Ruwa da tsaftacewa a Saudi Arabia
Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Saudiyya, na da ƙalubale da nasarori. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubalen shine ƙarancin ruwa . Domin shawo kan matsalar ƙarancin ruwa, an gudanar da jari mai tsoka a bangaren tsaftace ruwan teku, rarraba ruwa, magudanar ruwa da kuma kula da ruwan sha . A yau kusan kashi 50% na ruwan sha yana fitowa ne daga tsautsayi, 40% daga haƙar ma'adinan ruwan da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba kuma kashi 10 ne kawai daga ruwan saman da ke kudu maso yammacin ƙasar. Riyadh babban birnin ƙasar, wanda ke tsakiyar ƙasar, yana samun ruwa mai tsafta da aka zubar daga Tekun Fasha a kan nisan 467. km. Ana ba da ruwa kusan kyauta ga masu amfani da zama. Duk da haɓakawa, ingancin sabis ya kasance mara kyau, misali dangane da cigaba da wadata. Wani ƙalubalen kuma shi ne raunin iyawar hukumomi da gudanar da mulki, wanda ke nuna halayen jama'a a Saudiyya. Daga cikin nasarorin da aka samu, akwai gagarumin ƙaruwar tabarbarewar ruwa, da samar da ruwa, da faɗaɗa sharar ruwan sha, da kuma yin amfani da gurɓatacciyar iska wajen ban ruwa na korayen birane, da noma.
| Saudi Arabia: Ruwa da Tsabtace Yanayi | ||
|---|---|---|
| ||
| Bayanai | ||
| Samun damar ingantaccen maɓuɓɓugar ruwaingantaccen tushen ruwa | 97% (2015)[1] | |
| Samun damar inganta tsabtace muhalliingantaccen tsabtace muhalli | 100% (2015)[1] | |
| Ci gaba da samarwa (%) | n/a | |
| Matsakaicin amfani da ruwa a cikin birane (littata / babban / rana) | 235[2] | |
| Matsakaicin Farashin ruwa na zama (US $ / m3) | 0.03 | |
| Kasuwancin ma'auni na gida | Ƙananan | |
| Zuba jari na shekara-shekara a samar da ruwa da tsaftacewa | US $ 200 / babban mutum da shekara (Bukatun da aka kiyasta don 2002-2022) [2] | |
| Kudin saka hannun jari | Mafi yawa ta hanyar tallafin gwamnati | |
| Cibiyoyin | ||
| Rarraba mulki | A'a | |
| Kamfanin ruwa da tsabtace muhalli na kasa | Kamfanin Ruwa na Kasa (NWC) | |
| Mai kula da ruwa da tsabta | Babu | |
| Hakki na saita manufofi | Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Wutar Lantarki (MOWE) | |
| Dokar Sashen | A'a | |
| Adadin masu ba da sabis | Ɗaya (Kamfanin Ruwa na Kasa) tare da kwangilar gudanarwa don takamaiman birane | |
Tun daga shekara ta 2000, gwamnati ta ƙara dogaro da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don gudanar da ruwa da kayan aikin tsabta, farawa da desalination da wuraren tsabtace ruwa. Tun lokacin da aka ƙirƙiroo Kamfanin Ruwa na ƙasa (NWC) a cikin shekara ta 2008, an ba da aikin tsarin rarraba ruwa na birane a cikin manyan birane huɗu ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Bayanan rikice-rikice na ƙananan farashin ruwa da keɓance ruwa an bayyana su ta hanyar tallafin gwamnati. Gwamnati tana sayen ruwan da aka cire daga masu zaman kansu a farashi mai yawa kuma tana sake siyar da ruwan da aka yi kyauta. Hakazalika, gwamnati kai tsaye tana biyan masu zaman kansu masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke gudanar da rarraba ruwa da tsarin shara na manyan birane a ƙarƙashin kwangilar gudanarwa. Bugu da ƙari, yana tallafawa saka hannun jari a cikin rarraba ruwa da magudanar ruwa. Ana sa ran masu amfani da ruwa za su dawo da ƙaruwar rabo daga farashin su daga sayar da magungunan da aka tsabtace ga masana'antu. A watan Janairun 2016 an ƙara farashin ruwa da magudanar ruwa a karo na farko a cikin sama da shekaru goma, wanda ya haifar da rashin jin daɗi da kuma korar Ministan Ruwa da Makamashi Abdullah Al-Hussayen a watan Afrilun 2016. [3]
Samun dama
gyara sasheDangane da Shirin Kulawa na hadin gwiwa (JMP) don samar da ruwa da tsabtace jiki na WHO da UNICEF, sabuwar hanyar da za a iya dogara da ita game da samun ruwa da tsabta a Saudi Arabia ita ce ƙididdigar shekara ta 2004. Ya nuna cewa kashi 97% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwan sha kuma kashi 99% suna da damar ingantaccen tsabta. A shekara ta 2015, JMP ta kiyasta cewa samun damar tsabtace muhalli ya ƙaru zuwa 100%. Tsabtace-tsabtace ta farko ta hanyar mafita a shafin kuma kusan kashi 40% na yawan jama'a ne kawai aka haɗa su da magudanar ruwa.[1] A cikin 2015, har yanzu mutane dubu 886 ba su da damar samun ruwa "mai kyau".[4][5]
Ruwa mai sha. Duk da ingantaccen ci gaba, ingancin sabis ɗin bai isa ba. Misali, birane ƙalilan ne ke jin daɗin ci gaba da aiki, kuma matsin ruwa sau da yawa bai isa ba. A cikin Riyadh ana samun ruwa sau ɗaya kawai a kowace kwanaki 2.5 a cikin 2011, yayin da a Jeddah ana samunsa ne kawai a kowace kwana 9. Wannan har yanzu ya fi kyau fiye da 2008, lokacin da adadin ya kasance kwanaki 5 da 23.[6] Duk da yake bayanai na tsari game da ingancin sabis yanzu suna samuwa ga birane da yawa, ba sa samuwa a fili. A wasu yankuna ruwan karkashin kasa da aka yi amfani da shi don samar da ruwan sha yana gurɓataccen yanayi tare da matakan Fluoride sama da matakin da aka ba da shawarar na 0.7 zuwa 1.2 MG / L. Misali, binciken 1990 ya nuna cewa matakin fluoride a cikin ruwan sha a Makka ya kasance 2.5 mg / L. A cikin Riyadh an rage matakin fluoride sosai a ƙasa da matakin da aka ba da shawarar ta hanyar haɗuwa da ruwan ƙasa tare da ruwan teku mai tsabta.
Ruwa mai guba. Akwai masana'antun tsabtace ruwa 33 tare da damar cubic mita miliyan 748 a kowace shekara, kuma wasu 15 suna cikin gini. Ana amfani da yawancin ruwan da aka tsabtace don yin amfani da ruwa a cikin birane (gidan da ke cikin ƙasa), don ban ruwa a aikin gona da sauran amfani.
Ana tattara datti daga tankunan septic ta hanyar manyan motoci. A Jeddah motocin sun zubar da datti na tsawon shekaru 25 a cikin kwarin da ake kira "Musk Lake". Tafkin, wanda ke riƙe da fiye da mita miliyan 50 na datti, kusan ya cika a lokacin ruwan sama mai yawa a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2009 yana barazanar ambaliyar sassan birnin. Bayan haka, Sarki ya ba da umarnin a bushe tafkin a cikin shekara guda tare da taimakon Kamfanin Ruwa na Kasa.[7]
Amfani da ruwa
gyara sasheJimlar amfani da ruwa na gari a Saudi Arabia an kiyasta shi a 2.28 cubic kilomita a kowace shekara a cikin 2010, ko 13% na jimlar amfani da ruwan. Aikin noma yana da asusun 83% na amfani da ruwa da masana'antu don 4% kawai. Bukatar tana ƙaruwa a cikin kashi 4.3% a kowace shekara (a matsakaici na lokacin 1999-2004), tare da haɓaka yawan jama'a na birane (kimanin 3%). Sau da yawa ba a a auna samar da ruwa ba, ko a tushen ko kuma a wurin rarraba. An kiyasta cewa matsakaicin amfani da ruwa ga waɗanda aka haɗa da cibiyar sadarwa kusan lita 235 ne ga kowane mutum a kowace rana, matakin da ya fi ƙasa da Amurka.[2]
Sake amfani da ruwa a Saudi Arabia yana ƙaruwa, a matakin gine-gine da kuma matakin birane. Misali, ana sake amfani da ruwan wankewa a cikin masallatai don wanke bayan gida. A matakin birni, ana sake amfani da ruwan da aka tsabtace don shimfidar wuri, ban ruwa da kuma masana'antu kamar tsaftacewa. A cikin Riyadh ana yin amfani da cubic mita miliyan 50 a kowace shekara sama da kilomita 40 kilometres (25 mi) (25 da tsawo 60m don ban ruwa 15,000 hectare na alkama, abinci, gonaki da itatuwan dabino.
An gudanar da matakan kiyaye ruwa, kamar kamfen ɗin wayar da kan jama'a ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai da litattafan ilimi. Bugu da kari, a Riyadh an gudanar da shirin kula da kwararar ruwa kuma an gabatar da farashin ruwa na musamman, mafi girma. Bugu da ƙari, an rarraba kayan aikin ruwa kyauta (taps, kawunan wanka, akwatunan bayan gida), wanda aka ruwaito ya haifar da raguwar amfani da ruwa na zama tsakanin 25-35%.[8]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program". Archived from the original on 2008-02-16. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 W.A. Abderrahman: Water Management in ArRiyadh, International Journal of Water Resources Development, Vol. 22, No. 2, June 2006, p. 281
- ↑ "Saudi Arabia sacks water minister over tariff bungle". Global Water Intelligence. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
- ↑ "WASHWatch Saudi Arabia". washwatch.org (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2019-03-28. Retrieved 2017-03-22.
- ↑ WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation
- ↑ Global Water Intelligence:Becoming a world-class water utility, April 2011
- ↑ Al-Ghamdi, Yassir (17 July 2010). "Jeddah residents call for elimination of 'Musk Lake'". Al-Shorfa.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2012.
- ↑ W.A. Abderrahman:Water Management in ArRiyadh, International Journal of Water Resources Development, Vol. 22, No. 2, June 2006, p. 287