayin bayi yayin da yake yin haka. [6] Shekaru biyu bayan mutuwar mijinta a farkon shekara ta 1799, wani mutum mai suna Pedro Cassaly ya yi lalata da Gallum, wanda ya zo gonar don sayen shanu. [3] Yayin da Cassaly ya nutse a hanya yayin da yake komawa St. Augustine, haduwar ta bar Gallum ciki da ɗanta na bakwai kuma na ƙarshe a kusan shekaru 44, kuma ta haifi Pedro Cassaly II daga baya a wannan shekarar. [6] Ta nemi taimakon kudi ga wannan yaron saboda yanayin haihuwarsa. Duk da haka, kotuna ta hana ta saboda gadon da ta yi na kadarorin mijinta ya bar mata hamshakin attajiri. [3]
Laifukan kotu
gyara sasheSaboda Gallum da ke zaune a Florida a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Spain, yanayin bautar da take yi ya sha bamban da na sauran ƴan Afirka da suke bautar da ke zaune a wasu wurare a Amurka Mallaka . Inda aka sayar da wanda aka yi bauta a cikin bauta na tsararraki a cikin Amurka, ana ganin bautar a matsayin yanayin doka. Ya zo tare da wasu haƙƙoƙin ƙarƙashin Siete Partidas na Sipaniya . A karkashin waɗannan jagororin, an ba wa waɗanda aka yi bautar wasu haƙƙoƙi, kuma an sanya mata bayi cikin aji ɗaya mai kariya kamar yara da sauran “marasa aiki” waɗanda aka yi imanin suna buƙatar “sarrafawa” amma ana ganin sun cancanci wasu takamaiman gata. [3] An kare mata daga cin zarafi na jiki da ta hanyar jima'i a karkashin dokar Spain, kuma matan da aka bautar ba su da banbanci. Mutanen Espanya sun saba da al'ummomin Afirka, kuma rashin fahimta ya zama ruwan dare a cikin yankunan Spain. [3] A cewar ƴan tarihi Dr. Jane Landers, “kotu a ƙasar Sipaniya ta Florida a kai a kai suna tallafawa haƙƙin gado na mata da ƴan asalin Afirka idan an amince da dangantakarsu da mamacin a bainar jama’a, ko da iyaye mata ba su auri ubanninsu ba. yara." [3]
Pedro Cassaly ya yi lalata da Gallum yayin da ya sayi wasu shanu daga gidanta. An ci gaba da cinikin, amma Cassaly ya nutse kafin ya koma St. Augustine. An bar Gallum ciki daga harin, inda ta haifi yaron a wannan shekarar. Daga nan sai ta je kotunan kasar Spain ta nemi taimakon kudi domin ta yi renon dan da aka haifa daga wannan fyaden. Duk da haka, al’ummar sun san cewa tana da fili mai yawa, kuma babbar ’yarta da danta sun yi aure a cikin iyalai masu arziƙi, don haka kotu ta hana ta wani taimako. Duk da yake ba ta sami diyya da take nema ba, yadda ta yi amfani da tsarin kotun ya nuna cewa Ana ta shiga cikin al'ummar Spain sosai kuma ta fahimci cewa tsarin kotun wani kayan aiki ne da za ta iya amfani da shi don amfanar ta.
Mutuwa
gyara sashe
Bayanan da ke kewaye da rayuwar Ana Gallum ba su da yawa, kuma ana iya faɗi haka game da mutuwarta. Iyakar abin da ke kewaye da mutuwarta shine Gallum ya mutu a 1840, bisa ga ƙidayar Amurka ta 1840 . Kamar yadda aka ambata a cikin "Rayuwar Farko", bincike ya nuna cewa an haifi Gallum a wani lokaci a shekara ta 1755. Yin amfani da kiyasin shekarar haihuwarta, ana iya cewa shekarunta sun kai kusan 85 a lokacin mutuwarta.
Legacy
gyara sasheGallum ta shafe mafi yawan rayuwarta mace ce mai 'yanci a yankin Spain, tana jin daɗin zama ɗan ƙasa da haƙƙoƙin da aka baiwa wasu mata da yawa da ke rayuwa ƙarƙashin mulkin Spain. Hakan kuma ya ba ta damar samun rayuwa mai kyau ga 'ya'yanta. Babban ɗanta Benjamin ya zama mai fassara a madadin ƙabilun ƴan asalin yankin, yana ba da lokaci a tsakanin Seminoles kuma a ƙarshe ya auri 'yar fitaccen mai shuka da kiwo, Felipe Edinborough. [7] [8] Babbar 'yarta - Beatriz - ta auri wani ɗan ƙabila mai suna Charles W. Clarke, ƙane ga fitaccen ɗan siyasa da zamantakewa George JF Clarke . [9] Beatriz, kamar mahaifiyarta, tana da yara shida tare da Clarke tsakanin 1799 zuwa 1812. Daga ƙarshe, Clarke da Beatrice, waɗanda yakan kira "Patty" ko "Particia", sun bi ɗan'uwansa da danginsa zuwa Fernandina, Amelia Island, inda suka sami kyakkyawan matsayi na zamantakewa yayin da aka 'yantar da Baƙar fata a ƙarƙashin mulkin Spain. [10] [11]
Wata 'yar Gallum ㅡ Abigail Juana, mai suna "Jennie" ㅡ ita ma ta yi tafiya zuwa Fernandina, inda ita da wasu 'ya'yan Gallum da dama suka sami damar zama masu mallakar filaye, yawancinsu sun ɓace daga tarihin tarihi kuma sun haɗu da fararen fata. Gallum da kanta ta koma Fernandina daga Palatka a cikin 1811 bayan ta rasa shukar Wiggins saboda rashin ci gaban aikin gona a ƙasar kuma ta sayi kadarori uku don kanta da ƙaramin ɗanta, Pedro Cassaly II. [6] Lokacin da Florida ta zama wani ɓangare na Amurka tare da Yarjejeniyar Adams-Onís na 1819, Gallum da 'ya'yanta sun kasance a cikin sabuwar jihar da aka kafa, kamar yadda sauran ƴantattun bayi suka yi hijira zuwa Cuba. Kamar yadda dokar Spain ta kira yanayin bautar "yanayin shari'a mai canzawa" ba tare da alaƙa da kabilanci ko launin fata ba, Ana Gallum ta sami damar yin amfani da tsarin shari'ar Spain don amfani da ita don tabbatar da rayuwar matsakaicin wadata ga kanta, kuma rayuwa mafi sauki ga 'ya'yanta. [12]
Nassoshi
gyara sashe- ↑ "Waters Gifford," The End of Colonial Dominion, Last Modified September 2018, https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/staugustine/timeline/the-end-of-colonial-dominion/.
- ↑ "Life Story: Nansi Wiggins: Plantation Slave to Plantation Mistress," New York Historical Society, (2021): https://wams.nyhistory.org/settler-colonialism-and-revolution/settler-colonialism/nansi-wiggins/#teaching.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Jane Landers, "Founding Mothers: Female Rebels in Colonial New Granada and Spanish Florida." Journal of African American History 98, no. 1 (2013).
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Jane Landers, "Ana Gallum, Freed Slave and Property Owner," in Women in Colonial Latin America, ed. Nora E. Jaffary and Jane E. Mangan (Indianapolis/Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc., 2018).
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Life Story: Nansi Wiggins: Plantation Slave to Plantation Mistress," New York Historical Society, (2021): https://wams.nyhistory.org/settler-colonialism-and-revolution/settler-colonialism/nansi-wiggins/#teaching.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Jane Landers, Black Society in Spanish Florida (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1999).
- ↑ "Life Story: Nansi Wiggins: Plantation Slave to Plantation Mistress," New York Historical Society, (2021): https://wams.nyhistory.org/settler-colonialism-and-revolution/settler-colonialism/nansi-wiggins/#teaching.
- ↑ "The End of Colonial Dominion – St. Augustine: America's Ancient City". www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu. Archived from the original on 2019-11-03.
- ↑ Louse Biles Hill, "George J.F. Clarke, 1774-1836," Florida Historical Quarterly, 21 (January 1943): 197, 205-208, 216-221, 228-229; Clarke, George F. Last Will and Testament," August 28, 1934, Clarke Papers, SAHS.
- ↑ National Park Service. (n.d.). "Women's History in St. Augustine." https://www.nps.gov/foma/learn/historyculture/women.htm.
- ↑ Louse Biles Hill, 200, 206-209,212-216; Weber, 283-284; "William S. Coker and Thomas D. Watson, Indian Traders of the Southeastern Spanish Borderlands"; Panton, Leslie & Company and John Forbes & Company, 1783-1847 (Pensacola; University of West Florida Press, 1986), x-xii, 23,34-35m 187, 366-369 Tornero, 2021.
- ↑ E.S.D. Fomin, Trans-Slave Trade Routes and Traders of Africa (Createspace Independent Publishing Platform, August 2016).