Agogo
Agogo ko ma'aunin lokaci, [1] na'ura ce da ake amfani da ita don aunawa da nuna tafiyan lokaci. Agogo yana ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin abubuwan kirkire-kirkire na dan adam, yana biyan buƙatar auna tazarar lokaci kaɗan fiye da raka'o'in halitta kamar rana da wata da shekara. An yi amfani da na'urori daban daban na auna lokaci sama da shekaru miliyoyi da suka gabata.
 agogo | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
machine (en)  , metrological mechanism (en) , timepiece (en) da decorative object (en) |
| Amfani |
displaying (en) da chronometry (en) |
Agoguna na zamanin nika da suka gabata ana iya kiransu a matsayin "agogo" waɗanda suka dogara ne akan motsi na zahiri: Na'urar sundial na nuna lokacin ta hanyar nuna matakin inuwa a sarari. Akwai naurorin auna tazara da dama, sanannen misali shine gilashin hourglass. Agogon ruwa, tare da sundials, watakila su ne na'urorin auna lokaci mafi tsufa a duniya. Wani babban ci gaba ya faru ne a lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri na'urar verge escapement, wanda ya ba da damar kera agogon inji na farko sama da shekaru 1300 a Turai, wanda ke kiyaye lokaci ta hanyar rassa masu juyawa suna auna lokaci.[2][3][4][5]
A al'adance, a ilimin nazarin lokaci, ana amfani da kalmar agogo don aggo mai bugawa, yayin da ake kiran agogon da bai buga sa'o'i da sauti da suna ma'aunin lokaci. Amma a yanzu ba'a a amfani da wadannan bambance-bambancen. Agogon lokacin bazara sun bayyana a cikin ƙarni na 15. A cikin ƙarni na 15 da 16, aikin agogo ya bunƙasa. Ci gaba na gaba cikin daidaito ya faru bayan shekara ta 1656 tare da ƙirƙira agogon pendulum ta Christian Huygens . Babban abin ƙarfafawa don inganta daidaito da amincin agogo shine mahimmancin kiyaye lokaci don kewayawa. Ana kiran tsarin tsarin lokaci tare da jerin kayan aiki da ruwa ko ma'auni ke tafiyar da shi azaman agogo ; Ana amfani da kalmar ta hanyar tsawo don irin wannan tsarin da ba a yi amfani da shi a cikin lokaci ba. An ba da izini ga agogon lantarki a cikin shekara ta 1840, kuma an ƙaddamar da agogon lantarki a cikin ƙarni na 20, ya zama tartsatsi tare da haɓaka ƙananan na'urori masu sarrafa baturi.
Abun kiyaye lokaci a kowane agogon zamani shine oscillator mai jituwa, wani abu na zahiri ( resonator ) wanda ke girgiza ko girgiza a wani mitar. [3] Wannan abu na iya zama pendulum, da cokali mai yatsa, crystal quartz, ko girgiza electrons a cikin kwayoyin halitta yayin da suke fitar da microwaves .
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Agogo yana da hanyoyi daban-daban na nuna lokaci. Agogunan analog na nuna lokaci da irin fuskar agogon gargajiya, tare da hannu masu motsi. Agogunan dijital kuwa na nuna lokaci ta hanyar lambobi. Ana amfani da tsarin ƙididdigewar lokaci guda biyu: agogon sa'o'i 12 da kuma agogo mai nuna sa'o'i 24. Yawancin agogunan dijital suna amfani da na'urorin lantarki wajen nuna lokaci kamarsu LCD, LED, ko nunin VFD. Ga makafi da kuma amfani da wayar tarho akwai agogo mai magana suna bayyana lokacin da sauti cikin kalmomi.Har wayau, akwai kuma agogon makafi masu nuna lokaci da za a iya karantawa ta hanyar taɓawa. Ana kiran ilimin nazarin tsarin lokaci da suna Horology a turance.
Agogon ruwa
Babban labarin: Agogon ruwa
Agogon ruwa don bugun zinare a cikin Mandalay (Myanmar) Agogon ruwa, tare da hasken rana, wataƙila su ne mafi dadewa na kayan auna lokaci, banda kawai itacen kirga rana. Idan aka yi la’akari da babban zamaninsu, ba a san inda kuma lokacin da suka fara wanzuwa ba kuma wataƙila ba a sani ba. Fitowar mai siffa ta kwanon ita ce mafi sauƙi nau'i na agogon ruwa kuma an san cewa ya wanzu a Babila da Masar a kusan karni na 16 BC. Sauran yankuna na duniya, ciki har da Indiya da China, suma suna da shaidar farko na agogon ruwa, amma kwanakin farko ba su da tabbas. Wasu marubuta, duk da haka, sun rubuta game da agogon ruwa da ke bayyana a farkon 4000 BC a waɗannan yankuna na duniya.
Masedonia masanin taurari Andronicus na Cyrrhus ne ya kula da ginin Hasumiyar iskoki a Athens a karni na 1 BC, wanda ke da babban clepsydra a ciki da kuma fitattun ranakun rana a waje, yana ba shi damar yin aiki a matsayin farkon hasumiya. Wayewar Girka da Romawa sun haɓaka ƙirar agogon ruwa tare da ingantacciyar daidaito. An ci gaba da wannan ci gaba ta zamanin Rumawa da na Musulunci, inda daga karshe suka koma Turai. A cikin 'yancin kai, Sinawa sun kirkiro agogon ruwa na zamani (水鐘) a shekara ta 725 AD, suna mika ra'ayoyinsu ga Koriya da Japan.
An haɓaka wasu ƙirar agogon ruwa da kansu, kuma an canza wasu ilimin ta hanyar yaduwar ciniki. Ƙungiyoyin da suka riga sun kasance ba su da daidaitattun buƙatun kiyaye lokaci da ake bukata a cikin ƙungiyoyin masana'antu na zamani, inda kowace sa'a na aiki ko hutawa za a iya farawa ko ƙare a kowane lokaci ba tare da la'akari da yanayin waje ba. Maimakon haka, ana amfani da agogon ruwa a cikin al'ummomin zamanin da saboda dalilai na taurari. Waɗannan agogon ruwa na farko an daidaita su da bugun rana. Duk da yake bai kai matakin daidaiton agogon zamani na zamani ba, agogon ruwa ya kasance mafi inganci kuma na'urar kiyaye lokaci da aka saba amfani da ita har tsawon shekaru miladiya har sai an maye gurbinsa da ingantaccen agogon pendulum a karni na 17 a Turai.
Ana la'akari da wayewar Musulunci da ci gaba da inganta daidaiton agogo ta hanyar ingantacciyar injiniya. A cikin 797 (ko watakila 801), khalifan Abbasiyawa na Bagadaza, Harun al-Rashid, ya gabatar da Charlemagne tare da wata giwa Asiya mai suna Abul-Abbas tare da "misali na musamman" na agogon ruwa. Paparoma Sylvester II ya gabatar da agogo.
Agogon ruwa na inji Duba kuma: Automaton § Tsohon Babban masanin lissafi, masanin kimiyyar lissafi, da injiniya Archimedes ne ya ƙirƙira agogon agogo na farko a cikin karni na 3 BC. Archimedes ya kirkiro agogon taurarinsa, [citation need] wanda shi ma agogon cuckoo ne da tsuntsaye ke rera wakoki da motsi kowace sa'a. Wannan shine agogon carillon na farko yayin da yake kunna kiɗa a lokaci ɗaya tare da wani mutum yana lumshe idanuwansa, yana mamakin tsuntsaye masu rairayi. Agogon Archimedes yana aiki tare da tsarin ma'auni huɗu, ma'auni, da igiyoyi waɗanda aka tsara ta hanyar tsarin yawo a cikin akwati na ruwa tare da siphon waɗanda ke daidaita ci gaba ta atomatik na agogo. Masanin ilimin lissafi kuma masanin kimiyyar lissafi Hero ya bayyana ka'idodin wannan nau'in agogo, wanda ya ce wasu daga cikinsu suna aiki da sarkar da ke juya kayan aiki a cikin injin. Wani agogon Girka da wataƙila aka gina a lokacin Alexander yana Gaza, kamar yadda Procopius ya bayyana. Ƙila agogon Gaza ya kasance Meteoroskopion, watau, ginin da ke nuna al'amuran sama da lokacin. Yana da mai nuni na lokacin da wasu na'urori masu sarrafa kansu masu kama da agogon Archimedes. Akwai kofofi 12 da ake budewa daya a kowace sa'a, inda Hercules ke gudanar da ayyukansa, Lion da karfe daya, da sauransu, kuma da daddare ana ganin fitila a kowace sa'a, tare da bude windows 12 don nuna lokacin.
Misalin sikelin Hasumiyar Astronomical Clock Tower na Su Song, wanda aka gina a Kaifeng na karni na 11, kasar Sin. An tuka shi da babban keken ruwa, sarkar tuƙi, da hanyar tserewa.
Wani malamin addinin Buddah na daular Tang Yi Xing tare da jami'in gwamnati Liang Lingzan sun yi nasarar tserewa a cikin 723 (ko 725) zuwa aikin samar da makamai da agogon ruwa, wanda shi ne tserewar agogon farko a duniya. Daular Song polymath da hazaka Su Song (1020-1101) sun shigar da ita cikin babban bidi'a na hasumiyar agogon taurari ta Kaifeng a shekara ta 1088. lokacin bazara, lokacin rani, da kaka ko kuma ruwa na mercury a lokacin daskarewa na hunturu (wato, na'urar lantarki). A cikin na'urar haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar ruwa ta Su Song, aikin kamawa da sakin masu tseren ya samu ta hanyar nauyi da ake yi lokaci-lokaci a matsayin ci gaba da kwararar kwantena masu cike da ruwa mai iyaka. A cikin layi daya na juyin halitta, agogon Su Song ya hada tunanin clepsydra da agogon injina zuwa na'ura guda daya da injiniyoyi da na'urorin lantarki ke tafiyar da su. A cikin abin tunawa, Su Song ya rubuta game da wannan ra'ayi:
Bisa ga ra'ayin bawanka akwai tsari da ƙira da yawa na kayan aikin sararin samaniya a zamanin daulolin da suka gabata duk sun bambanta da juna ta ƙaramin fuska. Amma ka'idar amfani da wutar lantarki don tsarin tuki ya kasance koyaushe. Sammai suna motsawa ba tare da gushewa ba amma haka ruwa yake gudana (da faduwa). Don haka idan aka sanya ruwan ya zube da daidaito daidai, to kwatankwacin jujjuyawar motsi (na sama da na'ura) ba zai nuna wani sabani ko sabani ba; domin tashin hankali ya biyo baya.
Song ya kuma yi tasiri sosai daga fagen soja na farko da Zhang Sixun ya ƙirƙira (976 AD), wanda kuma ya yi amfani da hanyar tserewa kuma ya yi amfani da ruwa mai mercury maimakon ruwa a cikin keken ruwa na hasumiyarsa ta agogon sararin samaniya. Aikin agogon injina na hasumiya ta sararin samaniya ta Su Song ta ƙunshi babban keken tuƙi mai tsawon ƙafa 11 a diamita, yana ɗauke da ɗigo 36, a cikin kowanne daga cikinsu an zuba ruwa daidai gwargwado daga "tankin-matakin na yau da kullun". Babban tuƙi na baƙin ƙarfe, tare da wuyoyinsa na silindi mai goyan baya akan nau'ikan ƙarfe masu kama da jinjirin wata, ya ƙare da ƙima, wanda ya tsunduma cikin keken kaya a ƙasan ƙarshen babban ramin watsawa a tsaye. Wannan babban hasumiya na agogon sararin samaniya yana da kusan mita goma (kimanin ƙafa 30), yana da agogon tserewa, kuma a kaikaice an yi amfani da shi ta wata dabarar juyawa ko dai tare da fadowa ruwa ko ruwan mercury. Cikakken nau'in nau'in agogon Su Song yana nan a gidan adana kayan tarihi na kimiyyar halitta na Jamhuriyar Sin (Taiwan), birnin Taichung. Wannan cikakken sikelin, kwafi mai cikakken aiki, kusan mita 12 (ƙafa 39) tsayi, an gina shi daga ainihin kwatancen Su Song da zanen injina. Guguwar ta China ta bazu zuwa yamma kuma ita ce tushen fasahar tserewa ta yamma.
Agogon giwa a cikin rubutun Al-Jazari (1206 AD) daga Littafin Ilimin Ingenious Mechanical na'urorin A cikin karni na 12, Al-Jazari, injiniya daga Mesofotamiya (ya rayu 1136-1206) wanda ya yi aiki ga Sarkin Artuqid na Diyar-Bakr, Nasir al-Din, ya yi agogo masu yawa na kowane nau'i da girma. Agogon da aka fi sani sun haɗa da agogon giwaye, marubuci, da agogon katafaren gini, wasu daga cikinsu an yi nasarar sake gina su. Kazalika da fadin lokacin, wadannan manya-manyan agogon sun kasance alamomin matsayi, girma, da dukiyar kasar Urtuq. Sanin waɗannan tserewar mercury ƙila ya bazu cikin Turai tare da fassarorin rubutun Larabci da Mutanen Espanya.
Astrarium na Giovanni Dondi dell'Orologio wani hadadden agogon taurari ne da aka gina tsakanin 1348 zuwa 1364 a Padua, Italiya, wanda likita kuma mai yin agogo Giovanni Dondi dell'Orologio ya yi. Astrarium yana da fuskoki bakwai da kayan motsi 107; ya nuna matsayin rana, wata da taurari biyar da aka sani a lokacin, da kuma ranakun idi na addini. Astrarium ya tsaya tsayin kusan mita 1, kuma ya ƙunshi tagulla mai gefe bakwai ko tsarin ƙarfe wanda ke hutawa akan ƙafafu na ado 7. Ƙarƙashin ɓangaren ya ba da bugun bugun kira na sa'o'i 24 da babban ganguna na kalanda, yana nuna ƙayyadaddun idodi na coci, idodi masu motsi, da matsayi a cikin zodiac na kumburin hawan wata. Sashin na sama ya ƙunshi dials 7, kowanne kusan 30 cm a diamita, yana nuna bayanan matsayi na Primum Mobile, Venus, Mercury, wata, Saturn, Jupiter, da Mars. Kai tsaye sama da bugun kira na sa'o'i 24 shine bugun kira na Primum Mobile, wanda ake kira shi saboda yana haifar da motsi na rana na taurari da motsin rana na shekara a bayan bayanan taurari. Kowanne daga cikin bugu na planetary ya yi amfani da hadadden aikin agogo don samar da ingantattun sifofi na motsin taurarin. Waɗannan sun yarda da kyau tare da ka'idar Ptolemaic da kuma lura.
Agogon Wallingford yana da babban bugun kira mai nau'in astrolabe, yana nuna rana, shekarun wata, lokaci, da kumburi, taswirar tauraro, da yuwuwar taurari. Bugu da kari, tana da wata dabarar arziki da kuma mai nuni ga halin da ruwa ke ciki a gadar London. An yi ƙararrawa a kowace sa'a, adadin bugun jini yana nuna lokacin. Agogon Dondi gini ne mai gefe bakwai, tsayin mita 1, tare da buƙatun buƙatun da ke nuna lokacin rana, gami da mintuna, motsin duk taurarin da aka sani, kalandar atomatik na liyafar ƙayyadaddun liyafa da masu motsi, da hanun hasashen husufin yana jujjuyawa sau ɗaya kowane 18. shekaru. Ba a san yadda waɗannan agogon za su kasance daidai ko abin dogaro ba. Wataƙila an daidaita su da hannu kowace rana don rama kurakurai da lalacewa da ƙira mara kyau suka haifar. A wasu lokuta har yanzu ana amfani da agogon ruwa a yau, kuma ana iya bincikar su a wurare irin su tsoffin gidajen tarihi da gidajen tarihi. Agogon Cathedral na Salisbury, wanda aka gina a shekara ta 1386, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin agogon injina mafi tsufa a duniya wanda ke ɗaukar sa'o'i.
Asalin kalma
gyara sasheKalmar agogo ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Latin na tsakiya don 'ƙarrawa' - clocca - kuma yana da alaka da yawancin harsunan Turai. Sa'o'i sun bazu zuwa Ingila daga yankunan kasashen Low Countries, don haka kalmar ta turanci ta fito daga harshen Middle Low German da kuma Middle Dutch wato Klocke.[6] Kalmar ta samo asali daga tsakiyar Turai wato clokke, ta samo asali ne daga Old North French cloque, ko tsakiyar Dutch clocke, duk waɗannan suke nufin 'ƙararrawa', kuma sun fito ne daga tsatson tsohuwar harshen Irish.[7]
Tarihin na'urorin auna lokaci
gyara sasheSundials
gyara sashe
Matakin tsayuwar rana a sararin samaniya na gotawa dangane da wuni, wanda ke nuna juyawar duniya. haka zalika inuwar abubuwa na sauyawa dangane da sauyin wadannan lokaci. Na'urar sundial tana nuna lokaci dangane da inuwar abu a sararin shimfidaddiyar fili, wanda ke da alamu da ke nuna sa'oi.[8] Na'urorin sundial kan kasance a kaikaice ko a tsaye ko kuma wani tsarin. Anyi anfani da sundial matuka a zamunan baya da suka gabata.[9]
Na'urar auna tafiyar lokaci
Akwai na'urori da yawa da ake sawa a auna lokaci danganche da kwanaki, awowi ko mintochi kuma suna da afmani wajen auna lafiyar lokachi. A chikin misalan su akwai kandir, agogon incense da glashin awa. Da agogon kandir da na incense suna aikin iri kusan iri daya inda ake amfani da abubuwa wajen auna lokachi, shi kuma na glashi, kasa ke chiki, kasan ke motsi ya nuna tafiyar lokacin.
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ see: Baillie et al., p. 307; Palmer, p. 19; Zea & Cheney, p. 172.
- ↑ Dohrn-van Rossum, Gerhard (1996). History of the Hour: Clocks and Modern Temporal Orders. Univ. of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-15511-1., pp. 103–104.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Marrison, Warren (1948). "The Evolution of the Quartz Crystal Clock" (PDF). Bell System Technical Journal. 27 (3): 510–588. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01343.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 10, 2014. Retrieved November 10, 2014. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Marrison" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Cipolla, Carlo M. (2004). Clocks and Culture, 1300 to 1700. W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0-393-32443-3., p. 31.
- ↑ White, Lynn, Jr. (1962). Medieval Technology and Social Change. UK: Oxford Univ. Press. p. 119.
- ↑ Stevenson, Angus; Waite, Maurice (2011). Concise Oxford English Dictionary: Luxury Edition. Oxford University. pp. 269–270. ISBN 9780199601110.
- ↑ "Clock". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved June 20, 2008.
- ↑ "How Sundials Work". The British Sundial Society. Retrieved November 10, 2014.
- ↑ "Ancient Sundials". North American Sundial Society. Retrieved November 10, 2014.