Wikipedia

Adalci na yanayi

Adalci na yanayi wata hanya ce ta aiwatar da yanayin da ke mai da hankali kan Tasirin canjin yanayi a kan mutanen da aka ware ko kuma wadanda ba su da rauni. [1] [2][3] Adalci na yanayi yana so ya cimma daidaitattun rarraba duka nauyin Canjin yanayi da ƙoƙarin rage canjin yanayi.[4] Adalci na yanayi wani nau'i ne na Adalci na muhalli.[5]

Adalci na yanayi
group action (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na Adalcin Muhalli
Facet of (en) Fassara Adalcin Muhalli
Has goal (en) Fassara Adalci
Has contributing factor (en) Fassara Canjin yanayi
Mastodon instance URL (en) Fassara https://climatejustice.social
Jumma'a don zanga-zangar nan gaba a Berlin a watan Satumbar 2021 tare da taken "yaƙi don adalci na yanayi".

Adalci na yanayi yana nazarin ra'ayoyi kamar daidaito, haƙƙin ɗan adam, haƙƙin jama'a, da kuma alhakin tarihi don canjin yanayi.[6] Ana yin wannan ta hanyar danganta abubuwan da ke haifar da sauyin yanayi ga ra'ayoyin adalci, musamman adalci na muhalli da Adalci na zamantakewa. A halin yanzu da kuma tarihi, al'ummomin da aka ware sau da yawa suna fuskantar mummunar sakamakon canjin yanayi. Dangane da ƙasar da mahallin, wannan na iya haɗawa da mutanen da ke da ƙarancin kuɗi, al'ummomin asali ko al'ummomi masu launi. Akwai karuwar yarjejeniya cewa mutane a yankunan da ba su da alhakin canjin yanayi sau da yawa suna fama da mafi girman sakamako.[7][8] Hakanan suna iya zama marasa amfani ta hanyar martani ga canjin yanayi wanda zai iya kara tsananta rashin daidaito da ke akwai. Wannan halin da ake ciki an san shi da 'rashin adalci sau uku' na canjin yanayi.[9]

Za'a iya haɗa ra'ayoyin adalci na yanayi tare da layin adalci na tsari da adalci na rarrabawa. Tsohon yana jaddada adalci, bayyane da yanke shawara mai ma'ana. Wannan na ƙarshe yana jaddada rarraba farashin da sakamakon canjin yanayi (yancin da ya dace). [9] Akwai akalla ka'idoji daban-daban guda goma waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen rarraba farashin yanayi yadda ya kamata. Sauran hanyoyin suna mai da hankali kan magance tasirin zamantakewa na rage sauyin yanayi. Idan ba a magance waɗannan yadda ya kamata ba, wannan na iya haifar da rikice-rikicen tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Har ma zai iya haifar da jinkiri a cikin canje-canje masu mahimmanci.[10]

Ayyukan adalci na yanayi na iya haɗawa da karuwar duniya na Shari'ar yanayi.[11] A cikin 2017, wani rahoto na Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya gano ayyukan shari'a 894 da ke gudana a duk duniya.  

Ma'anar da manufofi

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Amfani da shahararren Harshe na adalci na yanayi ya karu sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, duk da haka ana fahimtar adalci na yanayi a hanyoyi da yawa, kuma ana kalubalantar ma'anoni daban-daban a wasu lokuta. A mafi sauki, ana iya haɗa ra'ayoyin adalci na yanayi tare da layi biyu masu zuwa: [9]

  • adalci na tsari, wanda ke jaddada adalci, bayyane da yanke shawara mai ma'ana, da
  • adalci na rarrabawa, wanda ke mai da hankali kan wanda ke ɗauke da farashin sauyin yanayi da kuma matakan da aka ɗauka don magance shi.

Ana iya bayyana manufofin adalci na yanayi kamar haka: "don kunshe da wasu hakkoki da wajibai, waɗanda kamfanoni, mutane da gwamnatoci ke da su ga waɗancan mutanen da ke cikin rauni waɗanda za su kasance a hanyar da canjin yanayi ya shafa sosai". [12]

Adalci na yanayi yana nazarin ra'ayoyi kamar daidaito, haƙƙin ɗan adam, haƙƙin jama'a, da kuma alhakin tarihi don canjin yanayi. Adalci na yanayi yafi damuwa da tsarin tsari da rarraba dabi'u na da kuma Rage canjin yanayi.

Rahoton Bincike na shida na IPCC ya jaddada wata ka'ida ta adalci na yanayi wanda shine "sanarwa wanda ya ƙunshi girmamawa ta asali da haɗin kai mai ƙarfi tare da la'akari da al'adu da ra'ayoyi daban-daban".[13]A madadin haka, ana iya fahimtar amincewa da girmamawa a matsayin tushen tushen adalci na rarrabawa da tsari.

Yankunan da suka danganci su ne Adalci na muhalli da Adalci na zamantakewa.

Dalilan rashin adalci

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Tsarin tattalin arziki

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  Ko bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin tsarin tattalin arziki, kamar jari-hujja da zamantakewar al'umma, sune, ko kuma, tushen dalilin rashin adalci na yanayi batu ne mai rikitarwa. A cikin wannan mahallin, rashin jituwa na asali ya taso tsakanin kungiyoyin muhalli masu sassaucin ra'ayi da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a gefe ɗaya da ƙungiyoyin hagu da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a ɗayan. Duk da yake tsohon sau da yawa yakan zargi wuce gona da iri na Neoliberalism don canjin yanayi kuma yana jayayya da goyon bayan sake fasalin kasuwa a cikin jari-hujja, na ƙarshe yana kallon jari-huji tare da halayensa masu cin zarafi a matsayin babban batun.[14] Sauran yiwuwar bayani sun haɗa da matsayi bisa ga bambance-bambance na rukuni da yanayin tsarin man fetur da kansa.

Dalilan tsarin

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Yawancin mahalarta ƙungiyoyin ƙauyuka waɗanda ke buƙatar adalci na yanayi suma suna neman canjin tsarin.

An yi jayayya cewa canjin yanayi mara ma'ana, tare da rashin daidaito na nauyinsa, rashin adalci ne na tsari. Akwai alhakin siyasa don kiyayewa da tallafawa Tsarin tsari da aka kafa a tarihi [15] . Wannan ya faru ne duk da cewa ana zaton wasu samfurori masu yiwuwa bisa ga sabbin fasahohi da hanyoyin. A matsayin ma'auni don ƙayyade alhakin canjin yanayi, gudummawar mutum ko iyawa ba ta da mahimmanci kamar alhakin ci gaba da tsarin carbon mai yawa, ayyuka, da cibiyoyi. Wadannan tsarin sun samar da tsarin siyasa da tattalin arziki na duniya, maimakon ba da damar sauye-sauyen tsari zuwa tsarin da ba ya sauƙaƙa cin zarafin mutane da yanayi.[16][17]

Ga wasu, ana iya bin adalci na yanayi ta hanyar tsarin tattalin arziki na yanzu, kungiyoyin duniya da hanyoyin manufofi. Sabili da haka, ana iya samun tushen-causes a cikin abubuwan da suka haifar da cewa ya zuwa yanzu sun hana aiwatar da matakan duniya kamar tsarin kasuwancin hayaki, musamman siffofin da ke isar da sakamakon ragewa.[18]

Rashin daidaituwa tsakanin haddasawa da nauyi

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Kasashe masu arziki (masu tasowa) suna fitar da CO2 da yawa ga kowane mutum fiye da kasashe masu tasowa.[19] Kashewa kusan daidai yake da GDP na kowane mutum, kodayake yawan karuwa yana raguwa tare da matsakaicin GDP / pp na kusan $ 10,000.
 
Bayyanawa ta ƙasa da ƙasa game da rashin lafiyar kowace ƙasa ga tasirin canjin yanayi (girman ƙasa) da hayakin gas mai ɗumi (ƙarfin launi na ƙasa). Kasashen da ke fitar da iska mai yawa ba su da mafaka.

Hakki na canjin yanayi na ɗan adam ya bambanta sosai tsakanin mutane da kungiyoyi. Yawancin mutanen da kasashe da sauyin yanayi ya fi shafa suna daga cikin wadanda ba su da alhakin hakan.[20] 'Yan ƙasa masu arziki a duniya suna da alhakin mafi yawan tasirin muhalli kuma aiki mai ƙarfi da suka yi ya zama dole don yiwuwar matsawa zuwa yanayin muhalli mafi aminci.[21][22]

A cewar wani rahoto na 2020 da Oxfam da Cibiyar Muhalli ta Stockholm suka bayar, [23] [24] mafi arziki 1% na yawan jama'ar duniya sun haifar da sau biyu fiye da fitar da carbon kamar mafi talauci 50% a cikin shekaru 25 daga 1990 zuwa 2015 . [25] Wannan ya kasance, bi da bi, a wannan lokacin, 15% na yawan hayaki idan aka kwatanta da 7% . [26] Wani rahoto na biyu na 2023 ya gano cewa kashi 1% mafi arziki na mutane suna samar da karin hayakin carbon fiye da mafi talauci 66%, yayin da kashi 10% mafi arziki na mutanen da ke da alhakin fiye da rabin hayakin carbon na duniya.

Rabin ƙasa na yawan jama'a yana da alhakin kasa da kashi 20% na sawun makamashi kuma yana cinye ƙasa da kashi 5% na sama dangane da makamashi da aka gyara. Mutanen da ke samun kudin shiga yawanci suna da sawun makamashi mafi girma yayin da suke amfani da manyan albarkatun kudi don kayan makamashi masu yawa. Musamman, an gano mafi girman rashin daidaituwa a cikin yankin sufuri, inda saman 10% ke cinye 56% na man fetur na mota kuma suna gudanar da 70% na sayen motoci.[27]

Wani labarin bita na 2023 ya gano cewa idan akwai hauhawar zafin jiki na 2oC da 2100, kusan mutane biliyan 1 da farko matalauta za su mutu sakamakon fitar da iskar gas na masu arziki.[28][29]

Daidaitawar tsararraki

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Warming na duniya - ci gaba daga yanayin zafi na tarihi mai sanyi (blue) zuwa yanayin zafi na baya-bayan nan (ja) - ana fuskantar shi da yawa ta hanyar matasa.[30] Tare da ci gaba da fitar da man fetur, wannan yanayin zai ci gaba.[30]

Al'ummai da yawan jama'ar duniya suna buƙatar yin canje-canje, gami da sadaukarwa (kamar sauye-sauyen salon rayuwa mara kyau, [31] [32] canje-canje ga kashe kuɗin jama'a da canje-canje don zaɓin aiki), a yau don ba da damar adalci na yanayi ga tsararraki masu zuwa. [33]

Sakamakon mummunar canjin yanayi na iya faruwa a lokacin rayuwar yawan manya na yanzu. A karkashin alkawuran manufofin yanayi na yanzu, yara da aka haifa a cikin 2020 (misali "Zamani Alpha") za su fuskanci rayuwarsu, sau 2-7 na raƙuman zafi da yawa, da kuma wasu abubuwan da suka faru na matsanancin yanayi idan aka kwatanta da mutanen da aka haife su a cikin 1960. Wannan, tare da sauran tsinkaye, yana tayar da batutuwan daidaito tsakanin tsararraki kamar yadda waɗannan tsararraki (takamaiman kungiyoyi da mutane da shugabancin su na hadin gwiwa da ci gaba da tattalin arziki) waɗanda galibi suna da alhakin nauyin canjin yanayi.[34]

manazarta

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  1. ↑ "What is Climate Justice?". Global Witness. 2 Dec 2021. Retrieved 2023-10-25.
  2. ↑ Brennan, Eav (2024-04-29). "Disability, Mobility and Climate Justice". The Commons Social Change Library (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-07-07.
  3. ↑ Talukdar, Ruchira (2022-10-31). "Why North-South Intersectionality Matters in Climate Justice: Perspectives of South Asian Australian Youth Climate Activists". The Commons Social Change Library (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-07-07.
  4. ↑ "Climate Equality: A Planet For the 99%" (PDF). Oxfam. November 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  5. ↑ Schlosberg, David; Collins, Lisette B. (May 2014). "From environmental to climate justice: climate change and the discourse of environmental justice". WIREs Climate Change (in Turanci). 5 (3): 359–374. Bibcode:2014WIRCC...5..359S. doi:10.1002/wcc.275. ISSN 1757-7780. S2CID 145546565.
  6. ↑ Commons Librarian (2024-06-17). "Social Justice Resources for Teachers: Topic Guide. Climate change". The Commons Social Change Library (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-07-07.
  7. ↑ "Kofi Annan launches climate justice campaign track". Global Humanitarian Forum. 1 October 2009. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  8. ↑ "Africa Speaks up on Climate Change". Archived from the original on 19 December 2018. In wealthy countries, the looming climate crisis is a matter of concern, as it will affect the wellbeing of the economy. But in Africa, which is hardly contributing to climate change in the first place, it will be a matter of life and death.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Newell, Peter; Srivastava, Shilpi; Naess, Lars Otto; Torres Contreras, Gerardo A.; Price, Roz (July 2020). "Towards Transformative Climate Justice: Key Challenges and Future Directions for Research" (PDF). Working Paper Volume 2020. Sussex, UK: Institute for Development Studies. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 11 May 2022. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  10. ↑ Powers, Melissa (4 December 2019). "Energy transition: reforming social metabolism". Research Handbook on Global Climate Constitutionalism. doi:10.4337/9781788115810.00020. ISBN 9781788115810. S2CID 213458540.
  11. ↑ "Climate Law Database". Climate Justice Programme. Archived from the original on 9 April 2011.
  12. ↑ Manzo, Rosa (19 March 2021). "Climate Equity or Climate Justice? More than a question of terminology". International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Archived from the original on 28 September 2022.
  13. ↑ "AR6 Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability — IPCC". Archived from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-18.
  14. ↑ "Is a Successful Ecological Turnaround of Capitalism Possible?". Archived from the original on 17 December 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
  15. ↑ Newell, Peter; Srivastava, Shilpi; Naess, Lars Otto; Contreras, Gerardo A. Torres; Price, Roz (2021). "Toward transformative climate justice: An emerging research agenda". WIREs Climate Change (in Turanci). 12 (6): e733. Bibcode:2021WIRCC..12E.733N. doi:10.1002/wcc.733. ISSN 1757-7799. S2CID 238789301 Check |s2cid= value (help). Archived from the original on 30 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  16. ↑ Sardo, Michael Christopher (14 September 2020). "Responsibility for climate justice: Political not moral". European Journal of Political Theory (in Turanci). 22: 26–50. doi:10.1177/1474885120955148. ISSN 1474-8851. S2CID 224971164.
  17. ↑ Goh, Kian (2 April 2020). "Planning the Green New Deal: Climate Justice and the Politics of Sites and Scales". Journal of the American Planning Association. 86 (2): 188–195. doi:10.1080/01944363.2019.1688671. ISSN 0194-4363. S2CID 212762011.
  18. ↑ Aitken M, Christman B, Bonaventura M, van der Horst D, Holbrook J (2016). "Climate Justice Begins at Home: Conceptual, Pragmatic and Transformative Approaches to Climate Justice in Scotland". Scottish Affairs. 25 (2): 225–252. doi:10.3366/SCOT.2016.0128. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 May 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  19. ↑ Stevens, Harry (1 March 2023). "The United States has caused the most global warming. When will China pass it?". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 1 March 2023.
  20. ↑ Xu, Chi; Kohler, Timothy A.; Lenton, Timothy M.; Svenning, Jens-Christian; Scheffer, Marten (26 May 2020). "Future of the human climate niche – Supplementary Materials". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (21): 11350–11355. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11711350X. doi:10.1073/pnas.1910114117. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 7260949. PMID 32366654.
  21. ↑ Wiedmann, Thomas; Lenzen, Manfred; Keyßer, Lorenz T.; Steinberger, Julia K. (19 June 2020). "Scientists' warning on affluence". Nature Communications (in Turanci). 11 (1): 3107. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.3107W. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16941-y. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7305220. PMID 32561753.
  22. ↑ Nielsen, Kristian S.; Nicholas, Kimberly A.; Creutzig, Felix; Dietz, Thomas; Stern, Paul C. (30 September 2021). "The role of high-socioeconomic-status people in locking in or rapidly reducing energy-driven greenhouse gas emissions". Nature Energy (in Turanci). 6 (11): 1011–1016. Bibcode:2021NatEn...6.1011N. doi:10.1038/s41560-021-00900-y. ISSN 2058-7546. S2CID 244191460 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  23. ↑ Gore, Tim (2020-09-23). "Confronting carbon inequality". Oxfam International (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
  24. ↑ Kartha, Sivan; Kemp-Benedict, Eric; Ghosh, Emily; Nazareth, Anisha; Gore, Tim (September 2020). "The Carbon Inequality Era: An assessment of the global distribution of consumption emissions among individuals from 1990 to 2015 and beyond" (PDF). Stockholm Environment Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  25. ↑ Berkhout, Esmé; Galasso, Nick; Lawson, Max; Rivero Morales, Pablo Andrés; Taneja, Anjela; Vázquez Pimentel, Diego Alejo (25 January 2021). "The Inequality Virus". Oxfam International (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  26. ↑ Paddison, Laura (28 October 2021). "How the rich are driving climate change". BBC (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 5 November 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  27. ↑ Oswald, Yannick; Owen, Anne; Steinberger, Julia K. (March 2020). "Large inequality in international and intranational energy footprints between income groups and across consumption categories" (PDF). Nature Energy (in Turanci). 5 (3): 231–239. Bibcode:2020NatEn...5..231O. doi:10.1038/s41560-020-0579-8. ISSN 2058-7546. S2CID 216245301. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  28. ↑ "Global Warming May Result in a Billion Premature Deaths by 2100: Study | Weather.com". The Weather Channel (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-09-10.
  29. ↑ Pearce, Joshua M.; Parncutt, Richard (2023). "Quantifying Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Human Deaths to Guide Energy Policy". Energies (in Turanci). 16 (16): 6074. doi:10.3390/en16166074. ISSN 1996-1073.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "Warming Across Generations". Climate Central. 22 March 2023. Archived from the original on 13 June 2024.
  31. ↑ Fragnière, Augustin (2016). "Climate change and individual duties". WIREs Climate Change (in Turanci). 7 (6): 798–814. Bibcode:2016WIRCC...7..798F. doi:10.1002/wcc.422. ISSN 1757-7799. S2CID 156177435.
  32. ↑ Thaller, Annina; Fleiß, Eva; Brudermann, Thomas (1 December 2020). "No glory without sacrifice — drivers of climate (in)action in the general population". Environmental Science & Policy (in Turanci). 114: 7–13. Bibcode:2020ESPol.114....7T. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2020.07.014. ISSN 1462-9011. S2CID 225022617.
  33. ↑ Puaschunder, Julia M. (7 May 2017). "Climate in the 21st Century: A Macroeconomic Model of Fair Global Warming Benefits Distribution to Grant Climate Justice Around the World and over Time". Proceedings of the 8th International RAIS Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities Organized by Research Association for Interdisciplinary Studies (RAIS) (in Turanci). doi:10.2139/ssrn.2964385. S2CID 157469780. SSRN 2964385. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  34. ↑ Thiery, Wim; Lange, Stefan; Rogelj, Joeri; Schleussner, Carl-Friedrich; Gudmundsson, Lukas; Seneviratne, Sonia I.; Andrijevic, Marina; Frieler, Katja; Emanuel, Kerry; Geiger, Tobias; Bresch, David N.; Zhao, Fang; Willner, Sven N.; Büchner, Matthias; Volkholz, Jan (8 October 2021). "Intergenerational inequities in exposure to climate extremes". Science. 374 (6564): 158–160. Bibcode:2021Sci...374..158T. doi:10.1126/science.abi7339. PMID 34565177 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 237942847 Check |s2cid= value (help). Archived from the original on 11 May 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
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