Nomenclature na binomial

Darajar tsarin nomenclature na binomial ya samo asali ne daga tattalin arzikinta, amfani da shi yaduwa, da kuma bambancin da kwanciyar hankali na sunayen da lambobin Zoological da Botanical, Bacterial da Viral Nomenclature ke bayarwa:

Orcinus orca, orca ko killer whale

Trichocereus macrogonus var. pachanoi, cactus na San Pedro

Aikace-aikacen nomenclature na binomial yanzu ana sarrafa shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban na ka'idojin da aka amince da su a duniya, wanda biyu mafi mahimmanci sune International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) don dabbobi da kuma International Code of Nomencleture don algae, fungi, da tsire-tsire ('ICN' ko ICN). Kodayake ka'idodin da ke tattare da sunan binomial sun zama ruwan dare ga waɗannan lambobin biyu, akwai wasu bambance-bambance a cikin kalmomin da suke amfani da su da kuma takamaiman dokokinsu.

A cikin amfani na zamani, harafin farko na sunan gabaɗaya koyaushe ana buga shi a rubuce, yayin da na takamaiman ma'anar ba, koda lokacin da aka samo shi daga sunan da ya dace kamar sunan mutum ko wuri. Hakazalika, bangarorin biyu an yi su ne a cikin rubutu na al'ada (ko kuma an nuna su a rubuce-rubuce). Don haka sunan binomial na phlox na shekara-shekara (mai suna bayan masanin tsire-tsire Thomas Drummond) yanzu an rubuta shi a matsayin Phlox drummondii . Sau da yawa, bayan an gabatar da sunan jinsin a cikin rubutu, ana taƙaita sunan gaba ɗaya zuwa harafin farko a cikin ambaton da suka biyo baya (misali, P. drummondii).

A cikin ayyukan kimiyya, ana ba da iko ga sunan binomial, aƙalla lokacin da aka fara ambata shi, kuma ana iya ƙayyade shekarar bugawa.

• A cikin ilimin dabbobi
  • "Patella vulgata Linnaeus, 1758". Sunan "Linnaeus" ya gaya wa mai karatu wanda ya buga sunan da bayanin wannan nau'in; 1758 shine shekarar da aka buga sunan da asalin bayanin (a wannan yanayin, a cikin bugu na 10 na littafin Systema Naturae).
  • "Passer domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) ". Sunan asali da Linnaeus ya bayar shi ne Fringilla domestica; parentheses sun nuna cewa yanzu an sanya nau'in a cikin wani nau'i daban. ICZN ba ta buƙatar a ba da sunan mutumin da ya canza jinsin, ko kuma ranar da aka yi canjin, kodayake kundin sunayen yawanci sun haɗa da irin wannan bayanin.
• A cikin ilimin shuke-shukebotany
  • "Amaranthus retroflexus L." - "L." ita ce taƙaitaccen da aka yi amfani da shi don "Linnaeus". 
  • "[./<i id= Hyacinthoides]_italica" id="mwbA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Hyacinthoides italica">Hyacinthoides italica (L.) Rothm." - Linnaeus ya fara kiran wannan nau'in bluebell Scilla italica; Rothmaler ya canja shi zuwa jinsin Hyacinthoide; ICNafp ba ya buƙatar a ƙayyade kwanakin kowanne bugawa. 

Magana

Kalmar binomial ta ƙunshi abubuwa biyu: Latin" rel="mw:WikiLink/Interwiki" title="wikt:bi-">bi- (Latin prefix ma'ana 'biyu') da nomial (nau'in adjective na nomen, Latin don 'sunan'). A cikin Latin na Tsakiya, an yi amfani da kalmar binomium don nuna kalma ɗaya a cikin maganganun binomial a cikin lissafi. A zahiri, kalmar Latin binomium na iya komawa ga kowanne daga cikin epithets a cikin sunan binomial, wanda za'a iya kira shi binomen (pl. binomina).   

Tarihi

Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778), masanin ilimin tsire-tsire na Sweden, ya kirkiro tsarin zamani na binomial nomenclature

Kafin karɓar tsarin binomial na zamani na nau'ikan suna, sunan kimiyya ya ƙunshi sunan gama gari tare da takamaiman sunan da ya kasance daga kalma ɗaya zuwa kalmomi da yawa. Tare sun kafa tsarin nomenclature na polynomial. Wadannan sunayen suna da ayyuka biyu daban-daban. Na farko, don tsarawa ko lakafta jinsin, kuma na biyu, don zama ganewar asali ko bayanin; duk da haka, an gano waɗannan manufofi biyu ba su dace ba. A cikin wani nau'i mai sauƙi, wanda ke dauke da nau'o'i biyu kawai, yana da sauƙin rarrabe su tare da nau'in kalma ɗaya da takamaiman suna; amma yayin da aka gano wasu nau'o-in, sunayen dole ne su zama tsawo da rashin kulawa, alal misali, Plantago foliis ovato-lanceolatus pubescentibus, spica cylindrica, scapo tereti ("tsire tare da ganyen ovate-lanceolate pubescent, spike na cylindric da terete media"), wanda muka sani a yau da Plantago.  

Irin waɗannan "sunayen polynomial" na iya kama da binomials, amma sun bambanta sosai. Misali, Gerard's herbal (kamar yadda Johnson ya gyara) ya bayyana nau'ikan gizo-gizo daban-daban: "Na farko ana kiransa Phalangium ramosum, Branched Spiderwort; na biyu, Phalangius non ramosum، Unbranched Spiderwort. Sauran ... ana kiransa da Phalangium Ephemerum Virginianum, Ba da daɗewa ba Spiderwort na Virginia".  Kalmomin Latin gajerun bayanai ne, maimakon gano alamomi.

Bauhins, musamman Caspar Bauhin (1560-1624), sun ɗauki wasu muhimman matakai zuwa tsarin binomial ta hanyar yanke bayanin Latin, a lokuta da yawa zuwa kalmomi biyu. Samun da masana kimiyyar halittu suka yi na tsarin tsananin binomial ne saboda masanin tsire-tsire da likitan Sweden Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778). Ya kasance a cikin Linnaeus's 1753 Species Plantarum cewa ya fara amfani da kalma ɗaya mai ban sha'awa (sunan maras muhimmanci) bayan sunan gama gari (sunan jinsin) a cikin tsarin nomenclature na binomial. Sunayen da ba su da muhimmanci sun riga sun bayyana a cikin Critica Botanica (1737) da Philosophia Botanica (1751). Wannan sunan maras muhimmanci shine abin da yanzu aka sani da takamaiman ma'anar (ICNafp) ko takamaiman suna (ICZN). An riƙe sunayen jinsin Bauhins a cikin yawancin waɗannan, amma an rage ɓangaren bayanin zuwa kalma ɗaya.

Sunayen Linnaeus marasa muhimmanci sun gabatar da muhimmiyar sabon ra'ayi cewa aikin sunan zai iya zama kawai don ba wa jinsin lakabi na musamman, ma'ana cewa sunan ba ya buƙatar zama mai bayyanawa. Dukkanin bangarorin biyu, alal misali, ana iya samo su daga sunayen mutane. Ta haka ne Gerard's Phalangium ephemerum virginianum ya zama Tradescantia virginiana, inda sunan jinsin ya girmama John Tradescant the Younger, masanin ilimin tsire-tsire da lambu na Ingila. Wani tsuntsu a cikin dangin parrot an kira shi Psittacus alexandri, ma'ana "parrot na Iskandari", bayan Alexander the Great, wanda sojojinsa suka gabatar da parakeets na gabas zuwa Girka. Sunayen Linnaeus marasa muhimmanci sun fi sauƙi a tuna da amfani fiye da sunayen polynomial masu layi daya, kuma daga ƙarshe sun maye gurbin su.

Darajar

Kwayar cuta Escherichia coli, wanda aka taƙaita zuwa E. coli

• Economy. Compared to the polynomial system which it replaced, a binomial name is shorter and easier to remember. It corresponds to the noun-adjective form many vernacular names take to indicate a species within a group (for example, 'brown bear' to refer to a particular type of bear), as well as the widespread system of family name plus given name(s) used to name people in many cultures.
• Widespread use. The binomial system of nomenclature is governed by international codes and is used by biologists worldwide. A few binomials have also entered common speech, such as Homo sapiens, E. coli, Boa constrictor, Tyrannosaurus rex, and Aloe vera.
• Uniqueness. Provided that taxonomists agree as to the limits of a species, it can have only one name that is correct under the appropriate nomenclature code, generally the earliest published if two or more names are accidentally assigned to a species. This means the species a binomial name refers to can be clearly identified, as compared to the common names of species which are usually different in every language. However, establishing that two names actually refer to the same species and then determining which has priority can sometimes be difficult, particularly if the species was named by biologists from different countries. Therefore, a species may have more than one regularly used name; all but one of these names are "synonyms". Furthermore, within zoology or botany, each species name applies to only one species. If a name is used more than once, it is called a homonym.

Erithacus rubecula superbus, da Tenerife robin ko petirrojo

• Tsayawa. Kodayake kwanciyar hankali ba cikakke ba ne, hanyoyin da ke da alaƙa da kafa sunayen binomial, kamar ka'idar fifiko, suna nuna kwanciyar hankali. Misali, lokacin da aka canja nau'o'in tsakanin jinsuna (kamar yadda ba sabon abu ba ne ya faru ne sakamakon sabon ilmi), sashi na biyu na binomial yana kiyayewa iri ɗaya (sai dai idan ya zama homonym). Don haka, akwai rashin jituwa tsakanin masu ilimin shuke-shuke game da ko jinsunan Chionodoxa da Scilla sun isa su rabu. Wadanda ke kiyaye su daban suna ba da shuka da aka saba girma a cikin lambuna a Turai sunan Chionodoxa siehei; waɗanda ba su ba da sunan Scilla siehei ba. Abubuwan siehei ba su da tushe. Hakazalika, idan abin da aka yi tunanin a baya shine nau'o'i biyu daban-daban an saukar da su zuwa matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci, kamar su subspecies, ɓangaren na biyu na sunan binomial ana riƙe shi azaman trinomen (kashi na uku na sabon sunan). Don haka, ana iya bi da robin na Tenerife a matsayin nau'i daban-daban daga robin na Turai, a wannan yanayin sunansa shine Erithacus superbus, ko kuma a matsayin nau-nau'i kawai, a wannan lokacin sunansa shine Erithacus rubecula superbus. Abubuwan da ke cikin sunan suna koyaushe ne, kamar yadda marubucinsa da shekarar bugawa suke.

Matsalolin

Binomial nomenclature ga jinsuna yana da tasirin cewa lokacin da aka motsa jinsin daga wani nau'i zuwa wani, wani lokacin dole ne a canza takamaiman sunan ko epithet. Wannan na iya faruwa saboda an riga an yi amfani da takamaiman sunan a cikin sabon nau'in, ko kuma don yarda da jinsi tare da sabon nau'i idan takamaiman ma'anar ce da ke canza sunan jinsin. Wasu masana kimiyyar halittu sun yi jayayya game da haɗuwa da sunan jinsin da takamaiman ma'anar a cikin sunan guda ɗaya, ko kuma don amfani da uninomials (kamar yadda aka yi amfani da su a cikin nomenclature na matsayi sama da nau'in).

Saboda sunayen jinsuna na musamman ne kawai a cikin lambar nomenclature, yana yiwuwa ga homonyms (nau'i biyu ko fiye da suna raba sunan jinsin iri ɗaya) su faru, har ma da binomial iri ɗaya idan sun faru a cikin mulkoki daban-daban. Akalla lokuta 1,258 na nau'in sunan jinsin sun faru (musamman tsakanin ilimin dabbobi da botany).