Kiyayyar Musulunci a China
Kiyayyar Islama a China yana nufin jerin jawabai, halaye da sifofi waɗanda ke nuna damuwa, tsoro, ƙiyayya da ƙin Musulunci da/ko Musulmai a China.[1][2]
 Kiyayyar Musulunci a China | |
|---|---|
aspect in a geographic region (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Facet of (en) |
Islamophobia (en) |
| Ƙasa | Sin |
Ra'ayoyi marasa kyau da nuna halaye munana ga Musulmai a China sun bazu, kuma wasu al'ummomin Musulmai a China suna fuskantar ƙuntatawa ta doka kan ikon yin aiki. Fursunonin Musulmai da ke tsare a sansanonin da sansanin 'yan ci-rani sun fuskanci ayyukan kyamar Musulunci kamar cin naman alade ta ƙarfi.
A cikin ƙarni na 21, Musulmai a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na China gaba ɗaya ba shi da kyau, kuma abubuwan da ke nuna ƙyamar Islama sun bazu a kafafen sada zumunta na China. Halin nuna ktyamar Musulmai a China yana da alaƙa da labaru guda biyu game da rikice-rikicen tarihi tsakanin China da ɗabi'ar Musulmai da kuma maganganun zamani da suka shafi ta'addanci a China da ƙasashen waje.
Tarihi
gyara sasheJingyuan Qian da sauransu suna jayayya cewa rikice-rikicen tarihi tsakanin 'yan ƙabilar Han da Musulmai kamar tawayen Hui na Arewa maso Yamma wasu' yan kabilar Han sun yi amfani da su don halatta da rura wutar akida da nuna kyama ga Musulmai a China ta zamani.[3][4] Masana da masu bincike sun kuma ba da hujjar cewa kyamar Islama ta Yammacin Turai da " Yaƙi da Ta'addanci " sun ba da gudummawa ga ci gaba da nuna kyamar Musulmai da ayyuka a China.[5][6][7]
An ba da rahoton cewa ana tilasta wa Musulmai cin naman alade a cibiyoyin da ake tsare da su da kuma sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Xinjiang .[8] Tun lokacin da Xi Jinping ya zama Babban Sakataren Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta China, kamfen na adawa da Musulunci ya kai ga mutanen Hui da al'ummar Utsul a Hainan. [9][10][11][12]
Labarai
gyara sasheAn yi amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na gargajiya a ƙasar Sin da yin taka tsantsan kan yada batutuwan kabilanci - musamman na Musulmai, don samar da yanayi mai kyau na hadin kai tsakanin ƙabilu da addinai daban -daban na kasar Sin da huldar diflomasiyya ta kasar Sin da kasashen musulmi. Tun daga shekarar 2015, gaba da kiyayya ga Musulmai da Musulunci bayan jerin hare - haren ta'addanci da bullar rikicin 'yan gudun hijira na Turai.[13] Wasu masu lura da al'amura na cewa ko da yake an dade ana samun munanan ra’ayoyi game da Musulmai a China, karuwar kyamar addinin Islama a duniya, tasirin labaran karya, da kuma matakan da gwamnatin China ke dauka kan tsirarun Musulmansu sun kara tsananta kyamar Islama a ƙasar.[14]
A cewar jaridar Washington Post, sassan watsa labarai da ake watsawa a kasar Sin, su ma sun haifar da kyamar Musulmai, wadanda galibi ke nuna Musulmai a matsayin masu haɗari kuma masu saurin kai harin ta'addanci, ko kuma a matsayin masu karbar taimakon da bai dace ba daga gwamnati.[15]
Dangane da binciken 2018, nazarin rahotannin labarai na China ya nuna cewa ɗaukar hoto na Musulmai da Islama gaba ɗaya mara kyau ne. Binciken ya kuma bayyana cewa Sinawa da ba Musulmai ba suna da munanan ra'ayoyi game da Musulunci da Musulmai, kuma wasu Musulman China suna ba da rahoton nuna wariya da sanin munanan hotunan kansu a kafafen yaɗa labarai.[16]
Yanar Gizo
gyara sasheA cikin 2017, ɗan jarida Gerry Shih ya bayyana maganganun ƙiyayya da ƙyamar Islama a cikin shafukan sada zumunta na yanar gizo saboda rashin adalci da ake yi game da fa'idodin tsirarun musulmai a shigar da kwaleji da keɓewa daga iyakokin girman iyali.[17][18] A cikin 2018, labarin South China Morning Post makamancin haka ya bayyana kyamar addinin Islama ta yanar gizo a China a matsayin "ta ƙara yaduwa" musamman saboda labarai na fifiko na hukumomi ga marasa rinjaye na Musulmi da labarin hare -haren ta'addanci a Xinjiang.[19] A 2018 UCSD study of 77,642 posts from Tencent QQ suggested that online Islamophobia was especially concentrated in provinces with higher Muslim populations.[20] Nazarin UCSD na 2018 na rubuce-rubuce 77,642 daga Tencent QQ ya ba da shawarar cewa kyamar Islama ta yanar gizo ta fi mayar da hankali a larduna tare da yawan Musulmai. An kuma ba da rahoton wani motsi na kan layi kan yaɗuwar kayayyakin halal a cikin ƙasar.[21][22]
A cewar Tony Lin na Jaridar Columbia Journalism Review, masu amfani da yawa suna amfani da shahararrun shafuka kamar Weibo da WeChat don yada labaran karya na ƙiyayya ga Musulmai da aka karɓa daga kafofin watsa labarai na dama na yamma.[23] Ya rubuta cewa bayan harbe-harbe da aka yi a masallacin Christchurch na shekarar 2019, abubuwan da aka fi so a karkashin shafukan sada zumunta na kasar Sin da manyan kafofin watsa labarai da suka shafi lamarin sun fito fili sun ƙyamar Musulmai ko kuma sun goyi bayan wanda ya harbe. Wasu labarai sun ba da rahoto game da martani daban -daban na netizen game da harbe -harben masallaci.[24][25][26]
Binciken 2019 wanda yayi nazari sama da rubuce-rubuce sama da 10,000 akan Weibo da ke da alaƙa da Musulunci da Musulmai ya nuna cewa ƙiyayya da Musulmai ya zama ruwan dare gama gari akan batun. Masu amfani da Musulmin kasar Sin masu aiki a shafin sun ba da rahoton cewa suna mayar da martani kan sakonnin da ke ƙyamar Musulmai a kokarin wasu su fahimci rayuwarsu da imaninsu. Ban da haka, masu amfani da Musulmin kan layi suna fuskantar ƙalubale da yawa sakamakon hirar Han da taɓarɓarewar gwamnati.[27]
Ƙarin Karatu
gyara sashe- "China's repression of Islam is spreading beyond Xinjiang". The Economist. 2019-09-26. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2019-11-10.
Duba Kuma
gyara sasheManazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ Richardson, Robin (2012), Islamophobia or anti-Muslim racism – or what? – concepts and terms revisited (PDF), p. 7, archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-10-25, retrieved 10 December 2016
- ↑ Hogan, Linda; Lehrke, Dylan (2009). Religion and politics of Peace and Conflict. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 205. ISBN 9781556350672. Archived from the original on 2017-04-27. Retrieved 2019-10-19.
- ↑ Qian, Jingyuan (2019-06-06). "Historical Ethnic Conflicts and the Rise of Islamophobia in Modern China" (in Turanci). Rochester, NY. SSRN 3450176. Cite journal requires
|journal=(help) - ↑ Theaker, Hannah (2019-08-02). "Wounds that fester: Histories of Chinese Islamophobia". University of Nottingham Asia Research Institute (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-05-23.
- ↑ Hammond, Kelly Anne (24 May 2019). "The history of China's Muslims and what's behind their persecution". The Conversation (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-05-23.
- ↑ Tazamal, Mobashra. "Chinese Islamophobia was made in the West". www.aljazeera.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-05-23.
- ↑ Brophy, David (2019-07-09). "Good and Bad Muslims in Xinjiang". Made in China Journal (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-05-23.
- ↑ Regencia, Ted (4 December 2020). "Uighurs forced to eat pork as China expands Xinjiang pig farms". Al Jazeera (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2020-12-04. Retrieved 2020-12-04.
- ↑ Myers, Steven Lee (2019-09-22). "A Crackdown on Islam Is Spreading Across China". The New York Times (in Turanci). ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2019-09-24. Retrieved 2020-09-20.
- ↑ Emily, Feng (September 26, 2019). "'Afraid We Will Become The Next Xinjiang': China's Hui Muslims Face Crackdown". NPR. Archived from the original on October 8, 2019. Retrieved September 20, 2020.
- ↑ Feng, Emily (November 21, 2020). "China Targets Muslim Scholars And Writers With Increasingly Harsh Restrictions". NPR. Archived from the original on November 21, 2020. Retrieved November 21, 2020.
- ↑ Baptista, Eduardo (2020-09-28). "Tiny Muslim community becomes latest target for China's religious crackdown". South China Morning Post (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2020-10-16. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
- ↑ Mu Chunshan (2016-09-13). "Anti-Muslim Sentiment Is Taking Over China's Social Media Scene". The Diplomat.
- ↑ Johnson, Ian (2019-05-14). "Islamophobia in China". ChinaFile (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2021-01-15. Retrieved 2021-01-13.
- ↑ Luqiu, Rose; Yang, Fan. "Analysis | Anti-Muslim sentiment is on the rise in China. We found that the Internet fuels — and fights — this". Washington Post (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2019-02-26. Retrieved 2019-10-19.
- ↑ Luqiu, Luwei Rose; Yang, Fan (2018-03-28). "Islamophobia in China: news coverage, stereotypes, and Chinese Muslims' perceptions of themselves and Islam". Asian Journal of Communication. 28 (6): 598–619. doi:10.1080/01292986.2018.1457063. ISSN 0129-2986. S2CID 149462511.
- ↑ Gerry Shih (2017-04-10). "Islamophobia in China on the rise fuelled by online hate speech". The Independent (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2021-03-24. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
- ↑ Gerry Shih (2017-04-10). "Unfettered online hate speech fuels Islamophobia in China". AP NEWS. Archived from the original on 2019-10-19. Retrieved 2019-10-19.
- ↑ Laurie Chen (2018-10-25). "Chinese man jailed for Koran burning as Islamaphobia spreads online". South China Morning Post (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2019-12-22. Retrieved 2019-10-19.
- ↑ Bailey Marsheck; Mark Wang (2018-09-25). "Islamophobia on Chinese Social Media". China Data Lab (in Turanci). UCSD. Archived from the original on 2020-11-30. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
- ↑ Koetse, Manya (July 21, 2017). "The Anti "Halalification" Crusade of Chinese Netizens". What's on Weibo (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2020-11-24. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
- ↑ "China: The problem of growing anti-muslim sentiment". DW News. Jan 28, 2019. Archived from the original on 2020-11-01. Retrieved 2020-12-03 – via Youtube.
- ↑ Tony Lin (March 21, 2019). "After New Zealand massacre, Islamophobia spreads on Chinese social media". Columbia Journalism Review (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2019-10-17. Retrieved 2021-01-13.
- ↑ Koetse, Manya (March 2019). "Chinese Netizens' Response to New Zealand Mosque Attacks". What's on Weibo (in Turanci). Archived from the original on May 11, 2019. Retrieved 2021-05-21.
- ↑ Alice Su (2019-03-16). "The Christchurch shooter's manifesto praised China's values. That's sparking debate in China". Los Angeles Times (in Turanci). Archived from the original on January 2021. Retrieved 2021-05-21.
- ↑ "Is Chinese media using the New Zealand mosque shooting as a political opportunity?". ABC News. March 18, 2019.
- ↑ Luqiu, Luwei Rose; Yang, Fan (2019-12-09). "Anti-muslim sentiment on social media in China and Chinese Muslims' reactions to hatred and misunderstanding". Chinese Journal of Communication. 13 (3): 258–274. doi:10.1080/17544750.2019.1699841. ISSN 1754-4750. S2CID 213492511.