Wikipedia

Allurar rigakafin cutar sankarar jini

Alurar rigakafin varicella,Ta kasance wanda aka sani da alurar riga kafi, alurar riga kafi ce da ke ba da kariya daga cutar kaji . [1] Kashi ɗaya na maganin rigakafi yana hana 95% na matsakaicin cuta da 100% na cututtuka masu tsanani. [2] Allurai biyu na alluran rigakafi sun fi ɗaya tasiri. [2] Idan aka bai wa wadanda ba su da kariya a cikin kwanaki biyar bayan kamuwa da cutar kaji yana hana yawancin cututtuka. [2] Alurar riga kafi na jama'a kuma yana kare waɗanda ba a yi musu allurar ba. [2] Ana ba da shi ta hanyar allura a ƙarƙashin fata . [2] Wani maganin alurar riga kafi, wanda aka sani da maganin zoster, ana amfani dashi don hana cututtuka da kwayar cutar ta haifar - varicella zoster virus . [3]

Allurar rigakafin cutar sankarar jini
essential medicine (en) Fassara da vaccine type (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na Herpesvirus vaccines (en) Fassara da attenuated vaccine (en) Fassara
Bangare na MMRV vaccine (en) Fassara
Vaccine for (en) Fassara Ƙaranbau, Human herpesvirus 3 (en) Fassara da Shingles
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Mai haɓakawa Michiaki Takahashi (en) Fassara
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Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ba da shawarar yin alluran rigakafi na yau da kullun ne kawai idan wata ƙasa za ta iya ba da fiye da kashi 80% na mutane allurar. [2] Idan kashi 20% zuwa 80% na mutane ne kawai aka yi wa alurar riga kafi yana yiwuwa mutane da yawa za su kamu da cutar a lokacin da suka tsufa kuma sakamakon gaba ɗaya na iya yin muni. [2] Ana ba da shawarar allurai ɗaya ko biyu na maganin. [2] A Amurka ana ba da shawarar allurai biyu farawa daga watanni goma sha biyu zuwa goma sha biyar. [1] As of 2017 </link></link> , Kasashe ashirin da uku sun ba da shawarar duk yaran da ba a keɓe su ba su sami maganin, tara sun ba da shawarar shi kawai ga ƙungiyoyi masu haɗari, ƙarin ƙasashe uku sun ba da shawarar amfani da su a cikin sassan ƙasar kawai, yayin da wasu ƙasashe ba su ba da shawarar ba. [4] Ba duk ƙasashe ne ke samar da maganin ba saboda tsadar sa. [5] A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, Varilrix, an yarda da maganin rigakafi mai rai [6] daga shekarun watanni 12, amma an ba da shawarar kawai ga wasu masu haɗari.

Ƙananan lahani na iya haɗawa da ciwo a wurin allura, zazzabi, da kurji. [1] Mummunan illolin da ba su da yawa kuma suna faruwa galibi a cikin waɗanda ba su da aikin rigakafi mara kyau . [2] Amfani da shi a cikin masu fama da cutar kanjamau ya kamata a yi shi da hankali. [2] Ba a ba da shawarar a lokacin daukar ciki ; duk da haka, 'yan lokutan da aka ba da ita yayin daukar ciki ba a haifar da matsala ba. [1] [2] Ana samun maganin alurar riga kafi ko dai ta kanta ko tare da rigakafin MMR, a cikin nau'in da aka sani da rigakafin MMRV . [2] An yi shi daga rauni mai rauni . [1]

Michiaki Takahashi da takwarorinsa a Japan ne suka samar da allurar rigakafin varicella mai rai, nau'in Oka, a farkon shekarun 1970. Wani masanin alurar riga kafi na Ba’amurke Maurice Hilleman tawagar sun kirkiro maganin rigakafin cutar kaji a Amurka a cikin 1981, bisa ga "Oka strain" na kwayar cutar varicella. [7] [8] [9] An fara samun rigakafin cutar kaji a cikin 1984. [2] Yana cikin jerin samfuran WHO na Mahimman Magunguna . [10] [11]

Amfanin likita

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Alurar rigakafin varicella yana da tasiri 70% zuwa 90% don hana varicella kuma fiye da kashi 95% yana da tasiri don hana varicella mai tsanani. [12] An gudanar da bincike na bin diddigi a Amurka game da yara da aka yi wa rigakafi wanda ya nuna kariya na akalla shekaru 11. An gudanar da bincike a Japan wanda ya nuna kariya na akalla shekaru 20. [12]

Mutanen da ba su samar da isasshen kariya ba lokacin da suka sami maganin alurar riga kafi na iya haifar da ƙaramin yanayin cutar lokacin da suke kusanci da mutumin da ke fama da cutar kaji. A cikin waɗannan lokuta, mutane suna nuna alamar rashin lafiya kaɗan. [13] Wannan shi ne yanayin yaran da suke samun maganin alurar riga kafi tun suna ƙuruciyarsu kuma daga baya su yi hulɗa da yaran da ke fama da cutar kaji. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan yara na iya kamuwa da cutar sankarau mai sauƙi wanda kuma aka sani da cutar ci gaba. [14]

Wani maganin alurar riga kafi, wanda aka sani da maganin zoster, shine kawai mafi girma fiye da na al'ada na maganin alurar riga kafi da aka yi amfani da shi a kan kaji, kuma ana amfani dashi a cikin tsofaffi don rage haɗarin shingles (wanda ake kira herpes zoster) da kuma postherpetic neuralgia, wanda aka haifar. ta kwayar cutar guda daya. [3] Ana ba da shawarar maganin recombinant zoster (shingles) ga manya masu shekaru 50 da haihuwa. [15]

Duration na rigakafi

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Ba a san tsawon lokaci na kariya daga maganin varicella ba, amma yanzu akwai mutanen da aka yi wa alurar riga kafi shekaru ashirin da suka gabata ba tare da wata shaida ta raguwa ba, yayin da wasu suka zama masu rauni a cikin 'yan shekaru shida. Kimanta tsawon lokacin rigakafi yana da rikitarwa a cikin yanayin da cutar ta dabi'a ta zama ruwan dare gama gari, wanda yawanci yana haifar da ƙima na inganci. [16]

An gano wasu yaran da aka yi wa allurar sun rasa maganin rigakafi a cikin shekaru biyar zuwa takwas. [17] Duk da haka, a cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO): "Bayan lura da yawan binciken da aka yi na tsawon shekaru 20 a Japan da shekaru 10 a Amurka, fiye da kashi 90 cikin 100 na mutanen da ba su da karfin rigakafi da aka yi wa allurar rigakafi tun suna yara har yanzu suna da kariya. daga varicella." Duk da haka, tun da daya kawai cikin biyar na Jafanawa da aka yi wa alurar riga kafi, bayyanar da waɗannan alluran rigakafin kowace shekara ga yara masu kamuwa da cutar kajin kaji ya ƙarfafa tsarin rigakafi na rigakafi. A {asar Amirka, inda aka yi allurar rigakafin varicella na duniya, yawancin yara ba sa samun haɓaka (a waje) na haɓakawa, don haka, rigakafi ta hanyar kwayar halitta zuwa VZV ( varicella zoster virus ) yana raguwa - yana buƙatar maganin rigakafi na kaji. [18] Yayin da lokaci ya ci gaba, masu haɓakawa na iya zama dole. Mutanen da suka kamu da kwayar cutar bayan alurar riga kafi sukan fuskanci kamuwa da cutar sankarau idan sun kamu da cutar. [19]

Kaji

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Kafin bayyanar da yaduwar maganin alurar riga kafi a Amurka a cikin 1995 (1986 a Japan da 1988 a Koriya [20] ), akwai kusan lokuta 4,000,000 a kowace shekara a Amurka, galibi a cikin yara, tare da yawanci 10,500-13,000 na asibiti. (kewaye, 8,000-18,000), da kuma mutuwar 100-150 kowace shekara. [20] [18] [2] [21] Yawancin wadanda suka mutu na cikin kananan yara ne.[22]

A lokacin 2003, da farkon rabin 2004, CDC ta ba da rahoton mutuwar mutane takwas daga varicella, shida daga cikinsu yara ne ko matasa. Wadannan mutuwar da shigar da asibiti sun ragu sosai a Amurka saboda maganin alurar riga kafi, [23] [24] ko da yake yawan kamuwa da shingles ya karu yayin da manya ba su da yawa ga yara masu kamuwa da cuta (wanda zai taimaka wajen kare shingles). [25] [26] [27] Shekaru goma bayan da aka ba da shawarar maganin alurar riga kafi a Amurka, CDC ta ba da rahoton kusan raguwar 90% a cikin cututtukan kaji, raguwar shigar asibiti da ke da alaƙa da varicella na 71% da raguwar 97% a cikin mutuwar kaji a tsakanin waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin 20

Alurar riga kafi ba su da tasiri a tsakanin majinyata masu haɗari, da kuma kasancewa mafi haɗari saboda suna ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta masu rai. A cikin wani binciken da aka yi a kan yara masu raunin tsarin rigakafi, 30% sun rasa maganin rigakafi bayan shekaru biyar, kuma 8% sun riga sun kama kajin daji a cikin wannan shekaru biyar. [28]

Herpes zoster

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Herpes zoster (shingles) yakan faru a cikin tsofaffi kuma ba a iya ganin su a cikin yara kawai. Abubuwan da ke faruwa na herpes zoster a cikin manya da aka yi wa alurar riga kafi shine 0.9 / 1000 mutum-shekaru, kuma shine 0.33/1000 mutum-shekaru a cikin yara masu rigakafin; wannan ya yi ƙasa da yawan abin da ya faru na shekaru 3.2-4.2/1000 na mutum. [29] [30]

An rage haɗarin haɓaka shingles ga yaran da suka karɓi maganin varicella, amma ba a kawar da su ba. [31] CDC ta bayyana a cikin 2014: "Alurar rigakafin cutar kaji sun ƙunshi VZV mai rauni mai rauni, wanda zai iya haifar da kamuwa da cuta ta latent (kwanciyar hankali). VZV na alurar riga kafi zai iya sake kunnawa daga baya a rayuwa kuma ya haifar da shingles. Duk da haka, haɗarin samun shingles daga maganin alurar riga kafi-irin VZV bayan Alurar riga kafi yana da ƙasa da samun shingles bayan kamuwa da cuta ta dabi'a tare da nau'in daji na VZV." [32]

Hadarin shingles ya ragu sosai a tsakanin yaran da suka sami allurar varicella, gami da waɗanda ba su da rigakafi. Haɗarin shingle ya kai kusan kashi 80 cikin ɗari a tsakanin ƙoshin lafiyar yaran da aka yi wa alurar riga kafi idan aka kwatanta da yaran da ba a yi musu allurar ba waɗanda ke da nau'in varicella na daji. [31] [33] Yawan mutanen da ke da yawan allurar rigakafin varicella suma suna da ƙarancin kamuwa da shingle a cikin yaran da ba a yi musu rigakafin ba, saboda rigakafin garken garken . [33]

Jadawalin

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WHO ta ba da shawarar allurai ɗaya ko biyu tare da kashi na farko da aka bayar a watanni 12 zuwa 18. [2] Kashi na biyu, idan an ba shi, yakamata ya faru aƙalla wata ɗaya zuwa uku bayan haka. [2] Kashi na biyu, idan an ba shi, yana ba da ƙarin fa'idar ingantaccen kariya daga duk varicella. [34] Wannan alurar riga kafi harbi ne da aka yi ta ƙarƙashin fata (ƙarƙashin fata). Ana ba da shawarar ga duk yara masu ƙasa da 13 da kuma ga duk wanda ya kai 13 ko sama da shi wanda bai taɓa samun kashin kaji ba. [35]

A cikin Amurka, CDC tana ba da shawarar allurai biyu. Don allurar rigakafi na yau da kullun, ana gudanar da kashi na farko a cikin watanni 12 zuwa 15 da kuma kashi na biyu a shekaru 4-6. Koyaya, ana iya ba da kashi na biyu a farkon watanni 3 bayan kashi na farko. Idan mutum ya rasa lokacin yin rigakafin yau da kullun, mutumin ya cancanci samun rigakafin kamawa. Don rigakafin kamawa, mutane tsakanin 7 zuwa 12 shekaru yakamata su sami jerin kashi biyu na watanni 3 baya (mafi ƙarancin tazara na makonni 4). Ga mutanen da ke da shekaru 13-18, ya kamata a ba da allurar rigakafin kamuwa da makonni 4 zuwa 8 (ƙananan tazara na makonni 4). [36] Alurar rigakafin varicella ba ta zama ko'ina ba a Amurka har zuwa 1995. [37]

A Burtaniya, ana samun rigakafin ne kawai akan Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Ƙasa ga waɗanda ke da kusanci da wanda ke da rauni musamman ga cutar kaji. [38] Kamar yadda akwai ƙarin haɗarin shingle a cikin manya saboda yiwuwar rashin hulɗa da yara masu kamuwa da kajin da ke samar da haɓakar halitta don rigakafi, da kuma gaskiyar cewa kaji yawanci rashin lafiya ne, NHS ya nuna damuwa game da yara marasa rigakafi suna kamuwa da cutar kaji a matsayin manya. lokacin da ya fi hatsari. [38] Duk da haka, an amince da maganin na tsawon watanni 12 zuwa sama kuma ana samun shi a asirce, tare da kashi na biyu da za a ba da shi shekara guda bayan na farko. [6]

Contraindications

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Ba a ba da shawarar maganin rigakafin varicella ga marasa lafiya masu tsanani, mata masu juna biyu, mutanen da ke fama da tarin fuka, mutanen da suka fuskanci mummunar rashin lafiyar maganin varicella a baya, mutanen da ke da rashin lafiyar gelatin, mutanen da ke fama da rashin lafiyan neomycin, mutanen da ke karbar high. allurai na steroids, mutanen da ke karbar magani don ciwon daji tare da x-ray ko chemotherapy, da kuma mutanen da suka karbi samfurori na jini ko jini a cikin watanni biyar da suka gabata. [39] [40] Bugu da ƙari, ba a ba da shawarar rigakafin varicella ga mutanen da ke shan salicylates (misali aspirin). [40] Bayan karbar maganin varicella, ya kamata a guji amfani da salicylates na akalla makonni shida. [40] Har ila yau, ba a ba da shawarar maganin alurar rigakafin varicella ga mutanen da suka karɓi maganin rigakafi mai rai a cikin makonni huɗu da suka gabata, [40] saboda raye-rayen rigakafin da aka yi da wuri a cikin juna na iya yin tasiri. [40] Yana iya yiwuwa a yi amfani da shi a cikin mutanen da ke da cututtukan HIV waɗanda ke da ƙididdiga mai kyau na jini kuma suna karɓar magani mai dacewa. [2] Ba a ba da shawarar takamaiman maganin rigakafi, kamar acyclovir, famciclovir, ko valacyclovir, sa'o'i 24 kafin da kwanaki 14 bayan rigakafin. [41]

Illolin shi

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Mummunan illarsa bata da yawa. Daga 1998 zuwa 2013, an ba da rahoton mutuwa guda ɗaya tak dangane da alurar riga kafi: ɗan Ingilishi da ke da cutar sankarar bargo. A wasu lokatai, an ba da rahoton munanan halayen kamar sankarau da ciwon huhu (musamman a cikin yara waɗanda ba su da rigakafi ba da gangan ba) da kuma anaphylaxis . [29]

Yiwuwar illa masu laushi sun haɗa da ja, taurin kai, da kuma ciwo a wurin allurar, da kuma zazzabi . Wasu 'yan mutane na iya haifar da kurji mai laushi, wanda yawanci yakan bayyana a kusa da wurin allurar. [42]

Akwai haɗari na ɗan gajeren lokaci na tasowa herpes zoster (shingles) bayan alurar riga kafi. Duk da haka, wannan hadarin bai kai kasada ba saboda kamuwa da cuta na halitta wanda ke haifar da kashin kaji. [43] :378Yawancin lamuran da aka ruwaito sun kasance masu sauƙi kuma ba a haɗa su da matsaloli masu tsanani ba. [44]

Kusan kashi 5% na yaran da suka karɓi maganin sun kamu da zazzabi ko kurji. Rahotannin da ke nuna rashin jin daɗi na tsawon shekarun 1995 zuwa 2005 ba a sami mace-macen da aka danganta da allurar ba duk da kusan allurai miliyan 55.7 da ake bayarwa. [45] An ba da rahoton cututtukan kaji da ke da alaƙa da alurar rigakafi a cikin marasa lafiya tare da raunin tsarin garkuwar jiki, [46] [47] amma babu mutuwa.

Littattafan sun ƙunshi rahotanni da yawa na munanan halayen bayan allurar rigakafin varicella, gami da zoster-irin zoster a cikin yara da manya. [48]

Tarihi

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An yi maganin rigakafin varicella zoster daga nau'in Oka/ Merk na kwayar cutar varicella mai rai. An fara samo kwayar cutar Oka daga yaro mai ciwon varicella na halitta, an shigar da shi cikin al'adun kwayar cutar huhu na ɗan adam, wanda ya dace da kuma yaduwa a cikin al'adun kwayar halitta na embryonic, kuma a ƙarshe ya yadu a cikin layin kwayar diploid na mutum wanda aka samo asali daga kyallen tayi ( WI-38). ). [49] [50] Takahashi da abokan aikinsa sun yi amfani da nau'in Oka don samar da rigakafin varicella mai rai a Japan a farkon shekarun 1970. Kamfanonin harhada magunguna irin su Merck &amp; Co. da GlaxoSmithKline sun haɓaka wannan nau'in. [51] Ba'amurke masanin alurar riga kafi Maurice Hilleman tawagar a Merck sa'an nan kuma amfani da Oka iri don shirya maganin kaji a 1981. [7] [8] [9]

Kasar Japan na daga cikin kasashen da suka fara yin allurar rigakafin cutar kyanda. Alurar rigakafin da Hilleman ya samar an fara ba da lasisi a Amurka a cikin 1995. [7] [52] Ana kuma yin allurar rigakafin cutar varicella zoster na yau da kullun a Amurka, kuma an rage yawan kamuwa da cutar kaji sosai a can (daga lokuta miliyan huɗu a kowace shekara a zamanin riga-kafi zuwa kusan lokuta 390,000 a kowace shekara As of 2014 </link></link> ). [53]

Ya zuwa 2019, ana samun allurar rigakafin varicella a duk kasashe 27 na Tarayyar Turai, kuma kasashe 16 suna ba da hadin gwiwar kyanda, mumps, rubella da rigakafin kyanda (MMRV).[54] Kasashe goma sha biyu na Turai (Austria, Andorra, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Finland, Jamus, Girka, Hungary, Italiya, Latvia, Luxembourg da Spain) suna da manufofin rigakafin varicella na duniya (UVV), kodayake shida ne kawai daga cikin waɗannan ƙasashe suka ba da shi kyauta ta hanyar tallafin gwamnati.[54] Kasashen membobin EU waɗanda ba su aiwatar da UVV ba sun ambaci dalilai kamar "ƙananan nauyin cuta da ƙarancin fifiko na lafiyar jama'a," farashi da tsada-tasiri, yiwuwar haɗarin herpes zoster yayin yin allurar rigakafin tsofaffi, da zazzabi mai wuya wanda ke haifar da fashewa bayan kashi na farko na allurar rigar MMRV.[54] "Ƙasashe da suka aiwatar da UVV sun sami raguwa a cikin abin da ya faru na varicella, asibiti da rikitarwa, suna nuna tasirin fa'ida gaba ɗaya".[54]

Ana ba da shawarar rigakafin Varicella a Kanada ga duk yara masu lafiya masu shekaru 1 zuwa 12, da kuma matasa masu rauni da manya masu shekaru 50 da ƙanana; "za'a iya la'akari da mutanen da ke da zaɓaɓɓun cututtukan rashin ƙarfi na rigakafi ; [13] da kuma "ya kamata a ba da fifiko" ga mutane masu saukin kamuwa, ciki har da "matan da ba su da ciki na shekarun haihuwa, abokan hulɗar gida na mutanen da ba su da rigakafi, 'yan gidan da ke jiran jariri, kula da lafiya. ma'aikata, manya waɗanda za a iya fallasa su a cikin sana'a ga varicella (alal misali, mutanen da ke aiki tare da yara ƙanana), baƙi da 'yan gudun hijira daga yankuna masu zafi, mutanen da ke karɓar maganin salicylate na kullum (misali, acetylsalicylic acid [ASA]), [55] da sauransu. [55]

Ostiraliya ta amince da shawarwarin rigakafi na yau da kullun na yara da manya masu saurin kamuwa da cutar sankarau. [56]

Sauran ƙasashe, irin su Burtaniya, sun yi niyya ga shawarwarin rigakafin, misali, ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya masu rauni a cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar varicella. A cikin Burtaniya, ana auna ƙwayoyin rigakafin varicella a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin kulawa na yau da kullun, kuma a shekara ta 2005 duk ma'aikatan Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Ƙasa sun ƙaddara rigakafi kuma an yi musu rigakafi idan ba su da rigakafi kuma suna da hulɗar haƙuri kai tsaye. Ba a aiwatar da rigakafin cutar ta varicella a cikin Burtaniya. [57]

Tun daga 2013, ana ba da rigakafin MMRV kyauta ga duk 'yan ƙasar Brazil. [58]

Al'umma da al'adu

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Cocin Katolika

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Cocin Roman Katolika na adawa da zubar da ciki. Duk da haka, Cibiyar Nazarin Rayuwa ta Pontifical ta bayyana a cikin 2017 cewa "ana iya amfani da allurar da aka ba da shawarar asibiti tare da lamiri mai tsabta kuma amfani da irin wannan maganin ba ya nufin wani irin haɗin gwiwa tare da zubar da ciki na son rai". [59] A ranar 21 ga Disamba, 2020, ofishin koyarwa na Vatican, Ikilisiyar Koyarwar Bangaskiya, ta ƙara fayyace cewa " licit ɗabi'a ne" ga mabiya darikar Katolika su karɓi alluran rigakafin da aka samu daga layin salula na tayi ko kuma waɗanda aka yi amfani da irin waɗannan layin a gwaji ko haɓakawa. saboda "haɗin kai na kayan aiki mai wuyar gaske a cikin zubar da ciki da aka samo wanda waɗannan layin tantanin halitta suka samo asali ne, a ɓangaren waɗanda ke yin amfani da alluran rigakafin da aka samu, nesa" kuma "ba ya kuma kamata ba ta kowace hanya yana nuna cewa akwai amincewar ɗabi'a na amfani da layukan tantanin halitta da ke fitowa daga zubar da ciki”. [60]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 "Chickenpox (Varicella) Vaccine Safety". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 27 October 2015. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2015. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "CDC2015" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 "Varicella and herpes zoster vaccines: WHO position paper, June 2014". Relevé Épidémiologique Hebdomadaire. 89 (25): 265–287. June 2014. PMID 24983077. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "WHO2014" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Herpes Zoster Vaccination". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 31 July 2015. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2021. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "zostavax-cdc" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ Wutzler P, Bonanni P, Burgess M, Gershon A, Sáfadi MA, Casabona G (August 2017). "Varicella vaccination - the global experience". Expert Review of Vaccines. 16 (8): 833–843. doi:10.1080/14760584.2017.1343669. PMC 5739310. PMID 28644696.
  5. ↑ Flatt A, Breuer J (September 2012). "Varicella vaccines". British Medical Bulletin. 103 (1): 115–127. doi:10.1093/bmb/lds019. PMID 22859715.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Varilrix". Archived from the original on 28 July 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2021. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "VarilixWeb" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Schillie S, Vellozzi C, Reingold A, Harris A, Haber P, Ward JW, Nelson NP (January 2018). "Prevention of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the United States: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices". MMWR. Recommendations and Reports. 67 (1): 443–470. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-804571-8.00003-2. ISBN 9780128045718. PMC 7150172. PMID 29939980. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Schillie_2018" defined multiple times with different content
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Chickenpox (Varicella)". History of Vaccines. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "www.historyofvaccines.org" defined multiple times with different content
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Maurice Ralph Hilleman (1919–2005)". The Embryo Project Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 6 February 2021. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "embryo.asu.edu" defined multiple times with different content
  10. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  11. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Committee on Infectious Diseases (July 2007). "Prevention of varicella: recommendations for use of varicella vaccines in children, including a recommendation for a routine 2-dose varicella immunization schedule". Pediatrics. 120 (1): 221–231. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-1089. PMID 17606582.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Chickenpox (Varicella) Vaccination". www.cdc.gov (in Turanci). 25 February 2021. Archived from the original on 12 December 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2022. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "cdc.gov" defined multiple times with different content
  14. ↑ "Varicella Vaccine (Chickenpox)". Archived from the original on 15 March 2010. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
  15. ↑ "Recombinant Shingles VIS". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). February 2022. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  16. ↑ Goldman GS (2005). "Universal varicella vaccination: efficacy trends and effect on herpes zoster". International Journal of Toxicology. 24 (4): 205–213. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.540.9230. doi:10.1080/10915810591000659. PMID 16126614. S2CID 34310228.
  17. ↑ Chaves SS, Gargiullo P, Zhang JX, Civen R, Guris D, Mascola L, Seward JF (March 2007). "Loss of vaccine-induced immunity to varicella over time". The New England Journal of Medicine. 356 (11): 1121–1129. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa064040. PMID 17360990.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 The Vaccines and other Biologicals department (May 2003). "Varicella vaccine". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 13 August 2006. Retrieved 18 August 2006. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "WHO-Varicella vaccine" defined multiple times with different content
  19. ↑ "General questions about the disease". Varicella Disease (Chickenpox). CDCP. 20 December 2001. Archived from the original on 25 August 2006. Retrieved 18 August 2006.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Takahashi M (2001). "25 years' experience with the Biken Oka strain varicella vaccine: a clinical overview". Paediatric Drugs. 3 (4): 285–292. doi:10.2165/00128072-200103040-00005. PMID 11354700. S2CID 25328919.
  21. ↑ Lopez A, Schmid S, Bialek S (2011). "Chapter 17: Varicella". In Roush SW, McIntyre L, Baldy LM (eds.). Manual for the surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases (5th ed.). Atlanta GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Archived from the original on 25 April 2012.
  22. ↑ Altman L (18 March 1995). "After Long Debate, Vaccine For Chicken Pox Is Approved". New York Times. Archived from the original on 29 September 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021. Up to 100 deaths occur from chicken pox each year, and most of the victims are young children.
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  24. ↑ Nguyen HQ, Jumaan AO, Seward JF (February 2005). "Decline in mortality due to varicella after implementation of varicella vaccination in the United States". The New England Journal of Medicine. 352 (5): 450–458. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa042271. PMID 15689583.
  25. ↑ Patel MS, Gebremariam A, Davis MM (December 2008). "Herpes zoster-related hospitalizations and expenditures before and after introduction of the varicella vaccine in the United States". Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. 29 (12): 1157–1163. doi:10.1086/591975. PMID 18999945. S2CID 21934553.
  26. ↑ Yih WK, Brooks DR, Lett SM, Jumaan AO, Zhang Z, Clements KM, Seward JF (June 2005). "The incidence of varicella and herpes zoster in Massachusetts as measured by the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) during a period of increasing varicella vaccine coverage, 1998–2003". BMC Public Health. 5: 68. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-5-68. PMC 1177968. PMID 15960856.
  27. ↑ Yawn BP, Saddier P, Wollan PC, St Sauver JL, Kurland MJ, Sy LS (November 2007). "A population-based study of the incidence and complication rates of herpes zoster before zoster vaccine introduction". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 82 (11): 1341–1349. doi:10.4065/82.11.1341. PMID 17976353.
  28. ↑ Pirofski LA, Casadevall A (January 1998). "Use of licensed vaccines for active immunization of the immunocompromised host". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 11 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1128/CMR.11.1.1. PMC 121373. PMID 9457426.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Gershon AA (January 2013). "Varicella zoster vaccines and their implications for development of HSV vaccines". Virology. 435 (1): 29–36. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2012.10.006. PMC 3595154. PMID 23217613. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Gershon2013" defined multiple times with different content
  30. ↑ Harpaz R, Ortega-Sanchez IR, Seward JF (June 2008). "Prevention of herpes zoster: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)" (PDF). MMWR. Recommendations and Reports. 57 (RR-5): 1–30, quiz CE2–4. PMID 18528318. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
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  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 "Two-for-One: Chickenpox Vaccine Lowers Shingles Risk in Children - Immunization reduces the likelihood of a painful reemergence of the virus in kids". Scientific American (in Turanci). October 2019. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 2023-03-08.
  34. ↑ Marin M, Marti M, Kambhampati A, Jeram SM, Seward JF (March 2016). "Global Varicella Vaccine Effectiveness: A Meta-analysis". Pediatrics. 137 (3): e20153741. doi:10.1542/peds.2015-3741. PMID 26908671. Archived from the original on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
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  45. ↑ Galea SA, Sweet A, Beninger P, Steinberg SP, Larussa PS, Gershon AA, Sharrar RG (March 2008). "The safety profile of varicella vaccine: a 10-year review". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 197 (Supplement 2): S165–S169. doi:10.1086/522125. PMID 18419392. S2CID 25145408. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  46. ↑ Wise RP, Salive ME, Braun MM, Mootrey GT, Seward JF, Rider LG, Krause PR (September 2000). "Postlicensure safety surveillance for varicella vaccine". JAMA. 284 (10): 1271–1279. doi:10.1001/jama.284.10.1271. PMID 10979114.
  47. ↑ Quinlivan MA, Gershon AA, Nichols RA, La Russa P, Steinberg SP, Breuer J (April 2006). "Vaccine Oka varicella-zoster virus genotypes are monomorphic in single vesicles and polymorphic in respiratory tract secretions". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 193 (7): 927–930. doi:10.1086/500835. PMID 16518753.
  48. ↑ For example:
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  52. ↑ "Varicella (chickenpox): Questions and Answers" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 October 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
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  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 54.3 Spoulou V, Alain S, Gabutti G, Giaquinto C, Liese J, Martinon-Torres F, Vesikari T (February 2019). "Implementing Universal Varicella Vaccination in Europe: The Path Forward". The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 38 (2): 181–188. doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000002233. PMID 30408002. S2CID 53239234. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 "Varicella (chickenpox) vaccine: Canadian Immunization Guide For health professionals". Canadian Immunization Guide. Health Canada. July 2018. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2021. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "HealthCanadaHealthcareProGuide" defined multiple times with different content
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  58. ↑ Scotta MC, Paternina-de la Ossa R, Lumertz MS, Jones MH, Mattiello R, Pinto LA (January 2018). "Early impact of universal varicella vaccination on childhood varicella and herpes zoster hospitalizations in Brazil". Vaccine. 36 (2): 280–284. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.11.057. PMID 29198917.
  59. ↑ "Note on Italian vaccine issue". www.academyforlife.va (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  60. ↑ Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (21 December 2020). "Note of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith on the morality of using some anti-Covid-19 vaccines, 21.12.2020". Summary of Bulletin, Holy See Press Office. Holy See. Archived from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
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