Ƴancin bauta ko ibada
'Yancin Bauta ko 'Yancin Ibada shi ne na biyu na Haƙƙin mai 'Yanci Hudu da ɗan wasan Amurka Norman Rockwell ya yi. Jerin ya dogara ne akan manufofin da aka fi sani da 'Yanci Hudu wanda Shugaban Amurka na 32, Franklin D. Roosevelt ya bayyana a cikin Jawabinsa na Ƙungiyar Tarayyar da aka gabatar a ranar 6 ga Janairu, shekarata 1941. Rockwell ya ɗauki wannan zanen da 'Yancin Magana a matsayin mafi nasara a cikin jerin. An buga 'Yancin Bauta a cikin fitowar Fabrairu 27, shekarar 1943 na The Saturday Evening Post tare da wani muqala na masanin falsafa Will Durant .
 Ƴancin bauta ko ibada | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
painting (en)  | ||||
 | ||||
| Bayanai | ||||
| Bangare na |
Four Freedoms (en) | |||
| Farawa | 1943 | |||
| Part of the series (en) |
Four Freedoms (en) | |||
| Maƙirƙiri |
Norman Rockwell (mul) | |||
| Ƙasa da aka fara | Tarayyar Amurka | |||
| Kayan haɗi |
oil paint (en) | |||
| Collection (en) |
Norman Rockwell Museum (en) | |||
| Inventory number (en) | NRACT.1973.023 | |||
| Described at URL (en) | collections.nrm.org… | |||
| Wuri | ||||
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Fage
gyara sashe
'Yancin Bauta shi ne na biyu na jerin zanen mai guda hudu na Norman Rockwell mai suna Hudu 'Yanci . Jawabin Shugaban kasa Franklin D. Roosevelt na Tarayyar ya yi wahayi zuwa ga Majalisar Amurka ta 77 a ranar 6 ga Janairu, shekarata 1941, wanda aka sani da 'Yanci Hudu . Daga cikin 'Yanci huɗu, biyu kawai da aka kwatanta a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka su ne 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da 'yancin yin addini . Daga baya an shigar da taken 'Yanci Hudu a cikin sanarwar manufofin Allies ' Yaƙin Duniya na II, Yarjejeniyar Atlantika, kuma ya zama wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . [1] Jerin zane-zane ya gudana a kan makonni hudu a jere a cikin Asabar Maraice Post, tare da rubutun daga marubuta masu mahimmanci: 'Yancin Magana (Fabrairu 20), 'Yancin Bauta (Fabrairu 27), 'Yanci daga So (Maris 6) da 'Yanci daga Tsoro (Maris 6). Maris 13). Don rubutun da ke tare da 'Yancin Bauta, Editan Post Ben Hibbs ya zaɓi Durant, wanda ya kasance marubuci mafi kyawun sayar da shi a kololuwar shahararsa. Kuma A lokacin, Durant ya kasance a tsakiyar yin aiki a kan juzu'insa guda goma Labarin Wayewa, wanda aka ba da labarin tare da matarsa, Ariel Durant . Will Durant kuma yayi lacca akan tarihi da falsafa. [2] Daga ƙarshe, jerin zane-zanen ya zama yaɗuwa a cikin fosta kuma ya zama kayan aiki a Tushen Yakin Gwamnatin Amurka . [3]
Bayani
gyara sasheZanen yana nuna bayanan martaba na kawuna takwas a cikin ƙaramin sarari. Adadin mabambantan suna wakiltar mutanen addinai daban-daban a lokacin addu'a. Kuma Musamman ma, adadi uku a jere na ƙasa (dama zuwa hagu): wani mutum da kansa a rufe yana ɗauke da wani littafi na addini wanda Bayahude ne, wata tsohuwar mace mai Furotesta, da wata ƙaramar mace da fuskarta mai haske tana riƙe da beads na rosary wanda yake Katolika . [4] A cikin shekarata 1966, Rockwell ya yi amfani da 'Yancin Bauta don nuna sha'awarsa ga John F. Kennedy a cikin wani hoto mai suna JFK's Bold Legacy . Aikin yana kwatanta Kennedy a cikin bayanin martaba a cikin wani abu mai kama da 'Yancin Bauta tare da masu sa kai na Peace Corps . [5]
Production
gyara sashe
Asalin sigar zanen an saita shi ne a wani shagon aski tare da ma'abota addinai daban-daban da kabilanci duk suna jiran lokacinsu a kan kujerar aski. [6] Ayyukansa na farko shine 41 by 33 inches (104 cm × 84 cm) mai a kan zane mai nuna juriya a matsayin "tushen bambancin addini na dimokuradiyya". Ya hada da wani Bayahude da wani wanzami na Furotesta ke yi masa hidima a matsayin bakar fata da wani limamin cocin Roman Katolika yana jiran hidimar wanzami. [7] Matsalar ita ce zana hotunan addinai da kabilanci da za a iya gane su cikin sauƙi domin an yi yarjejeniya kaɗan a kan yadda ya kamata mai wani addini ya kasance. [8] Duk da haka kuma, yayin da yake ƙoƙari ya fayyace hotunan haruffan ya sami kansa yana yin amfani da wuce gona da iri, musamman ma wadanda ba malamai ba. Sanya mutumin Bayahude ya zama kamar Semitic, yin farar fata abokin ciniki da kuma mayar da baƙar fata zuwa rigar ma'aikacin gona ya rushe aikin ba tare da yin magana a madadin gwamnati ba kamar yadda ya kamata. [9] Taken da Rockwell ya nufa shine juriyar addini, amma yana jin ainihin abin da aka tsara bai yi nasarar yin wannan batu ba. [4]
A cikin Yuni Shekarata 1942, Editan Post Ben Hibbs ya zama mai goyan bayan Rockwell's Four Freedom sketches, [10] kuma ya ba Rockwell watanni biyu don kammala ayyukan. [11] A watan Oktoba, Post ɗin ya damu game da ci gaban Rockwell akan 'Yanci huɗu kuma ya aika editan fasahar su zuwa Arlington don kimantawa. A wannan lokacin Rockwell yana aiki akan 'Yancin Bauta, zanensa na biyu a cikin jerin. [12] Rockwell ya shafe watanni biyu (Oktoba da mafi yawan Nuwamba shekarata 1942) [4] akan wannan aikin, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa ga kalmar "Kowane bisa ga lamirinsa." Maƙwabtansa Arlington, Vermont sun yi aiki a matsayin samfuransa: Watanni uku masu ciki tare da gashinta da aka soke, Rose Hoyt ta fito a matsayin Katolika tare da rosary, [13] ko da yake ta kasance ainihin Furotesta na Cocin Episcopal . [4] [13] Sauran samfuran sun kasance Mrs. Harrington, maƙerin Rockwell Walter Squires, matar Squire Clara Squires (a gefen dama), Winfield Secoy, da Jim Martin (tsakiya). [13] Sigarsa ta ƙarshe ta dogara da wasu alamu na gani, gami da rosary da littafin addini. Kuma Aikin ya kasance masu bautar baƙi masu launin fata sun juye a gefuna. Wannan jeri bai girgiza kwale-kwalen da The Post ba wanda har yanzu bai fito da bakar fata a shafukansa ba. Rockwell ya ce ya sanya wa annan kabilun dadi ta hanyar "fasa zanta" fuskar bakar fata a saman; mutumin da ke kasa, tare da fez dinsa, ya kasance bakon baki da zai iya yin laifi." [14] Hoton yana yawan haɓakawa kuma galibi yana yin duhu a cikin haifuwa saboda yana amfani da haɗin launi na launin toka mai laushi, beige da launin ruwan kasa. An yi amfani da fenti a hankali, wanda ke ba da damar saƙa na zane don ba da gudummawa ga hoton. [3]
Rockwell ya bayyana cewa yana jin hannu ne na biyu kawai ga shugabanni wajen bayyana labari. Ya ce game da 'Yancin Bauta, "Na dogara ga hannaye kawai don isar da kusan rabin sakon da nake so in rufe." [15] Ƙoƙarin da Rockwell ya yi a kan wannan aikin ya kasance saboda imaninsa cewa addini “batu ne mai matuƙar girma da daɗi. Yana da sauƙi don cutar da mutane da yawa." [14]
Mahimman bita
gyara sasheEditan bugawa Ben Hibbs ya ce game da Magana da Bauta, "A gare ni su ne manyan takardun ɗan adam a cikin nau'i na fenti da zane. Kyakkyawan hoto, sannan ina tsammanin shine wanda ke motsawa kuma yana ƙarfafa miliyoyin mutane. Hudu 'Yanci yayi - kuma ku yi." [16] Walt Disney ya rubuta, "Na yi tunanin [Rockwell's] 'Yanci hudu suna da kyau. Na fi son ‘Yancin Ibada da abin da aka rubuta da kuma alamar da aka bayyana a cikinsa.” [17] Rockwell ya yi imanin cewa 'Yancin Bauta da 'Yancin Magana sune mafi kyawun sakamakonsa a cikin jerin. [3] Laura Claridge ya rubuta cewa kalmar zurfafawa "Kowane bisa ga lamirinsa" shine "launi ne wanda ke nuna yawancin tunanin Rockwell game da addini: mai yiwuwa tushen sa jumla ce da aka haɗa a cikin Sharuɗɗan bangaskiya goma sha uku na Joseph Smith . ." [14] A gaskiya ma, Rockwell ya tambayi abokan aiki akai-akai game da yiwuwar hanyoyin da aka ambata kuma ba a fada ba game da rubuce-rubucen Smith sai bayan an buga jerin. [18] An yi amfani da furcin “bisa ga ra’ayin lamirinsa” (ko kuma makamancin haka) a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin jihohin Amurka da yawa a ƙarni na sha takwas.
Nazari mai mahimmanci na zanen ya nuna cewa wasu masu yin wasu addinai na musamman sun ji takaici saboda karbuwar dukan addinai da aka bayyana a cikin 'Yancin Addini . Claridge yana jin haka
matse fuska ... har ma da crepey fata a kan tsofaffi hannuwa, wanda ya zama abubuwan ibada, tura jigo a kan gefen daga manufa haƙuri cikin gooey jin, inda bambance-bambancen mutum ze fyauce a cikin wani lokacin sihiri na dispensation daga Haske. Ƙuntataccen da ake buƙata ta fasaha wanda ke hulɗa da haɓakar motsin rai ya rasa. [14]
Claridge ya bayyana cewa sigar da ta gabata ta kasance "tsabtace, mai ban sha'awa ba ta da kyau, ba tare da la'akari da babban abun ciki ba. Kuma An yi fenti mai kyau har ma a matakin zanen mai na farko." [14] Murray da McCabe sun lura cewa aikin ya bambanta daga "salon labarun" wanda aka san Rockwell da shi. [18]
Deborah Sulemanu ta ɗauki zanen a matsayin mafi ƙarancin gamsarwa a cikin jerin saboda tana jin yana cike da cunkoso kuma yana ɗan “dawafi”. [4] Maureen Hart Hennessey, sannan babban mai kula da Gidan Tarihi na Norman Rockwell, da mai kula da Anne Knutson sunyi la'akari da sikelin hoton wanda kawai ke nuna kawunansu da hannayensu a cikin addu'a a matsayin mai rushewa. [8] Bruce Cole na Jaridar Wall Street Journal ya lura cewa “hoton da Rockwell ya yi na fuskokin kusa-kusa da hannaye da aka ɗaga cikin addu’a ba laifi ba ne, ba tare da wani saƙo na gaske game da ’yancin addini ba—kuma, ba zato ba tsammani. Domin kuwa imani, sannan kamar rashin tsoro da rashin buqata, shi ne ainihin sirri, wani abu ne na sirri, wanda ba shi da ma’ana kuma maras misali.”
Sauran
gyara sasheA cikin 2018 Sharon Brous, da sauransu, ya kasance a kan murfin Lokaci ; murfin ya dogara ne akan wannan zanen.
Bayanan kula
gyara sasheManazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedU.S. News & World Report, L.P - ↑ Murray and McCabe, p. 61.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Hennessey and Knutson, p. 102.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Solomon, p. 209.
- ↑ Murray and McCabe, pp. 97–98.
- ↑ Solomon, p. 207.
- ↑ Claridge, p. 311.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Hennessey and Knutson, p. 100.
- ↑ Claridge, pp. 311–12.
- ↑ Hennessey and Knutson, p. 96.
- ↑ Solomon, p. 204.
- ↑ Murray and McCabe, p. 49.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Meyer, pp. 128–33.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Claridge, p. 312.
- ↑ Rockwell, p. 64.
- ↑ Murray and McCabe, p. 59.
- ↑ Murray and McCabe, p. 69.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Murray and McCabe, p. 50.