Wikipedia

Ambaliyar ruwa

ambaliyar ruwa ita ce ambaliyar ruwa mai sauri a yankuna masu ƙasƙanci: wankewa, koguna, Tafkuna masu bushewa da kuma raguwa. Yana iya haifar da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi wanda ke da alaƙa da tsawa mai tsanani, guguwa, ko guguwa mai zafi, ko kuma ta hanyar narkewar ruwa daga kankara ko dusar ƙanƙara dake gudana a kan kankara ko filayen dusar ƙara. Ruwan ruwa na iya faruwa bayan rushewar kankara ko madatsar ruwa, ko tsarin mutum kamar madatsar ruwa da mutum ya yi, kamar yadda ya faru kafin Ruwan Johnstown na 1889. Ana rarrabe ambaliyar ruwa daga ambaliyar yau da kullun ta hanyar samun sa'o'i kasa da shida tsakanin ruwan sama da farawar ambaliyar.

Ambaliyar ruwa
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na ambaliya
Hanyar karkashin kasa a Charlottesville, Virginia, Amurka. a lokacin yanayi na al'ada (sama) da kuma bayan minti goma sha biyar na ruwan sama mai tsanani (ƙasa)
Gudun ta hanyar ambaliyar ruwa
Ambaliyar ruwa bayan tsawa a Gobi, Mongolia

Ambaliyar ruwa babbar haɗari ce, tana haifar da karin mutuwar a Amurka a cikin matsakaicin shekara fiye da walƙiya, guguwa, ko guguwa. Ruwan sama na gaggawa na iya ajiye adadi mai yawa na turɓaya a kan ambaliyar ruwa kuma yana iya lalata shuke-shuke da ba su dace da yanayin ambaliyar sau da yawa ba.

Dalilan da suka haifar

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Hanyar ambaliyar ruwa a Arewacin Mexico, bayan tsawa mai tsawon sa'o'i 3-5 wanda ya faru a lokacin fari wanda ya kai kusan shekara 1

Ambaliyar ruwa galibi tana faruwa a wuraren da suka bushe waɗanda kwanan nan suka sami hazo, amma ana iya ganinsu a ko'ina daga tushen hazo, har ma da mil da yawa daga tushen. A yankunan da ke kan ko kusa da tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta, ambaliyar ruwa ta faru bayan fashewa, lokacin da aka narke kankara ta hanyar zafi mai tsanani. An san ambaliyar ruwa da ke faruwa a cikin tsaunuka mafi girma na Amurka kuma sun zama ruwan dare a cikin filayen da ke kudu maso yammacin Amurka. Hakanan ambaliyar ruwa na gaggawa na iya haifar da ruwan sama mai yawa da guguwa da sauran Guguwa ta wurare masu zafi suka fitar, da kuma tasirin narkewar kwatsam na madatsar kankara.[1][2] Ayyukan ɗan adam na iya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa. Lokacin da madatsun ruwa suka kasa, za'a iya sakin ruwa mai yawa kuma ya lalata duk abin da ke cikin hanyarsa.[2][2]

Hadari

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Ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye wani karamin rami, ta mamaye barikin ruwa da kuma fashe sabbin bututun ruwa da aka shigar.

Ofishin Kula da Yanayi na Amurka yana ba da shawara "Ku juya, Kada ku yi ruwa" don ambaliyar ruwa; wato, yana ba da shawarar cewa mutane su fita daga yankin ambaliyar ruwan, maimakon ƙoƙarin haye shi. Mutane da yawa suna watsi da haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa. Abin da ya sa ambaliyar ruwa ta fi haɗari shine yanayin su na kwatsam da ruwa mai saurin motsi. Mota ba da kariya kaɗan ko babu kariya daga kwashewa; yana iya sa mutane su da tabbaci kuma ba za su iya guje wa ambaliyar ruwa ba. Fiye da rabin wadanda suka mutu sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa mutane ne da aka kwashe a cikin motoci yayin da suke ƙoƙarin haye hanyoyin ambaliyar.[3] Kadan kamar 2 feet (0.61 m) na ruwa ya isa ya kwashe mafi yawan motocin SUV.[4] Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Amurka ta ruwaito a shekara ta 2005 cewa, ta amfani da matsakaicin shekaru 30, mutane da yawa suna mutuwa a kowace shekara a cikin ambaliyar ruwa, 127 a matsakaici, fiye da walƙiya (73), guguwa (65), ko guguwa (16). [5]

 
Ambaliyar ruwa da ke gudana a cikin wani kwari a cikin Negev, Isra'ila

A cikin hamada, ambaliyar ruwa na iya zama mai kisa musamman saboda dalilai da yawa. Na farko, guguwa a yankuna masu bushewa ba su da yawa, amma suna iya isar da ruwa mai yawa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Na biyu, waɗannan ruwan sama sau da yawa suna faɗuwa a kan ƙasa mai ƙarancin sha kuma sau da yawa ƙasa mai kama da yumɓu, wanda ke ƙara yawan runoff da koguna da sauran tashoshin ruwa ke da shi.[6] Wadannan yankuna ba su da kayan aikin da yankuna masu laushi ke da shi don karkatar da ruwa daga gine-gine da hanyoyi, kamar magudanar guguwa, culverts, da wuraren riƙewa, ko dai saboda ƙarancin jama'a ko talauci, ko kuma saboda mazauna sun yi imanin haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa ba ta isa ta tabbatar da kudin ba. A zahiri, a wasu yankuna, hanyoyin hamada galibi suna ƙetare kogin da ya bushe ba tare da gadoji ba. Daga hangen nesa na direban, akwai yiwuwar yanayi mai kyau, lokacin da kogi ya zama ba zato ba tsammani a gaban ko kewaye da abin hawa a cikin sakanni. A ƙarshe, rashin ruwan sama na yau da kullun don tsabtace tashoshin ruwa na iya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa a cikin hamada don a kai su da adadi mai yawa, kamar duwatsu, rassa, da katako.[7]

Ramin rami mai zurfi na iya zama haɗari musamman ga masu tafiya saboda guguwa da ke faruwa a kan wani mesa mil da ke nesa da su na iya cika su. Ambaliyar ta mamaye cikin kwarin; kwarin ya sa ya zama da wahala a hau sama da kuma fita daga hanyar don kauce wa ambaliyar. Misali, wani girgije a kudancin Utah a ranar 14 ga Satumba 2015 ya haifar da mutuwar ambaliyar ruwa guda 20, daga cikinsu mutuwar mutane bakwai sun faru a Gidan shakatawa na Sihiyona lokacin da ambaliyar ta kama masu tafiya a cikin rami.[8]

Tasirin ambaliyar ruwa

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Ambaliyar ruwa tana haifar da mummunar tasiri a cikin gine-gine da yanayin halitta. Sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa na iya zama bala'i kuma yana nuna bambancin da yawa, daga lalacewar gine-gine da ababen more rayuwa zuwa tasirin ciyayi, dabbobi da dabbobi. Sakamakon yana da wuyar bayyanawa a cikin birane.[9]

Masu bincike sun yi amfani da bayanan bayanai irin su Binciken Hadari da Gwajin Tabbatar (SHAVE) da kuma US National Weather Service (NWS) Guguwa Bayanai don haɗa tasirin ambaliyar ruwa tare da matakai na zahiri da ke cikin ambaliyar. Wannan ya kamata ya kara amincin samfuran hasashen tasirin ambaliyar ruwa.[10] Binciken ambaliyar ruwa a Amurka tsakanin 2006 da 2012 ya nuna cewa raunin da mutuwar sun fi dacewa a cikin ƙananan yankunan karkara, cewa gajerun abubuwan da suka faru su ne mafi haɗari, cewa haɗarin sun fi girma bayan faɗuwar dare, kuma cewa babban ɓangaren raunin da mutuwa sun haɗa da motoci.[11]

An gabatar da sikelin tsananin tasiri a cikin 2020 yana ba da cikakken bayani game da tasirin ambaliyar ruwa ta hanyar rarraba nau'ikan tasiri da tsananin taswirar girman su a cikin hanyar ci gaba a fadin ambaliyar. Dangane da abubuwan da abin ya shafa, ana rarraba tasirin ambaliyar zuwa kashi 4: (i) tasirin da aka gina a kan abubuwan da aka yi da mutum, (iii) tasirin da ke kan yanayin halitta (gami da ciyayi, noma, geomorphology, da gurɓataccen yanayi) da (iv) tasirin da ya shafi yawan mutane (rashin lafiya, raunin, mutuwar). An gabatar da sikelin a matsayin kayan aiki akan shirin rigakafi, kamar yadda taswirar da suka haifar ke ba da haske game da tasirin nan gaba, yana nuna wuraren da ke da tsanani.[9]

Ambaliyar ruwa na iya haifar da saurin rushewar ƙasa. Yawancin yaduwar Delta na Nilu na iya fitowa daga ambaliyar ruwa a yankunan hamada da ke shiga cikin Kogin Nilu.[12] Koyaya, ambaliyar ruwa ta ɗan gajeren lokaci tana haifar da ɗan ƙaramin rushewar dutse ko fadada tashar, suna da babban tasirin su daga lalacewa a kan ambaliyar.[13]

Wasu tsire-tsire masu laushi, kamar wasu nau'ikan shinkafa, sun dace da jimrewar ambaliyar ruwa.[14] Koyaya, tsire-tsire da ke bunƙasa a wuraren da suka bushe za su iya cutar da ambaliyar ruwa, saboda tsire-shuke na iya zama damuwa da yawan ruwa.[15][16]

Dubi kuma

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Manazarta

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  1. ↑ WeatherEye (2007). "Flash Flood!". Sinclair Acquisition IV, Inc. Archived from the original on 2009-02-27. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 National Weather Service Forecast Office Morristown, Tennessee (2006-03-07). "Definitions of flood and flash flood". National Weather Service Southern Region Headquarters. Archived from the original on 2006-09-29. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
  3. ↑ "Watches, Warnings & Advisories—Flash Flood Warning". National Weather Service. Archived from the original on 2008-01-11. Retrieved 2007-06-25.
  4. ↑ "A Preparedness Guide to flash floods #1 weather-related killer in the United States". U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service, Federal Emergency Management Agency, American Red Cross. July 1992. Archived from the original on 2007-07-05. Retrieved 2007-06-25.
  5. ↑ "Turn Around Don't Drown". Archived from the original on 2018-11-29. Retrieved 2007-06-25.
  6. ↑ Campos, Priscila Celebrini de Oliveira; Paz, Igor (2020). "Spatial Diagnosis of Rain Gauges' Distribution and Flood Impacts: Case Study in Itaperuna, Rio de Janeiro—Brazil". Water (in Turanci). 12 (4): 1120. doi:10.3390/w12041120.
  7. ↑ Jahns, R.H. (1949). "Desert floods" (PDF). Engineering and Science. 12 (8): 10–14. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  8. ↑ Smith, James A.; Baeck, Mary Lynn; Yang, Long; Signell, Julia; Morin, Efrat; Goodrich, David C. (December 2019). "The Paroxysmal Precipitation of the Desert: Flash Floods in the Southwestern United States". Water Resources Research. 55 (12): 10218–10247. Bibcode:2019WRR....5510218S. doi:10.1029/2019WR025480.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Diakakis M.; Deligiannakis G.; Antoniadis Z.; Melaki M.; Katsetsiadou K.N.; Andreadakis E.; Spyrou N.I. & Gogou M. (2020). "Proposal of a flash flood impact severity scale for the classification and mapping of flash flood impacts". Journal of Hydrology. 590: 125452. Bibcode:2020JHyd..59025452D. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125452. S2CID 225031085. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Diakakis et al 2020" defined multiple times with different content
  10. ↑ Calianno, Martin; Ruin, Isabelle; Gourley, Jonathan J. (January 2013). "Supplementing flash flood reports with impact classifications". Journal of Hydrology. 477: 1–16. Bibcode:2013JHyd..477....1C. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.09.036.
  11. ↑ Špitalar, Maruša; Gourley, Jonathan J.; Lutoff, Celine; Kirstetter, Pierre-Emmanuel; Brilly, Mitja; Carr, Nicholas (November 2014). "Analysis of flash flood parameters and human impacts in the US from 2006 to 2012". Journal of Hydrology. 519: 863–870. Bibcode:2014JHyd..519..863S. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.07.004.
  12. ↑ Labib, Tarik M. (September 1981). "Soil erosion and total denudation due to flash floods in the Egyptian eastern desert". Journal of Arid Environments. 4 (3): 191–202. Bibcode:1981JArEn...4..191L. doi:10.1016/S0140-1963(18)31560-X.
  13. ↑ Marchi, Lorenzo; Cavalli, Marco; Amponsah, William; Borga, Marco; Crema, Stefano (November 2016). "Upper limits of flash flood stream power in Europe". Geomorphology. 272: 68–77. Bibcode:2016Geomo.272...68M. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.11.005.
  14. ↑ Hattori, Yoko; Nagai, Keisuke; Ashikari, Motoyuki (February 2011). "Rice growth adapting to deepwater". Current Opinion in Plant Biology. 14 (1): 100–105. Bibcode:2011COPB...14..100H. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2010.09.008. PMID 20934370.
  15. ↑ Perata, Pierdomenico; Armstrong, William; Voesenek, Laurentius A. C. J. (April 2011). "Plants and flooding stress: Commentary". New Phytologist. 190 (2): 269–273. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03702.x. PMID 21443603. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  16. ↑ Tamang, Bishal; Fukao, Takeshi (17 December 2015). "Plant Adaptation to Multiple Stresses during Submergence and Following Desubmergence". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 16 (12): 30164–30180. doi:10.3390/ijms161226226. PMC 4691168. PMID 26694376.

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