Wikipedia

Menes

Mene ( fl. c. 3200–3000 BC ; [1] / ˈ m eɪn eɪ z / ; Ancient Egyptian , tabbas ana furtawa * /maˈnij/ ; [2] Ancient Greek [3] da Μήν [4] ) fir'auna ne na Farkon Zamanin Daular Masarawa, wanda al'adar gargajiya ta ƙididdige shi tare da haɗin kai Sama da Ƙasar Masar, kuma a matsayin wanda ya kafa Daular Farko . [5]

Menes
Pharaoh

3200 "BCE" - 3125 "BCE"
Rayuwa
Haihuwa 3200s "BCE"
ƙasa Ancient Egypt (en) Fassara
Mutuwa 3125 "BCE"
Yanayin mutuwa  (killing (en) Fassara)
Sana'a
Sana'a sarki

Asalin Menes shine batun muhawara mai gudana, kodayake babban ra'ayi na Masarautar Masar ba tare da kayyadewa ba ya gano Menes tare da Naqada III mai mulkin Narmer [3] [6] [7] [8] ko magajinsa, Daular Farko fir'auna Hor-Aha . [9]

Suna da ainihi

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An fara rubuta sunan Menes a cikin aikin Manetho, ɗan tarihi na Masar kuma firist na ƙarshen zamanin Ptolemaic . Manetho ya lura da sunan a cikin Hellenanci a matsayin Μήνης ( fassara : Mênês ). [3] [10] Wani nau'i na Helenanci, Μιν ( wanda aka fassara: Min ), masanin tarihi na karni na biyar-BC Herodotus, [11] ya kawo shi, amma wannan bambance-bambancen ya bayyana ba shi da alaƙa, sakamakon gurɓata daga sunan allahn Min . [6] Siffar Masarawa, mnj, an ɗauko ta ne daga Turin da Abydos King Lists, waɗanda aka yi kwanan watan daular sha tara, waɗanda aka sake fasalin lafazin su kamar */maˈnij/ . A farkon Sabuwar Mulki, canje-canje a cikin yaren Masar yana nufin an riga an faɗi sunansa */maˈneʔ/. [12] Sunan mnj yana nufin "Wanda ya jure", wanda, IES Edwards (1971) ya nuna, mai yiwuwa an ƙirƙira shi ne a matsayin "wani kwatanci ne kawai da ke nuni da wani ɗan tarihi na ɗan tarihi [...] wanda sunansa ya ɓace". [3] A madadin, sunan na iya ɓoye ainihin ainihin sarakunan Naqada III : Ka, Scorpion II da Narmer, ko kuma yana iya komawa ga aikin jagoranci mai aiki kawai. [3]

Narmer da Menes

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Sunayen Horus guda biyu na Hor-Aha (hagu da tsakiya) da sunan Menes (dama) a cikin hieroglyphs.

  Kusan cikakkiyar rashi na duk wani ambaton Menes a cikin tarihin archaeological [3] da kuma kwatankwacin dukiyar shaidar Narmer, adadi mai ƙima da zuriyarsu ta ƙididdige su kuma a cikin bayanan archaeological tare da tabbataccen da'awar [6] ga haɗin kai na Sama da ƙasa. Masar, ta haifar da ka'idar gano Menes tare da Narmer.

Babban abin da ake magana a kai ga Menes alama ce ta hauren hauren giwa (daga garin Naqada ) wanda ke nuna taken sarauta Aha (fir'auna Hor-Aha ) kusa da wani gini, kuma a cikin wannan akwai taken sarauta mn, [13] gabaɗaya ana ɗauka don zama. Menes. [3] [lower-alpha 1] Daga wannan, ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da yanayin ginin ( rumfar jana'izar ko wurin bauta ), ma'anar kalmar mn (suna ko fi'ili ya wanzu ) da dangantakar Hor-Aha da Menes ( kamar yadda mutum daya ko kuma a matsayin fir'auna masu zuwa) sun taso. [3]

Jerin sunayen sarakunan Turin da Abydos, waɗanda aka yarda gabaɗaya su zama daidai, [3] jera sunayen nesu-bit na fir'auna, ba sunayen Horus-su ba, [6] kuma suna da mahimmanci ga yuwuwar sasantawa na bayanan daban-daban: nesu -bit - sunayen jerin sunayen sarki, Horus-sunaye na tarihin tarihi da adadin fir'auna a Daular I bisa ga Manetho da sauran kafofin tarihi. [6]

Flinders Petrie ya fara ƙoƙarin wannan aikin, [6] yana danganta Iti da Djer a matsayin fir'auna na uku na Daular I, Teti (Turin) (ko wani Iti (Abydos)) tare da Hor-Aha a matsayin fir'auna na biyu, da Menes (sunan nebty ) tare da Narmer (sunan Horus) a matsayin Fir'auna na farko na Daular I. [3] [6] Lloyd (1994) ya sami wannan magajin "mai yiwuwa mai yiwuwa", [6] da Cervelló-Autuori (2003) sun bayyana a fili cewa "Menes ne Narmer kuma Daular Farko ta fara da shi". [7] Duk da haka, Seidlmayer (2004) ya bayyana cewa "wataƙila ce mai aminci" cewa Menes shine Hor-Aha. [9]

An gabatar da takardu biyu a matsayin hujja ko dai Narmer ko Hor-Aha shine Menes. Na farko shine "Label na Naqada" da aka samo a wurin Naqada, a cikin kabarin Sarauniya Neithhotep, sau da yawa ana zaton ita ce mahaifiyar Horus Aha. Tambarin yana nuna serekh na Hor-Aha kusa da wani shinge a ciki wanda alamomin da wasu malamai suka fassara da sunan "Menes". Na biyu shine hatimin hatimi daga Abydos wanda ke musanya tsakanin serekh na Narmer da alamar chessboard, " mn ", wanda aka fassara a matsayin gajarta na Menes. An yi gardama maras tushe game da kowane ɗayan waɗannan takaddun don goyon bayan Narmer ko Hor-Aha kasancewar Menes. [lower-alpha 2]

Daftarin aiki na biyu, hatimin hatimi daga Abydos, yana nuna serekh na Narmer yana musanya tare da alamar gameboard ( mn ), tare da madaidaicin sautinsa, alamar n, wanda koyaushe ana nunawa lokacin da aka rubuta cikakken sunan Menes, kuma yana wakiltar suna "Menes". A kallo na farko, wannan zai zama alama mai ƙarfi cewa Narmer shine Menes. [18] Koyaya, bisa nazarin wasu abubuwan hatimi na Daular Farko na farko, waɗanda ke ɗauke da sunan ɗaya ko fiye da haka, wasu malamai sun fassara alamar hatimin da nuna sunan wani basarake na Narmer mai suna Menes, don haka Menes ya zama magajin Narmer., Hor-Aha, kuma haka Hor-Aha ya kasance Menes. [19] Cervelló-Autuori 2005 ya musanta hakan amma har yanzu ra'ayoyin sun bambanta, kuma ba za a iya cewa hatimin hatimi ya goyi bayan kowace ka'ida ba. [8]

Herodotus, da ya ambaci Min a matsayin Sarkin Masar na farko, ya rubuta cewa Linus, ko kuma Maneros na Masar, shi ne "ɗan kaɗai na Sarkin Masar na farko" kuma ya mutu ba tare da wani lokaci ba. [20]

Kwanan wata

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Masanin ilimin Masar, masu binciken kayan tarihi, da masana daga karni na 19 sun ba da shawarar ranaku daban-daban na zamanin Menes, ko kwanan wata daular farko: [lower-alpha 3]

  • John Gardner Wilkinson (1835) - 2320 BC
  • Jean-François Champollion (An buga shi bayan mutuwa a 1840) - 5867 BC
  • Agusta Böckh (1845) - 5702 BC
  • Kirista Charles Josias Bunsen (1848) - 3623 BC
  • Reginald Stuart Poole (1851) - 2717 BC
  • Karl Richard Lepsius (1856) - 3892 BC
  • Heinrich Karl Brugsch (1859) - 4455 BC
  • Franz Joseph Lauth (1869) - 4157 BC
  • Auguste Mariette (1871) - 5004 BC
  • James Strong (1878) - 2515 BC
  • Flinders Petrie (1887) - 4777 BC

Modern consensus dates the era of Menes or the start of the first dynasty between c. 3200–3030 BC; some academic literature uses c. 3000 BC.[21]

Tarihi

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  Tsohuwar al'adar ta danganta ga Menes don haɗakar da Sama da Ƙasar Masar zuwa cikin masarauta ɗaya [22] da zama Fir'auna na farko na Daular Farko. [23] Ko da yake Menes bai bayyana a kan tsattsauran ra'ayi na Royal Annals (Dutsen Alkahira da Dutsen Palermo ), sunansa ya bayyana a cikin maɓuɓɓuka daga baya a matsayin mai mulkin Masar na farko. Wasu majiyoyin sun ce shi ne ya gaji kursiyin kai tsaye daga gunkin Horus . [24] Ya kuma bayyana a cikin jerin sunayen sarki na baya, ko da yaushe a matsayin Fir'auna na farko na ɗan adam na Masar. Menes ya bayyana a cikin litattafan demotic na zamanin Hellenistic, yana nuna cewa, har ma da marigayi, an dauke shi a matsayin wani muhimmin adadi. [25]

Ana ganin Menes a matsayin wanda ya kafa tarihin yawancin tarihin Masar, kama da Romulus a tsohuwar Roma . [26] Manetho ya rubuta cewa Menes "ya jagoranci sojojin a fadin iyaka kuma ya sami daukaka mai girma". [10] [23]

Babban birni

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Manetho yana danganta birnin Thinis da Zamanin Farko na Dynastic kuma, musamman, Menes, “Thinite” ko ɗan asalin Thinis. [10] [23] Herodotus ya sabawa Manetho a cikin bayanin cewa Menes ya kafa birnin Memphis a matsayin babban birninsa [27] bayan ya karkatar da hanyar kogin Nilu ta hanyar gina lefi . [28] Manetho ya danganta ginin Memphis ga ɗan Menes, Athothis, [23] kuma bai kira Fir'auna ba kafin daular Uku "Memphite". [23]

Labarin Herodotus da Manetho na kafuwar Memphis mai yiwuwa ne daga baya ƙirƙira: a cikin 2012 wani taimako ambaton ziyarar Memphis da Iry-Hor - wani predynastic shugaban Upper Masar sarauta kafin Narmer - an gano a cikin Sinai Peninsula, yana nuna cewa birnin ya kasance. ya riga ya wanzu a farkon karni na 32 BC .

Tasirin al'adu

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Lakabi daga kabarin Narmer

Diodorus Siculus ya bayyana cewa Menes ya gabatar da bautar gumaka da kuma yin hadaya [29] da kuma salon rayuwa mai kyau da jin daɗi. [29] Don wannan ƙirƙira ta ƙarshe, daular Ashirin da huɗu ta ƙasƙantar da ƙwaƙwalwar Menes ta Fir'auna Tefnakht da Plutarch ya ambaci wani ginshiƙi a Thebes wanda aka rubuta a kan Menes a matsayin mai gabatar da alatu. [29]

A cikin Pliny's  asusu, Menes an ba da lamuni da kasancewa wanda ya ƙirƙira rubutu a Masar.

Labarin kada

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Diodorus Siculus ya rubuta labarin Menes wanda firistoci na allahn kada Sobek suka yi a Crocodilopolis, inda fir'auna Menes, karnukansa suka kai wa hari yayin da yake farauta, [30] ya tsere ta hanyar tafkin Moeris a bayan wani kada kuma, a cikin godiya, kafa birnin Crocodilopolis. [30] [31] [32]

Gaston Maspero (1910), yayin da yake yarda da yiwuwar al'adun da suka shafi wasu sarakuna na iya zama cuɗanya da wannan labari, ya yi watsi da shawarar wasu masu sharhi cewa a mayar da labarin zuwa daular goma sha biyu fir'auna Amenemhat III kuma bai ga ba. dalilin shakkun cewa Diodorus bai rubuta al'adar Menes daidai ba. Daga baya, Edwards (1974) ya bayyana cewa "tatsuniya, wacce a fili take cike da anachronisms, ba ta da kimar tarihi".

Mutuwa

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A cewar Manetho, Menes ya yi mulki na tsawon shekaru 30, 60 ko 62, kuma wani ɗan rago ya kashe shi. [10] [33]

A cikin shahararrun al'adu

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Alexander Dow (1735/6–79), ɗan asalin ƙasar Scotland kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, ya rubuta bala'i Sethona, wanda aka saita a tsohuwar Masar. An kwatanta sashin jagora na Menes a cikin dramatis personæ a matsayin "majibi na gaba da rawani" wanda Seraphis ke sawa yanzu, kuma Samuel Reddish ne ya buga shi a cikin 1774 na David Garrick a gidan wasan kwaikwayo Royal, Drury Lane . [34]

Duba kuma

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  • Daular Farko ta Masarautar iyali itace
  • Hor-Aha
  • Min (Allah)
  • Minos, Sarkin Crete, ɗan Zeus da Europa
  • Mannus, siffa na kakanni a cikin tatsuniyar Jamus
  • Manu (Hinduism), Mafarin ɗan adam

Bayanin bayani

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  1. ↑ Originally, the full royal title of a pharaoh was Horus name x nebty name y Golden-Horus name z nesu-bit name a Son-of-Ra name b. For brevity's sake, only one element might be used, but the choice varied between circumstances and period. Starting with Dynasty V, the nesu-bit name was the one regularly used in all official documents. In Dynasty I, the Horus-name was used for a living pharaoh, the nebty-name for the dead.[14]
  2. ↑ In the upper right hand quarter of the Naqada label is a serekh of Hor-Aha. To its right is a hill-shaped triple enclosure with the "mn" sign surmounted by the signs of the "two ladies", the goddesses of Upper Egypt (Nekhbet) and Lower Egypt (Wadjet). In later contexts, the presence of the "two ladies" would indicate a "nbty" name (one of the five names of the king). Hence, the inscription was interpreted as showing that the "nbty" name of Hor-Aha was "Mn" short for Menes.[15] An alternative theory is that the enclosure was a funeral shrine and it represents Hor-Aha burying his predecessor, Menes. Hence Menes was Narmer.[16] Although the label generated a lot of debate, it is now generally agreed that the inscription in the shrine is not a king’s name, but is the name of the shrine "The Two Ladies Endure," and provide no evidence for who Menes was.[17]
  3. ↑ Other dates typical of the era are found cited in Capart, Jean, Primitive Art in Egypt, pp. 17–18.

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ name="Kitchen 1991 201–8">Kitchen, KA (1991). "The Chronology of Ancient Egypt". World Archaeology. 23 (2): 201–8. doi:10.1080/00438243.1991.9980172.
  2. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 Edwards 1971.
  4. ↑ "Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Menes". Perseus Digital Library. Tufts University. Retrieved 2023-09-30.
  5. ↑ Beck et al. 1999.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 Lloyd 1994.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Cervelló-Autuori 2003.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Heagy 2014.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Seidlmayer 2010.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Manetho, Fr. 6, 7a, 7b. Text and translation in Manetho, translated by W.G. Waddell (Cambridge: Harvard University, 1940), pp.26–35
  11. ↑ Herodotus: 2.4.1, 2.99.1ff.
  12. ↑ Loprieno 1995.
  13. ↑ Gardiner 1961.
  14. ↑ Lloyd 1994, p. 7.
  15. ↑ Borchardt 1897, pp. 1056–1057.
  16. ↑ Newberry 1929, pp. 47–49.
  17. ↑ Kinnear 2003, p. 30.
  18. ↑ Newberry 1929.
  19. ↑ Helck 1953.
  20. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  21. ↑ Kitchen, KA (1991). "The Chronology of Ancient Egypt". World Archaeology. 23 (2): 201–8. doi:10.1080/00438243.1991.9980172.Kitchen, KA (1991). "The Chronology of Ancient Egypt". World Archaeology. 23 (2): 201–8. doi:10.1080/00438243.1991.9980172.
  22. ↑ Maspero 1903.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 Verbrugghe & Wickersham 2001.
  24. ↑ Shaw & Nicholson 1995.
  25. ↑ Ryholt 2009.
  26. ↑ Manley 1997.
  27. ↑ Herodotus: 2.99.4.
  28. ↑ Herodotus: 2.109
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Elder 1849.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Maspero 1910.
  31. ↑ Edwards 1974.
  32. ↑ Diodorus: 45
  33. ↑ "Comparing the King Lists of Manetho". Archived from the original on 2023-03-01. Retrieved 2023-02-11.
  34. ↑ Dow 1774.

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