Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli a Vietnam

Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli a Vietnam suna da yawa kuma sun bambanta. Wannan ya faru ne saboda sakamakon yakin Vietnam, haka kuma saboda saurin bunkasuwar masana'antu na Vietnam bayan sauye-sauyen yanayin tattalin arziki a shekarata 1986 da aka fi sani da Doi Moi, da sauran dalilai. A hukumance, Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Kasa da Muhalli (MONRE) na Jamhuriyar gurguzu ta Vietnam ta lissafa batutuwan muhalli da suka haɗa da ƙasa, ruwa, ilimin ƙasa da ma'adanai, tekuna da tsibirai, da sauransu.

Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli a Vietnam
aspect in a geographic region (en)
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli
Facet of (en)	Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli
Ƙasa	Vietnam
Wuri
16°N 108°E

A cewar State of Environment a shekarar 2001 da gwamnati ta buga, manyan batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli a Vietnam sune lalacewar ƙasa, lalata gandun daji, asarar nau'ikan halittu, gurɓataccen ruwa, gurɓataccen iska da kuma sarrafa shara . Koyaya, batutuwan da motsin muhalli a Vietnam ya shafi wasu lokuta suna faɗuwa a waje da waɗannan rukunin hukuma. Misali, a cewar wani bincike na Bankin Duniya a shekara ta 2007, sauyin yanayi ya zama babban abin damuwa saboda ana sa ran Vietnam za ta yi tasiri sosai sakamakon abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.

Dangane da alhakin gudanar da al'amuran muhalli a Vietnam, a ƙarƙashin MONRE da aka ambata, Firayim Minista ya kafa Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Vietnam (VEA) akan 30 Satumba shekarata 2008. VEA tana kula da lamuran muhalli a Vietnam a matakin ƙasa. Kuma A matakin lardin, Sashen Albarkatun Kasa da Muhalli (DONRE) ne ke da alhakin. Don kaucewa rudani, MONRE da VEA ne ke kula da al'amuran da suka shafi yanayin yanayin Vietnam, yayin da al'amurran da suka shafi gine-ginen Vietnam ke daukar nauyin ma'aikatar tsare-tsare da zuba jari.

Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Vietnam (VCP) da jam'iyyar-jahar Vietnam ba su ne kawai 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ke taka muhimmiyar rawa ba dangane da batun muhalli. Ƙungiyoyin muhalli, wani ɓangare na ƙungiyoyin farar hula na Vietnam, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi na asali da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) irin su Cibiyar Nazarin Tattalin Arziki, shi ma babban ɗan wasa ne. A cikin wannan shigarwa, sannan kuma za a bincika tarihin rawar da motsin muhalli a Vietnam ya taka wajen tasiri yadda al'amuran muhalli suka faru kuma gwamnati da al'umma suka fahimta.

Tarihi

Daga shekarar 1975 zuwa gaba, lokacin da Vietnam ta sake hadewa a karkashin jagorancin VCP, masu sharhi sau da yawa sun yi iƙirarin cewa rayuwar jama'a ta ragu a ƙarƙashin kulawar jihohi. Koyaya, ra'ayi na yau da kullun na Vietnam a matsayin ƙasa mai mulkin kwaminisanci inda ƙungiyoyin jama'a da na al'umma ba su da yawa ko kuma ba su da tasiri sosai kan gwamnati ko yanke shawara na siyasa an nuna ba haka lamarin yake ba. Ba haka lamarin yake ba cewa duk wani yanayi na tsayin daka ko rashin amincewa ana saduwa da su ta hanyar ka'ida tare da dabarun danniya ta jam'iyyar Vietnam. Misali, Benedict Kerkvliet ya rubuta sau da yawa na sukar da 'yan kasar suka yi kan zargin hakuri da hukumomi suka yi a lokacin da ake batun tabarbarewar tattalin arzikin kasar Sin a ayyukan hakar ma'adinai na bauxite, wadanda a kalla hukumomi suka amince da su. Yayin da Kerkvliet ya tsara motsi na anti-bauxite dangane da ra'ayin Sinawa, ana iya tsara shi a matsayin alamar haɓakar adawar zamantakewa da siyasa, Kuma kamar yadda Jason Morris-Jung ya yi (duba sashe a kan "shekarata 2007 anti-bauxite muhalli motsi" a kasa) .

Kafin Doi Moi da Yaƙin Vietnam, ba haka ba ne cewa akwai cikakken rashin fahimtar muhalli a Vietnam. A gaskiya ma, tarihin al'amuran muhalli a Vietnam ya koma baya kamar aƙalla shekarun 1950. Misali, batutuwan muhalli sun bayyana a yanayin ayyukan masana'antu da tattalin arziki, kamar illar muhalli na masana'antu masu gurbata muhalli. Duk da haka, akwai kadan ta hanyar shaida cewa ƙungiyoyin zamantakewar da aka tsara a kan hanyar muhalli sun kasance musamman fasalin rayuwar al'ummar Vietnamese a lokacin. Wani ɓangare na dalilin rashin haɗin kai, ƙungiyoyin mahalli a baya na iya kasancewa ne saboda girman ikon da VCP ke amfani da shi a fagen farar hula na ƙasar. Duk da haka, baya ga ikirarin da ke dogara ga ikon jam'iyyar-jihar don bayyana rashin motsin muhalli a Vietnam a baya, an kuma lura cewa tun zuwa farkon shekarata 1990s, wani muhimmin kashi na yawan al'ummar kasar har yanzu. ya ci gaba da samun kasa da samun kudin shiga fiye da matakin talauci na dalar Amurka 1.90 a kowace rana, kuma bisa la'akari da wadannan yanayi, an fahimci cewa al'amuran muhalli ba su yi fice sosai a cikin jerin abubuwan da mutanen Vietnam suka fi ba da fifiko ba.

An zubar da tawada da yawa a ƙoƙarin fahimtar tasirin yaƙin Indochina na biyu, wanda aka fi sani da Yaƙin Vietnam, kan ci gaban tarihi na al'amuran muhalli a Vietnam, musamman bayan yaƙin ya ƙare a shekarata 1975. Yawancin waɗannan sharhohin sun zauna a kan mummunan tasirin aikin soja a kan shimfidar wuri da muhallin Vietnam, tare da mai da hankali kan ayyukan sojan Amurka. Misali, an yi bincike sosai cewa tsakanin shekarun 1961 da 1971, sojojin Amurka sun tarwatsa fiye da galan miliyan 19 na maganin herbicidal a Jamhuriyar Vietnam, ciki har da fiye da galan miliyan 12 na gurɓataccen dioxin wanda aka fi sani da Agent Orange . Kamar yadda waɗannan lambobi suka yi girma, al'amuran muhalli waɗanda abubuwan da suka haifar da gurɓataccen abu suka haifar, ko da yake suna da mahimmanci, an nuna cewa suna da iyakacin sakamakon da ya biyo baya, kamar sakamakon dasa amfanin gona a filin noma da ake da shi, bisa ga Duniya. Bayanan banki har zuwa shekarata 2009.

Mayar da hankali kan sharhi kan matakin sojan Amurka mai yiwuwa yana da nasaba da dalilai biyu. Na farko, ma'aunin ayyukan Amurka, bisa ga ikon tattalin arzikinsu da na soja, an aiwatar da su ne bisa tsari daban-daban na girma da na Arewacin Vietnam. Na biyu, tushe na farko, kamar na hotuna da bayanan tarihi waɗanda suka rubuta ɓangaren abubuwan da suka faru a Amurka, ana samun su cikin sauƙi. Kuma Da aka ce, sauran malamai sun yi kokarin fadada fahimtar abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli wadanda suka taso sakamakon yakin. Misali, David Biggs ya yi karin haske a tarihin muhallinsa na tsakiyar Vietnam cewa tasirin yakin da ya bar a kan shimfidar wuri (abin da ya kira "sawun ƙafa" ) ba kawai halakarwa ba ne, amma kuma yana da ma'ana mai ma'ana ko ƙirƙira.

Wane irin motsi na muhalli, idan akwai, ya fito don magance lalacewar muhalli da Yaƙin ya haifar? Dangane da batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli na Yaƙin Vietnam, ba kamar sauran batutuwan muhalli waɗanda za a yi bayani dalla-dalla daga baya ba, ƙungiyoyin gwamnati da na jama'a ne suka jagoranci yunƙuri irin su lalata da farko ta ƙungiyoyin gwamnati da na jama'a waɗanda suka samo asali daga Amurka, kamar USAID da Ford Foundation. Ko a halin da ake ciki yanzu, bayan shafe shekaru hamsin na tsaftar muhalli, kasashen waje ne kamar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, maimakon na cikin gida, Duk wadanda ke ci gaba da jagorantar harkar muhalli don gyara tabo na tarihin soja a Vietnam. yanayin yanayi.

Doi Moi, ƙungiyoyin jama'a da ƙungiyoyin muhalli

Dangane da batun lokacin da yunkurin muhalli a Vietnam ya tashi da gaske, masana tarihi sun yi nuni da kwanakin farawa daban-daban, ciki har da shekarata 1950s kamar yadda aka ambata a baya a cikin yanayin O'Rourke, har zuwa farkon shekarar 1990s, kamar yadda yake a cikin yanayin. Abubuwan lura da Kerkvliet game da rashin jin daɗin ɗan ƙasa da masu fafutukar kare muhalli ke bayyanawa. Duk da haka, akwai babban yarjejeniya cewa batutuwan muhalli sun fara yin fice sosai a cikin al'ummar Vietnam bayan gyare-gyaren Doi Moi wanda aka fara daga shekarata 1986 zuwa gaba ta sabon ƙarni na manyan shugabannin siyasar Vietnam masu ci gaba. A zahiri, bayanan ayyukan motsin muhalli kamar zanga-zangar neman magance matsalolin muhalli sun nuna cewa galibin waɗannan sun faru ne tare da mitoci masu yawa waɗanda ke farawa daga manyan misalai (misali ƙungiyoyi ko fafitikar da suka shafi kiyaye wurin Hanoi's Reunification Park, kamar yadda aka faɗa). Andrew Wells-Dang, da kuma abin da ya shafi rigimar bauxite kamar yadda Jason Morris-Jung ya ba da labari) ya haifar da wayar da kan jama'a da damuwa gabaɗaya, wanda Stephan Ortmann ya yi jayayya daga kusan a shekarata 2010 zuwa gaba, inda aka sami akalla 13 manyan muhalli. zanga-zangar da ta shafi daruruwan, idan ba dubbai ba, na masu zanga-zangar.

A wani mataki, an ƙirƙiri sabbin nau'ikan batutuwan muhalli a matsayin sakamakon sabbin ayyuka da haɓaka tattalin arziƙi, ganin cewa babban makasudin yin gyare-gyare shi ne haɓaka haɓakar kasuwanci a ƙoƙarin kawar da talauci. Misali, yayin da sauye-sauyen harkokin kasuwanci da noma suka haifar da samar da sabbin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sama da 30,000 tare da rage yawan al’ummar Vietnam da ke rayuwa a karkashin talauci daga kusan kashi 50 zuwa kashi 29 cikin dari, sakamakon muhalli na wannan ci gaban ya ruwaito. a cikin littafin shekarata 2003 da MONRE suka fitar tare da Ma’aikatar Noma da Raya Karkara da Ma’aikatar Kamun kifi shi ne rikicin da aka samu tsakanin bukatu na bunkasa filaye da tsare-tsare a daya bangaren, da kuma tsare-tsare na kiyaye yankuna a daya bangaren.

Ta yaya gyare-gyaren Doi Moi, waɗanda suka kasance na farko na tattalin arziki, ya shafi ci gaban 11 na ƙungiyoyin jama'a, gami da motsin muhalli, a Vietnam? Wannan lamari ne na wasu muhawarar tarihi, tare da tashe-tashen hankula da ke jan hankali a wurare da yawa. Gaba daya, jam’iyyar-jihar ta yi nuni da muhimmancin shiga cikin gida a matakin farko a cikin al’amuran zamantakewa da suka hada da muhalli. Wannan da aka ce, cikas ga yin aiki mai ƙarfi a cikin motsin muhalli da ƙungiyoyin jama'a sun ci gaba da dawwama, wasu daga cikinsu sun kasance koyaushe a Vietnam, Kuma yayin da wasu, abin mamaki, sakamako ne na sake fasalin tattalin arziki. Misali, wasu masana tarihi sun jaddada tsayin daka na tsarin Lenin wanda ya sa ya zama mai wahala ga ayyukan kasa-kasa su sami wani tasiri na gaske, yayin da suke nuna tsayin daka na kungiyoyi masu fa'ida na tattalin arziki wadanda kasuwancinsu ba zai ci gajiyar tsauraran matakan kula da muhalli ba. waɗannan su zo gaskiya a matsayin samfur na ƙarin wayar da kan al'amuran muhalli da cin nasarar gwagwarmaya15. Sannan An kuma jaddada rawar da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasa da kasa da masu ba da agajin kasashen waje ke takawa, wanda aka fi sani da suna taimakon ci gaban hukuma ko ODA, wajen yin matsin lamba don shigar da karin mutane da masu fada a ji a cikin harkar muhalli.

Ko za a iya ɗaukar motsin muhalli a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙungiyoyin jama'a a kansa ba a sani ba. Wannan shi ne saboda ya zuwa yanzu yana da nasarori masu gauraya da kasawa wajen kawo sauye-sauye don magance matsalolin muhalli a Vietnam. Yayin da za a ci gaba da yin cikakken bayani game da takaddamar bauxite a cikin sashe na gaba, ya isa a lura a nan cewa za a iya amfani da batun gwagwarmayar anti-bauxite don nuna iyakar matsin lamba na kasa daga masu kare muhalli. Duk da haka, an sami wasu nasarori, kamar shigar da ƙungiyoyin mahalli wajen yunƙurin kafa dokar kare muhalli da ta fara aiki a shekara ta 2015, da faɗaɗa sararin da ƙungiyoyin farar hula za su iya mamayewa ta hanyar halatta shigar ƙungiyoyin jama'a a cikin muhalli. al'amura. Bugu da ari, batun motsin muhalli wanda ya bi a matsayin burinsa na kiyaye wurin shakatawa na Reunification a Hanoi zai iya nuna cewa cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a sun cigaba a cikin yanayin Vietnamese.

Ba kowa ba ne zai yarda cewa Dokar Kare Muhalli tana da mahimmanci ga motsin muhalli ko don magance matsalolin muhalli a Vietnam kamar yadda aka tsara. Wani ra'ayi mai ban mamaki yana iƙirarin cewa bin sabuwar dokar kawai ya ɗauki nau'i ne na ƙungiyoyin muhalli na hukumomin tattalin arziki kamar ma'aikatar gine-gine18. Haka nan an samu rarrabuwar kawuna da tashe-tashen hankula a matakai daban-daban na gwamnati, kamar tsakanin hukumomin tsakiya da na larduna. Kuma Duk da haka, na ƙididdiga ko akasin haka, akwai alamun shaida, aƙalla zuwa iyakacin iyaka, na lokuta a Vietnam inda ƙa'idodin muhalli, da aiwatar da waɗannan ƙa'idodin, suka kasance masu kwazo saboda gunaguni ko buƙatun al'umma. Masana tarihi suna yin la'akari da wannan al'amari a matsayin ƙa'ida ta al'umma, tare da babban misali shine ayyukan da Sashen Kimiyya, Fasaha da Muhalli (DOSTEs) na lardin suka ɗauka a cikin a shekarata 1990s. Yadda matsin lamba na al'umma ko adawar jama'a suka zo kan hukunce-hukunce da ayyukan hukuma ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarun 2000 da 2010. Bayan batutuwan muhalli kawai, duk da haka, an fahimci motsin muhalli kamar yadda ke taka rawar gani ga faffadan fafutukar jin dadin jama'a a cikin mahallin kungiyoyin farar hula na Vietnam. Ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyin mahalli irin su Green Group Hanoi suna tsara kamfen ɗin su ta hanyar daidaita batutuwan kiyayewa da dorewa a cikin harshen gwamnati mai alhaki da riƙon amana. Kuma A cikin tayar da hankali don samar da kyakkyawan shugabanci, motsi ya wuce abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli zuwa wani sabon filin takara na siyasa.

2007 anti-bauxite muhalli motsi

Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, an fahimci motsin muhalli na anti-bauxite a Vietnam a cikin shekarar 2007 ta hanyoyi daban-daban, ciki har da misali na mutanen Vietnam suna magana game da batun muhalli da suka damu da shi a cikin mahallin mulkin gurguzu, da kuma misali inda ƙasa zuwa sama. matsin lamba na al'umma yana da ƙarancin nasara wajen magance halin da ake ciki. Wata hanyar da aka ba da ma'ana ita ce a matsayin sabon salon gwagwarmayar siyasa da sasantawa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin muhalli da jam'iyyar-jahar. Ko da yake masana tarihi gabaɗaya sun yarda cewa ƙungiyar ba ta sami nasara sosai ba wajen dakatar da hakar ma'adinan bauxite a tsaunukan Tsakiya da hana hako ma'adinan bauxite a cikin tsaunuka ta tsakiya, amma ta yi nasarar hana yunƙurin murƙushe maganganun jama'a game da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai.

Bugu da ƙari, ayyukan ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli na anti-bauxite sun nuna ƙididdiga na ayyukan zamantakewa, wanda ya zo don kwatanta yadda yawancin sauran batutuwa masu mahimmanci a cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'ar Vietnamese na yau da kullum. Musamman, yin amfani da koke-koke kan layi yayin rigimar bauxite ya zama yanayin gwagwarmaya. Kuma Muhimmancin wannan batu na muhalli ya fito fili daga bayanin Morris-Jung na siyasar bayan-bauxite a Vietnam.

2016 Vietnam marine muhalli bala'i

A cikin Afrilu shekarata2016, wani muhimmin batu na muhalli a Vietnam ya bayyana saboda ba bisa ka'ida ba na zubar da sharar masana'antu mai guba a cikin tekun kusa da bakin tekun na Vietnam ta tsakiya ta hanyar tsire-tsire mai tsayi ( Formosa Ha Tinh Steel ) mallakar wani kamfani na Taiwan ( Formosa Plastics ), wanda ya shafi lardunan Hà Tĩnh, Quảng Bình, Quảng Tri da Thừa Thiên-Huế . An ba da rahoton cewa gawawwakin kifin sun wanke a bakin rairayin bakin teku na lardin Hà Tĩnh daga akalla 6 ga Afrilu shekarata 2016. Daga baya, an sami adadin matattun kifin a bakin tekun Hà Tĩnh da wasu larduna uku (Quảng Bình, Quảng Tri da Thừa Thiên–Huế) har zuwa 18 ga Afrilu shekarar 2016.

Sakamakon gurɓacewar ruwa ya ba da gudummawa ga lalata rayuwar ruwa kuma ya shafi rayuwar mutanen Vietnam waɗanda rayuwarsu ta dogara da lafiyar yanayin muhalli. Ko da yake Formosa ya musanta cewa yana da alhakin, zanga-zangar a watan Afrilu da Mayu shekarata 2016 da talakawa 'yan ƙasar Vietnam suka yi, ba dukansu ba ne kai tsaye ko kuma da kansu bala'in ya shafa, sun yi nasara wajen tursasa hukumomi don ɗaukar hukunci bayan an gano kamfanin. don zama alhakin a kan Yuni 30, shekarar 2016, kuma an biya diyya ga bangarorin da abin ya shafa daidai da haka.

Wasu batutuwan muhalli a Vietnam

A tsawon tarihin motsin muhalli a Vietnam, nau'o'in batutuwa daban-daban sun zo kan gaba a lokaci ɗaya ko wani:

• Kiyaye kogon Hang Sơn Đoòng : Kamar yadda aka adana wurin shakatawa na Hanoi's Reunification Park da aka ambata a baya, ƙungiyar muhalli a Vietnam ta fito don nuna adawa da shirin da aka tsara na kera motar kebul, a farashin tsakanin $112 da $211 miliyan, ta cikin kogon., wanda yake a cikin Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park, kuma yayi la'akari da kogon mafi girma a duniya (ta girma).
• Gurbacewar iska: Saboda karuwar zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, ayyukan masana'antu, ƙona mai mai ƙarfi da ƙarancin tsara birane, gurɓataccen iska, musamman lokacin da aka auna shi ta hanyar tattara ƙwayoyin PM2.5 a cikin iska, yana zama batun muhalli mai mahimmanci a cikin babban. Garuruwa irin su Hanoi da Ho Chi Minh City, wadanda a yanzu suna cikin manyan biranen da suka gurbata a Kudancin Gabashin Asiya. Hanya daya da za a iya magance wannan matsalar muhalli ita ce ta samar da hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa kamar hasken rana da iska wadanda ke da damar rage gurbatar iska.
• Samun dama ga ruwa mai tsabta. Jama'ar Vietnam gabaɗaya suna da manyan matakan samun ruwa mai daɗi, ko da yake akwai ɗan bambanci tsakanin manya da ƙanana, da tsakanin birane da yankunan karkara. Ruwan famfo shine samar da ruwa mai sauƙi a cikin manyan biranen kamar Ho Chi Minh City da Hanoi . Duk da haka, a yankunan karkara, rijiyoyin da aka haƙa da hannu sun kasance mafi mahimmancin tushen ruwa saboda 39% -44% har yanzu suna dogara da shi. Kashi 10 cikin 100 na mutanen karkara ne ake ba su ruwan famfo. Kamar gurbacewar iska, matakan gurɓacewar ruwa kuma suna ƙaruwa saboda karuwar ayyukan masana'antu, musamman a yankin Mekong Delta . A cikin yankin da yawancin mutane suka dogara da ruwan saman kogin, wannan batu na muhalli yana da illa ga lafiyar ɗan adam, kamar yawan zawo. Gabaɗaya a Vietnam, adadin cututtukan da aka ruwaito sun kai 296000 a cikin duka a cikin shekarata 2009. Sauran misalan cututtukan da ke haifar da ruwa a Vietnam sun haɗa da kwalara, zazzabin typhoid, dysentery, da hepatitis A . An bayar da rahoton bullar cutar kwalara har yanzu tana da yawa sosai. Sakamakon ruwan sha da kwayoyin cuta suka gurbata, adadin kwalara da aka ruwaito ya haura 500, ya kai 1900 a 2007, da 600 a 2010. Koyaya, adadin cutar kwalara ya kusan kusan 0% tun daga 1999.
• Ƙasar dausayi: Ƙasar dausayi a Vietnam, tare da bambancin halittunsu, sun ragu sosai. Dangane da yankunan dajin mangrove a cikin Mekong Delta, waɗannan sun ragu da kashi 80 cikin ɗari tsakanin 1943 da 2000. Muhimman abubuwan da ke haifar da gurɓacewar ƙasa sun haɗa da gina gine-gine. Don magance wannan batu na muhalli, ya kamata shirin raya ƙasa ya yi la'akari da farashi, fa'idodi da tasiri a wuraren dausayi. Misali, sake fasalin tsarin kula da ruwa ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban da aka samu a halin da ake ciki na lalata dausayi.
• Dazuzzuka: Mutuncin gandun daji na Vietnam yana da ƙasa kaɗan; a kan shekarata 2018 Forest Landscape Index Index, Vietnman ya kasance 104th a duniya a cikin kasashe 172, tare da ma'auni na 5.35 / 10.
• Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli da suka shafi ciniki cikin 'yanci: Vietnam ta himmatu ga yarjejeniyoyin muhalli na bangarori daban-daban, gami da na sauyin yanayi da bambancin halittu, gami da yarjejeniyar ciniki ta 'yanci ta EU-Vietnam da Yarjejeniyar Kariyar Zuba Jari. Don yin aiki da waɗannan alkawuran, Vietnam na buƙatar ƙarfafa ƙa'idodi da tilasta aiwatar da cinikin namun daji ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, da kuma ayyukan kamun kifi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da ba a ba da rahoto ba, don baiwa Vietnam damar samun cikakkiyar fa'ida daga kasuwancin "kyauta".

Duba wasu abubuwan

• Yanke daji a Vietnam
• Tasirin muhalli na yaki
• Operation Ranch Hand
• 2016 Vietnam marine muhalli bala'i

Manazarta

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