Mutanen Fante
Mfantsefo ko Fante ("Fanti" tsohon rubutu ne) mutanen Akan ne. Mutanen Fante sun fi zama a yankunan tsakiya da yammacin gabar tekun Ghana. A cikin rabin ƙarni na karshe, saboda balaguron kamun kifi, ana kuma samun al'ummomin Fante har zuwa Gambia, Laberiya har ma da Angola. Manyan garuruwan Fante a Ghana ta zamani sun haɗa da Kasoa, Winneba, Agona Swedru, Tarkwa, Oguaa (Cape Coast), Edina (Elmina), Mankessim, Sekondi da Takoradi.
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| Yankuna masu yawan jama'a | |
|---|---|
| Ghana da Ivory Coast | |
| Kabilu masu alaƙa | |
| Mutanen Akan |
| |
| Jimlar yawan jama'a | |
|---|---|
| ~2,000,000 | |
| Yankuna masu yawan jama'a | |
| Yankin Tsakiya | |
| Harsuna | |
| |
| Addini | |
| |
| Ƙungiyoyin kabilu masu alaƙa | |
| Akan |
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Kamar duk Akan, sun samo asali ne daga jihar Bono. Asali, "Fante" yana nufin "rabin da ya bari" ya rabu da sauran Akans kuma ya fara zama a Mankessim.[1] Wasu daga cikin jihohin da suka haɗa da Fante sun hada da Agona, Ahanta, Kurantsi, Abura,[2] Anyan, Ekumfi, Nkusukum, Ajumako da Gomoa. Fante, kamar sauran Akans masu alaƙa, sun samo asali ne daga tsohuwar Sahara a cikin tsohuwar daular Ghana. Daga nan Fante ya yi ƙaura zuwa kudu zuwa Techiman na zamani a yankin Brong Ahafo. Daga nan ne, inji almara, manyan shugabanninsu guda uku - Oson, Odapagyan da Obrumankoma - suka jagoranci su kudu suka rabu da sauran Akans, zuwa Mankessim.
Babban birnin tarihi da na ruhaniya na Mfantseman shine Mankessim (Oman kesi mu). Mutanen Fante suna daya daga cikin manyan kungiyoyin Akan, tare da "Asantefo" ko Ashantis, Akuapem, Akyem, Bono, Kwahu, Baoule, Nzema, Ahanta da sauransu. Duk da saurin bunkasuwar daular Ashanti da yaki da Ashanti da kawayen Holland a tsakiyar shekarun 1800, Fante sun ci gaba da rike kasarsu har zuwa yau kuma sun yi yaki da dama don kare yankinsu na arewa daga hare-haren Ashanti da wasu yaƙe-yaƙe da dama. Dutch, da Ingilishi. A halin yanzu, sun kai kimanin miliyan 6, rukuni na biyu mafi girma na mutanen Akan, ko kuma kusan kashi 13% na yawan mutanen Ghana na zamani. Gado da gadon mukaman gwamnati a tsakanin Fante ana yin su ne bisa al'ada ta zuriyar matrilineal, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin al'ummar Akan.
Sai dai kuma, mazajen Fante da suka kai shekarun fada a al'adance na kamfanin Asafo na mahaifinsu ne.
Lokacin da Portuguese suka isa a cikin karni na 15, Fante ya hana su shiga cikin ƙasa da kuma ba da hayar kadarori don ayyukan kasuwanci na Portuguese. Amma a lokacin da 'yan Portugal suka ki amincewa da ka'idoji da ka'idoji na Fante, Fante sun kori su bayan jerin gwanon da fadace-fadace. Bayan haka turawan Holland sun iso, sai kuma turawan Ingila. Fante ya yi aiki a matsayin 'yan tsakiya a cikin kasuwanci tsakanin cikin gida da 'yan kasuwa na Birtaniya da Holland a bakin teku. Fante ta zama kasa mai arziki da wadata a kan mu'amalarsu da manyan kasashen Turai daban-daban.
A farkon karni na 18, an kafa kungiyar Fante Confederacy ta zamani, da nufin tabbatar da kansu a matsayin al'umma da takwarorinsu na Turai su dauka da muhimmanci da kuma janyewar Turawa daga kasashen Fante. Fantes shekaru aru-aru sun riga sun sami tsarin gwamnatin tarayya mai sarkakiya wanda jihohi daban-daban ke kasancewa tare a cikin kawance. Kowacce jihar Fante tana karkashin jagorancin Babban Shugaban kasa. Duk da haka, a lokacin yaƙi, ko da yaushe suna tattara sojojin gamayya da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin Babban Hafsan Hafsoshin Abura. Duk da haka, a lokacin yaƙi, ko da yaushe suna tattara sojojin gamayya da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin Babban Hafsan Hafsoshin Abura. Fuskantar irin wannan matsananciyar tsayin daka, Portuguese, Jamusawa, Sweden da Danes bayan shekaru da yawa sun bar duk wani sansani na kasuwanci a Mfantseman. Mutanen Holland sun yanke shawarar zama, wanda ya haifar da yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa tsakanin Fante da Dutch, waɗanda suka kasa yi musu mulkin mallaka. A cikin 1844, da aka raunana ta akai-akai da yaƙe-yaƙe da Ashanti da ƙawancensu na Dutch, Fante Confederacy ya sanya hannu kan haɗin gwiwa na 1844 tare da Birtaniya. Birtaniya ta bar Cape Coast kuma ta koma babban birnin Gold Coast zuwa Accra a matsayin martani ga yunkurin juriya. An kafa ƙungiyar Fante Confederacy ta zamani don mayar da martani ga barazanar Turawa na ƙoƙarin yin mulkin mallaka a cikin ƙasar Ghana ta zamani. Don haka a cikin 1844 an rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniya tsakanin Fante Confederacy, a madadin Gold Coast, da Burtaniya, wanda ya ba da damar Gold Coast ta sami cikakken 'yancin kai ba tare da yaki ba bayan shekaru dari.
Yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa na Ashanti-Fante sun biyo baya, saboda neman Ashanti na hanyoyin kasuwanci kai tsaye zuwa bakin teku. A wani lokaci, Birtaniya sun taimaka wa Fante, wanda duk da haka ya yi nasarar raunana karfi mai karfi na Fante confederation da aka kafa tsakanin 1868 da 1872, yana zaton cewa barazana ce ga mulkinsu a bakin teku. Turawan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya da na Holand sun goyi bayan wannan yakukuwan Ashanti-Fante, inda turawan Ingila suka goyi bayan Fante, sannan kuma Holland suka marawa Ashanti baya.[3]
Yayin da aka san Mfantsefo a matsayin mutane masu zaman lafiya, a lokutan yaki suna yin gangami domin kare kai. Sakamakon yakin da aka yi da Turawan Holand da Ashanti, hadin gwiwar sojojin Fante Union ya kai sama da mutane dubu talatin a shekarar 1844. A karkashin jagorancin Amfo Otu, Babban Hafsan Abura ne suka yi wa garinsu kawanya. Elmina da gidanta na Turai, a ƙarshe sun kori mutanen Holland daga sansaninsu na Elmina.
Fante sun samar da fitattun mutane da dama a Ghana, daga cikinsu akwai Kofi Annan (tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya); Yakubu Wilson Sey (mai yawan miliyoyin ƴan asalin ƙasar na farko a gabar tekun Gold); Dan jarida kuma marubuci dan kasar Burtaniya Ekow Eshun; Ottobah Cugoano (mai son kawar da falsafar haƙƙin halitta), Sam Jonah (tsohon shugaban AngloGold Ashanti); tsohon shugaban kasa, John Atta Mills, tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasa, Joseph W.S. de Graft-Johnson, Kow Nkensen Arkaah da Kwesi Amissah-Arthur; Peter Turkson (Cardinal na Ghana na farko na Cocin Katolika na Roman Katolika) da kuma wasu manyan masu fafutukar neman 'yancin kai, ba a Ghana kadai ba har ma a yankin Afirka ta Yamma da kuma mazaunan Afirka, kamar John Mensah Sarbah, James Kwegyir Aggrey, Ottobah Cugoano (Fante-British Slave Abolitionist), Chief Takyi (shugaban tawayen bawa na Jamaica), Paa Grant (wanda ya kafa UGCC) da J.E. Casely Hayford. Sauran fitattun jiga-jigan Fante sun hada da Sir Knight Joseph Panford, Babban Sarkin Fante a Koforidua, yankin Gabas, wanda ya wakilci Cocin Katolika na Ghana baki daya, a Roma kuma ya hadu da Paparoma John Paul I kuma an ba shi jarumi a yin haka; Joseph Ellis da Joseph Biney, wadanda dukkansu suka gano tarin zinare a shekarar 1897 dake Obuasi a yankin Ashanti; baƙar fata navigator Pedro Alonso Niño (1468-c. 1505), kuma aka sani da El Negro ("The Black"), ɗan asalin Sipaniya ɗan asalin Afirka, wanda ya yi tafiya tare da Christopher Columbus a haye Tekun Atlantika a 1492, kuma mahaifinsa ɗan tekun Fante ne. daga Elmina. Ya binciko gabar tekun Afirka a farkon shekarunsa. Ya tuka daya daga cikin jiragen Columbus a cikin balaguron 1492, kuma ya raka shi a lokacin tafiyarsa ta uku da ta ga gano Trinidad da bakin kogin Orinoco.
Sunayen iyali gyara sashe
Ɗaya daga cikin yanayin zamantakewar sunaye a tsakanin Akan, ciki har da Fante, shine cewa ana amfani da su azaman alamar zamantakewa don nuna ainihin mutum da ƙungiya. Wannan haka yake da sunayen dangi da aka samo daga dangin Ntoro na kakanni 12 na ubanni da ake baiwa yara. Kowanne daga cikin dangin Ntoro 12 na patrilineal yana da sunaye na musamman na iyali. Don haka yana yiwuwa a yi amfani da sunan mutum don gano danginsa/ta. Yaran da suka samo asalin asalinsu ga uba ɗaya na iya raba sunayen dangi iri ɗaya.[4] Sunaye na iyali sun haɗa da Yankah, Osam, Aidoo, da dai sauransu. Haka nan an sami sabbin abubuwa a sakamakon ƙasashen yammaci, ilimi da addinin ƙasashen waje, tare da sunaye masu yawa daga wannan al'amari. An fassara wasu sunayen Fante a zahiri zuwa Turanci kuma sun dawwama azaman sunayen dangi. Tun da Fantes ta hanyar rayuwa a bakin teku sun kasance na farko da suka fara hulɗa da Turawa kuma sun yi ciniki, sun yi aure kuma suka zauna tare da su fiye da shekaru 400, babu makawa cewa a cikin sunayen Fante sun nuna babban tasiri na yammacin duniya idan aka kwatanta da su. kabilu a cikin ƙasa. Misalai na irin wannan suna mai canza canjin anglicised sune:
- Dua (littafi mai haske/allo) – Wood
- Kuntu (bargo) – dan Kuntu Blankson
- Kumi ba (ɗan Kumi) - Kumson ko Koomson
- Kwei ba (ɗan Kwei) - Quayson, Quayeson, Kweison ko Kwaeson
- Akorɔma (shaho) – Hawkson
- Nyameba – Godson
- ɛbo (dutse) – Rockson
Don haka, ana iya gano wasu sunayen dangi ta hanyar kari, misali:
- -son kamar a Yawson
- -ful, kamar yadda yake cikin Arkorful,
- -ney, kamar yadda yake a cikin Biney.
In ba haka ba, Fante (Akan) sunayen dangi na rubutu suna nuna mahalli iri-iri. Suna iya zama yanayi, yanayin haifuwa, maɗaukakiyar fahimta, sunaye masu ban mamaki, sunaye na zage-zage da karin magana, ƴan ƙungiya da sunayen laƙabi, matsayi, sana'a, ƙwararru, na addini, na aure, da sunayen yamma. Ana iya samun haɗin biyu ko fiye na waɗannan sunaye na rubutu.
Tsarin suna gyara sashe
Fantes suna amfani da tsarin ba da sunan farko ga yaro bisa ranar mako da aka haifi yaron:[5]
| Rana | Sunan namiji | Sunan mace |
|---|---|---|
| Dwowda (Litinin) | Kodwo, Kojo, Joojo/Jojo | Adwoa/Adwowa, Ewuradwoa |
| Benada (Talata) | Kobina, Kobby | Abena, Araba, Ewurabena |
| Wukuda (Laraba) | Kweku, Kuuku | Ekua, Kuukua, Ewurakua |
| Yawda (Alhamis) | Yaw, Ekow, Kow | Aba, Baaba |
| Fida (Jumma'a) | Kofi, Fiifi | Efua, Effie, Ewurafua |
| Memenda (Asabar) | Kwame, Kwamena, Ato | Ama, Ewurama, Amba/Amba, Ama |
| Kwesida (Lahadi) | Kwesi, Siisi | Esi, Ewuresi/Ewuraesi |
Hakanan ana iya ba wa yara suna bisa tsarin da aka haife su. Sunayen da aka bayar sune kamar haka:
| Matsayi | Sunan namiji | Sunan mace |
|---|---|---|
| Na farko | Piesi | Piesi |
| Na biyu | Manu | Abena, Araba, Ewurabena |
| Na uku | Mensa, Ansa | Mansa, Naana |
| Na hudu | Maanan | Maanan |
| Na biyar | Enum | - |
| Na shida | Esia | - |
| Na bakwai | Esuon | - |
| Na takwas | Awotwe | - |
| Na goma | Badu | Baduwa |
Hakanan ana iya ba wa tagwaye suna bisa tsarin da aka haife su. Sunayen da aka bayar sune kamar haka:
| Tagwaye na farko | Tagwaye na biyu | |
|---|---|---|
| <Sunan ranar da aka ba shi> Payin | <Sunan ranar da aka ba shi> Kaakra |
Ana iya ba wa yaron da za a haifa nan da nan bayan haihuwar tagwaye, kamar:
| Misali namiji | Misali mace |
|---|---|
| Kojo Tewia ko Kojo Tewiah | Ekua Tewia ko Ekua Tewiah |
Asali gyara sashe
Bisa ga al'adar baka Fante ya rabu da sauran kungiyoyin Akan a yau Brong Ahafo a kusa da 1250 AD. Wannan aikin ya zama asalin sunan su, "Fa-atsew" ma'ana "rabin da ya bari". Fante sun bar ’yan uwansu Akan a Krako, Techiman na yanzu a Bono Gabas ta Ghana, kuma suka zama nasu rukunin Akan. Manyan mayaka uku ne suka jagoranci mutanen Fante da aka fi sani da Obrumankoma, Odapagyan da Oson (dabbar whale, Mikiya da giwa bi da bi).
Bisa ga al'ada, Obrumankoma da Odapagya sun mutu a kan wannan gudun hijira kuma an yi musu ado tare da sauran hanya. Oson ya jagoranci mutanen zuwa abin da zai zama Mankessim a shekara ta 1252. Tatsuniya ta nuna cewa babban limamin Fante, Komfo Amona, ya dasa mashi a cikin ƙasa lokacin da suka isa wurin da aka zauna. Ana kiran mashin Akyin-Enyim, ma'ana "a gaban allah". Wurin ya zama wurin taro na dattawan Fante da kuma babban limamin coci sa’ad da suke tattauna muhimman al’amura.
An naɗa Omanhen (sarkin) na Mankessim na farko a nan, kuma daga baya sarakuna za su ziyarci wurin don shawarwari. A cewar Fante, ba za a iya cire mashin da hannaye masu mutuwa ba. Ƙasar da Fante ta kai tun farko mazaunanta suna kiransa Adoakyir, wanda Fante ke kiransa da "Etsi-fue-yifo" ma'ana mutanen da suke da gashin daji. Fante ya ci wadannan mutane tare da canza sunan yankin Oman-kesemu, ma'ana babban gari. Sunan ya samo asali zuwa sunan yanzu, Mankessim.
Fante sun zaunar da ƙasar a matsayin masarautarsu ta farko mai cin gashin kanta, kuma suka binne Obrumakankoma da Odapagya a cikin wani tsattsarkan kurmi mai suna Nana-nom-pow. Komfo Amona ya kuma shuka guntun bishiyar da ya zo da shi daga mahaifar Akan a Krako don ganin ko wuri yana da kyau don zama. Washegari da firist ɗin ya dasa gaɓoɓin, mutanen suka sami bishiya ta fara girma. Ita dai itace sunanta Ebisa-dua, ko kuma bishiyar tuntuba, inda a yau yake daya daga cikin muhimman wuraren ibada na Mankessim.[1]
Al'adu gyara sashe
Fante suna yin noma, kamun kifi da kiwo. Fante al'umma ne matrilineal.[6]
Yawancin Fante suna bin addinin Kiristanci ko akidarsu ta al'ada. Wasu tsiraru suna da'awar sunni Islam.[6]
Mutanen Fante sun san abincinsu sosai. Abinci yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a al'adun Fante kuma yana alfahari da wuri. Abincinsu na gargajiya ya hada da Kenkey, Banku (Etsew) da ake ci da kifi da suka hada da Tilapia da sauran abincin teku da barkono da kayan lambu. Yawancin Fante's daga ciki kuma a al'adance suna cin doya da koko (ampesie) da fufu. Oguaa Fetu Afahye (bikin gargajiya na shekara-shekara da ake yi a Cape Coast) haƙiƙa bikin girbin doya ne da aka yi a baya a Masarautar Bono kuma an kawo shi bakin teku a lokacin ƙaura.
Fantes ta hanyar dogon haɗin da suka yi da Turawa sun samar da wani nau'i na musamman na abinci wanda a yanzu ake ci a duk faɗin Ghana ciki har da corned naman sa stew, Ghana Jollof, Ghana meat pie, Ice Kenkey, Atadwe milk, abodoo, jollof rice, kumfa da dai sauransu.
Manazarta gyara sashe
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Adu Boahen, Fante origins: The Mankessim period in A Thousand Years of West African History, 1968, pp. 180-1820.
- ↑ Facts On File, Incorporated (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. Infobase Publishing. pp. 4–. ISBN 978-1-4381-2676-0.
- ↑ W.T. Balmer, M.A., B.D. A History of the Akan Peoples of the Gold Coast: "Result of the Invasion of Fanti by Ashanti", pp. 101–103, The Atlantis Press, 1925
- ↑ Kofi Agyekum, "The Sociolinguistic of Akan Personal Names" Archived 2021-02-20 at the Wayback Machine, Nordic Journal of African Studies 15(2): 206–235 (2006).
- ↑ "'Day born names' in Dagbani, Ewe and Fante". www.ghanaweb.com (in Turanci). 9 November 2019. Retrieved 2019-12-23.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Olson, James Stuart; Meur, Charles (1996). The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary (in Turanci). Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-313-27918-8.
- Rebecca Shumway. 2011. The Fante and the Transatlantic Slave Trade. Rochester: University of Rochester Press. 08033994793.ABA