Wikipedia

James Holshouser

James Eubert Holshouser Jr. (Oktoba 8, 1934 - Yuni 17, 2013) lauyan Amurka ne kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Gwamnan North Carolina na 68 daga shekarar 1973 zuwa shekarata 1977. Shi ne dan takarar Republican na farko da aka zaba a matsayin gwamnan jihar tun shekarar 1896 . An haife shi a Boone, North Carolina, Holshouser da farko ya nemi zama ɗan jarida na wasanni kafin ya yanke shawarar yin karatun digiri. Yayin da yake makarantar lauya ya ci gaba da sha'awar siyasa kuma a cikin shekarata 1962 an zabe shi a Majalisar Wakilai ta Arewacin Carolina inda ya mayar da hankali kan sake fasalin gwamnati da manyan makarantun ilimi, da dokokin amfani da muggan kwayoyi. Ya zama shugaban jam'iyyar Republican ta Arewa Carolina a watan Maris shekarata 1966, ya kafa ma'aikatan dindindin na farko na kungiyar kuma ya sami daukaka ta hanyar adawa da harajin taba.

James Holshouser
68. Governor of North Carolina (en) Fassara

5 ga Janairu, 1973 - 8 ga Janairu, 1977
← Robert W. Scott (en) Fassara - Jim Hunt (en) Fassara →
Member of the North Carolina House of Representatives (en) Fassara

1963 - 1973
Rayuwa
Cikakken suna James E. Holshouser, Jr.
Haihuwa Boone (en) Fassara, 8 Oktoba 1934
ƙasa Tarayyar Amurka
Mutuwa Pinehurst (en) Fassara, 17 ga Yuni, 2013
Karatu
Makaranta University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (en) Fassara
Davidson College (en) Fassara
Harsuna Turanci
Sana'a
Sana'a masana, ɗan siyasa, Lauya da governor (en) Fassara
Wurin aiki Raleigh (mul) Fassara
Kyaututtuka
Imani
Jam'iyar siyasa Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)


Holshouser ya yi takarar neman kujerar Gwamnan North Carolina a shekarar 1972, inda ya lashe zaben Republican kuma ya kayar da abokin hamayyarsa na Democrat a babban zaben . An kaddamar da shi a watan Janairun shekarata 1973, ya kori ma’aikatan jihar da dama da ke kan gadon mulki don daukar nauyin bayar da tallafi ga daruruwan ‘yan jam’iyyar Republican wadanda suka kasa yin aiki a gwamnatin jihar a karkashin mulkin Dimokuradiyya, ya nada mace ta farko a mukamin majalisar ministoci a tarihin jihar. kuma ya zartar da ɗaruruwan matakan rage farashi. Ko da yake ba a ba shi ikon veto ba kuma yana fuskantar majalisar dokoki ta Democrat, ya haɓaka dangantakar aiki tare da Laftanar Gwamna Jim Hunt . Tare, sun goyi bayan faɗaɗa shirin renon yara na jihar da dokokin muhalli kuma sun yi rashin nasara a kan amincewa da Kwaskwarima Daidaito . Holshouser ya yi mulki a matsayin mai bin doka da oda, kuma masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ne magoya bayan Sanata Jesse Helms na Amurka suka yi masa katabus a kan kungiyar Republican ta jihar. Ya bar ofis a watan Janairun shekarata 1977, ya yi aiki da doka a Kudancin Pines kuma ya yi aiki a Hukumar Gwamnonin UNC kafin ya mutu a shekarata 2013.

Rayuwar farko

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An haifi James Eubert Holshouser Jr a ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 1934, a Boone, North Carolina, Amurka, ga James E. Holshouser da Virginia Dayvault Holshouser. [1] [2] Mahaifinsa ya kasance memba na jam'iyyar Republican wanda ya halarci tarurrukan jam'iyya kuma ya yi aiki a Hukumar Zabe ta Jihar North Carolina kuma a matsayin lauya na Amurka a karkashin Shugaba Dwight Eisenhower . Mahaifiyarsa ta kasance memba mai rijista na Democratic Party, kodayake daga ƙarshe ta bar jam'iyyar kafin ta zama ɗan Republican a 1972. Mutanen da ke gundumar Watauga sun bayyana dangin Holshouser a matsayin "mai kyau hanta", ma'ana suna rayuwa cikin kwanciyar hankali kuma suna da mutuncin zamantakewa. [3] James Jr. yaro ne marar lafiya kuma yana fama da ciwon asma da ciwon huhu na lokaci-lokaci, yana hana shi neman sha'awar wasanni. [4]

Holshouser ya yi rajista a Makarantar Sakandare ta Appalachian a 1948. [5] Ya yi aiki a matsayin babban shugaban aji (an zaɓe shi ba tare da hamayya ba), editan jaridar makaranta, kuma ya kasance memba na National Honor Society . [3] Ya kammala karatunsa a watan Yuni 1952, [4] ya halarci Kwalejin Davidson don karatun digiri, babba a tarihi. Ya gyara jaridar makaranta, ya rubuta don littafin shekara, kuma ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar ƴan uwantaka, ƙungiyar adabi, da ƙungiyar hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa. Ya yi la'akari sosai ya zama marubucin wasanni, kuma a lokacin babban shekara ya yi aiki a sashin wasanni na The Charlotte Observer . Daga baya ya yi tunanin yin sana’ar wasanni zai sa ya gaji da su, don haka ya yanke shawarar yin abin da mahaifinsa ya yi kuma ya zama lauya. [3] Ya sauke karatu daga Kwalejin Davidson a 1956 kuma ya shiga Jami'ar North Carolina School of Law a watan Satumba 1957, inda ya sami digirinsa na shari'a a 1960. [6] Daga baya ya shiga aikin dokar mahaifinsa a Boone kuma ya auri Patricia Hollingsworth a kan Yuni 17, 1961. Suna da 'ya ɗaya, Virginia, an haife su a 1963. [6]

Farkon sana'ar siyasa

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Holshouser kusan 1963

Ko da yake siyasa wani "sashe na rayuwa ne na yau da kullun" a cikin gidansa yayin da yake girma, Holshouser ya ba da sha'awa kadan don neman aikin siyasa na yawancin rayuwarsa. [3] Ya kara sha'awar al'amuran jama'a yayin da yake makarantar shari'a, musamman a sake fasalin kotu . A wannan lokacin ya fara halartar zaman majalisar ta North Carolina General Assembly . A shekarar 1962 aka zabe shi shugaban karamar hukumar Watauga. [6]

An zabi Holshouser a watan Nuwamba 1962 zuwa Majalisar Wakilai ta Arewa Carolina mai wakiltar Watauga County, yana yakin neman zabe kan tsarin sake fasalin kotu, karancin haraji, da samar da dokar duba motoci. [6] An rantsar da shi a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, 1963. A tsawon wa'adinsa ya mayar da hankali ne kan sake fasalin gwamnati da manyan makarantu, da kuma dokar ta'ammali da miyagun kwayoyi. [6] Ya zama shugaban bene na Republican a cikin House a cikin 1965, [7] don haka ya zama babban jami'in jama'a na Republican a cikin jihar. [6] Ya tsallake zaman 1967, ya koma majalisar a 1969. An yi shugaban jam'iyyar Republican North Carolina a cikin Maris 1966, Holshouser ya jagoranci yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na Republican Richard Nixon na 1968 a North Carolina [1] kuma ya yi fice a fadin jihar a shekara mai zuwa lokacin da ya yi adawa da shirin Gwamna Robert W. Scott . a haraji sigari . [7] Ya kuma kafa ma’aikatan dindindin na farko na jam’iyyar. [6] Ya yi ritaya daga shugabancin jam’iyyar a watan Nuwamba 1971 don mayar da hankali kan yakin neman zaben gwamna a 1972. Ɗaya daga cikin abokansa, Harry S. Dent Sr., ya yi tayin taimaka masa a naɗa shi a matsayin babban mashawarci ga Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka, amma ya ƙi tayin. [8]

Aikin Gwamna

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Zabe

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Holshouser ya ayyana takararsa na kujerar Gwamnan North Carolina a zaben 1972 a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 1971. Yana fama da cutar koda, ya gudu duk da damuwar likitansa game da lafiyarsa. A zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Republican ya fuskanci Jim Gardner, wakilin Amurka mai ra'ayin mazan jiya wanda ya fito daga gabashin North Carolina kuma ya tsaya takara a matsayin dan takarar Republican a 1968. Holshouser ya mayar da hankali kan yakin neman zabensa a kan gundumomin Republican na al'ada a cikin tsaunukan yamma da Piedmont na birni . [9] Gardner ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na farko da kuri'u 84,906 yayin da Holshouser ya samu 83,637, yayin da kananan 'yan takara suka samu kuri'u 2,040. Holshouser ya yi kira da a gudanar da zagaye na biyu, kuma a zagaye na biyu hallartar masu jefa kuri'a ta ragu, wanda ya baiwa Holshouser nasara da kuri'u 1,782. [9]

Holshouser ya yi yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan wani dandamali na haɓaka albashin malamai, rage yawan aji, faɗaɗa tsarin tsarin kindergarten na jama'a, gina sabbin hanyoyi, tallafawa yaƙi da ƙwayoyi, da adawa da haraji akan gas da taba. [10] Duk da tanadin da matarsa ta yi, ya ba da izinin watsa wani tallan da ke bayyana adawarsa ga bas ɗin bas bisa ƙarfafawar mai ba da shawara kan harkokin watsa labarai, Roger Ailes . [11] Da kyar ya doke Skipper Bowles na Democrat a babban zaben, kuri'u 767,470 zuwa 729,104, mai yiwuwa ya ci gajiyar babban nasarar da Richard Nixon na Republican ya samu a North Carolina a zaben shugaban kasa. [1] [5] Holshouser ya jagoranci tsaunin Jumhuriyar al'ada da yammacin Piedmont, yayin da kuma ya sami rinjaye a yankunan Charlotte, Winston-Salem, Raleigh, da Wilmington metro. [9] Ya yi kyau a tsakanin mata da matasa masu jefa ƙuri'a, yayin da kuma ya yi kira ga baƙi masu jefa ƙuri'a fiye da 'yan Republican masu ra'ayin mazan jiya irin su Gardner da Sanata Jesse Helms na Amurka. Bowles kuma ya sami rauni ta hanyar fashewar firamare. [7] Dukansu 'yan Republican da Democrat gabaɗaya sun ɗauki nasarar Holshouser a matsayin "haɗari". [9] An kaddamar da shi a ranar 5 ga Janairu, 1973. [5] Yana da shekaru 38, shi ne gwamna mafi ƙanƙanta a jihar tun ƙarni na 19 kuma gwamnan Republican na farko tun lokacin da aka zaɓi Daniel Lindsay Russell a 1896. [7] [1]

Ayyukan gudanarwa

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Holshouser (na uku daga hagu) tare da tawagar tattalin arziki ta Arewacin Carolina a Moscow, Satumba 1973

Holshouser ba shi da gogewar zartarwa a lokacin da ya hau kujerar gwamna, kuma yana da ra'ayin mayar da martani ga shawarwarin wasu maimakon ƙirƙirar nasa. [12] Da hawansa mulki, ya kori ma’aikatan jihar da dama da ke kan gado don karbar kyautar karramawar da aka yi wa daruruwan ‘yan jam’iyyar Republican wadanda suka kasa yin aiki a gwamnatin jihar karkashin mulkin Dimokuradiyya; [7] An cire ma'aikata 100 a Ma'aikatar Sufuri . Umurnin zartarwa na farko na Holshouser ya kafa Hukumar Nazarin Ingantaccen Gwaninta. Bayan shafe watanni ana nazari hukumar ta ba da shawarar matakan rage tsadar kayayyaki 700, da suka hada da faranti na shekaru biyar, da yin amfani da kananan motoci na hukumomin jihohi, da ma'aikatun bugu na tsakiya. [1] Gwamnatin Holshouser ta karɓi kusan 600 na shawarwarin, kuma daga baya ya kiyasta cewa sauye-sauyen sun ceci gwamnatin jihar dala miliyan 80 kowace shekara. [1] Har ila yau Holshouser ya ci gaba da taka rawar gani sosai a cikin tsarin kasafin kudi na jihar fiye da magabatansa, yana halarta akai-akai tare da jagorantar zaman Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na Kasafin Kudi. [13]

Holshouser ya ba da jimlar umarni na zartarwa 21 a lokacin aikinsa. [14] Don rage tasirin rikicin mai na 1973, ya ba da umarni don rage saurin gudu da rage dumama a cikin gine-ginen gwamnati. [1] Da yake ba da misali da ikon da tsarin mulki ya ba gwamna na sake tsara sassan, ya mayar da ofishin kula da ci gaban yara daga sashen gudanarwa zuwa ma'aikatar lafiya da ayyukan jama'a . [14] A cikin 1975 ya kafa ofishi a Washington, DC, don daidaita ayyuka tsakanin gwamnatocin jihohi da na tarayya. [15] A zamaninsa an yi gyare-gyare a Babban Mansion, kuma tsawon watanni tara shi da matarsa sun zauna a wani gida na sirri yayin da aka kammala aikin. Ya kuma ki yin amfani da ofishin gwamna da ke babban birnin jihar North Carolina baya ga shagulgulan bikin. [15]

A matsayinsa na gwamna, Holshouser ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Ƙungiyar Gwamnonin Ƙasa, Shugaban Hukumar Ilimi ta Yanki ta Kudu, Mataimakin Shugaban Hukumar Yankin Coastal Plains, kuma shugaban Hukumar Manufofin Ci gaban Kudanci. [10] Da yake damuwa da rudanin ’yan kasa da rashin jin dadin yadda gwamnati ke kara tabarbarewa, ya kafa ofishin mai shigar da kara na Gwamna a ranar 21 ga Maris, 1973, don gabatar da tambayoyi da korafe-korafe daga jama’a game da yadda ake gudanar da mulkin jihar. [16] Ya nada Grace Rohrer a matsayin Kwamishinan Ma'aikatar Art, Tarihi da Al'adu, mace ta farko a cikin matsayi na majalisar ministoci a tarihin jihar, kuma ya nada mataimaki na musamman ga al'amuran tsiraru. Ya kuma nada wani kwamiti da zai tara kudi don maido da tsohon babban gini a jami'ar jihar Pembroke bayan da gobara ta lalata shi. [17] Holshouser a bainar jama'a ya goyi bayan al'ummar Soul City da gwamnatin tarayya ke marawa baya don inganta damar tattalin arziki ga bakaken fata da kuma karfafa goyon bayan zaben tsiraru ga 'yan Republican. [18] [19] Ya jagoranci tawagar kasuwanci zuwa Moscow a watan Satumba na 1973. [8] Ya nada dan jam'iyyar Republican James H. Carson Jr. ya zama babban mai shari'a na North Carolina a watan Agusta 1974 bayan murabus din dan jam'iyyar Democrat Robert Burren Morgan kuma ya nada dan Republican Thomas Avery Nye Jr. ya zama kwamishinan kwadago na North Carolina a watan Satumba 1975 zuwa cike gurbin da aka samu ta hanyar mutuwar tsohon dan takarar jam'iyyar Democrat, William C. Creel . Ya kuma cike gurbi biyu a Kotun daukaka kara ta Arewacin Carolina da hudu a Kotun Koli ta Arewacin Carolina . [20]

Ayyukan doka

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Ba tare da wani ikon veto ba akan Majalisar da Demokradiyya ke mamaye da shi, Holshouser ya yi kokarin kaucewa rikicin siyasa da 'yan majalisa sai kan batutuwan bangaranci . [12] Ƙungiyar jam'iyyar a gefe, Holshouser ya ci gaba da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Majalisar, kamar yadda yawancin mambobinta suka san shi lokacin da yake wakilin jiha, [15] ciki har da shugaban masu rinjaye na Majalisar Dattijai Gordon Allen da Kakakin Majalisar James E. Ramsey . [9] Ya samu kyakkyawar alakar aiki da Laftanar Gwamna Jim Hunt, wanda ya rike madafun iko a majalisar dokoki, kuma a cikin shekaru biyun farko da suka yi a ofis sun rage bangaranci wajen mu'amala da juna. [21] A wasu lokuta majalisar ta yi ƙoƙarin raunana ikon ofishinsa [15] amma Allen, Ramsey, da Hunt - duk masu neman zama gwamna wata rana - sun dakatar da waɗannan kalubale. [9] Majalisar ta ki amincewa da kudirinsa na shekarar 1973 na bai wa gwamnoni damar tsayawa takara a jere.

Holshouser ya shiga ofis ne a lokacin da Arewacin Carolina ya samu rarar kasafin kudi na dala miliyan 265, wanda ya ba shi damar cika wasu alkawuran yakin neman zabensa. [12] Ya tuntubi Hunt a kan shawarwarin kasafin kuɗi kuma ya haɗa shirin Hunt na faɗaɗa kindergarten a tsarin ilimin jihar a cikin kasafin kuɗin Janairu na 1973. [21] An zartar da shirin ya zama doka, kuma a hankali aka aiwatar da shi ta yadda a shekarar 1977 duk yara a Arewacin Carolina za su shiga makarantar sakandare. [21] Kasafin kudin sa ya kuma fadada kudade don wuraren shakatawa na jihohi [21] kuma ya yi aiki tare da Hunt don ƙirƙirar Dokar Gudanar da Yankin Tekun don sarrafa ci gaba tare da Gabas ta Tsakiya. [9] Holshouser ya goyi bayan irin wannan lissafin na yankunan tsaunuka, amma ya kasa samun goyon bayan 'yan majalisar Republican don zartar da shi. [21] Su biyun sun karfafa wa majalisar dokoki ta jiha ta amince da Kwaskwarima Daidaita Daidaita ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka, amma ta kasa amincewa. [21] Sabbin shawarwarin majalisa daga Holshouser sun ragu bayan da yanayin kasafin kudin jihar ya tsananta a 1975. [9]

Al'amuran siyasa

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A lokacin da yake gwamna, Holshouser ya tsunduma cikin hamayyar jam'iyya tare da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na Sanata Jesse Helms na Amurka (hoton).

A tsakiyar karni na 20, manyan jam'iyyun siyasa biyu a Arewacin Carolina ba su da tushen akida kadan; Bambance-bambancen jam'iyya gabaɗaya lamari ne na zuriyar tsararraki don komawa ga aminci daga yakin basasar Amurka . [12] [9] A shekarun 1970s jam'iyyar Democrat ta kasa ta koma hagu kan tambayoyin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa, wanda ya jagoranci wasu ' yan Democrat masu ra'ayin mazan jiya su shiga Jam'iyyar Republican. [9] Tun daga 1964, Jam'iyyar Republican ta koma cikin reshe mai matsakaicin ra'ayi da reshe mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. [22] Holshouser ya yi mulki a matsayin mai bin doka da oda, kuma ikonsa a kan jam'iyyar jihar ya kasance mai wahala. [9] A zaben 1972 ya yi yakin neman zabe ba tare da Helms ba. [9] Mutanen biyu sun ci gaba da kulla kyakkyawar alaka a tsakaninsu, ko da yake takun sakar da ke tsakanin fuka-fukinsu na jam'iyyar ya kawo cikas a tsakaninsu tsawon shekaru da dama. [9] Ko da gaske suna da ra'ayi daban-daban na akida ba a sani ba, kodayake fahimtar jama'a game da kowane mutum ya bambanta. Sanata Phil Kirk na jihar ya ce, "Mai yiwuwa Holouser yana da ra'ayin mazan jiya kamar Helms amma ba kamar yadda ake so ba." [23] Lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da imaninsa, Holshouser ya ce, "Na sami mutane a hagu suna kallona a matsayin mai ra'ayin mazan jiya kuma mutanen da ke hannun dama suna kallona a matsayin mai matsakaici ko watakila mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. Ban taba kallon kaina a hagu na tsakiya ba." [2] An fara rikici ne a watan Yuni 1973 lokacin da daya daga cikin makusantan Holshouser, Gene Anderson, ya kori 'yan jam'iyyar Democrat masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da yawa daga ofishin gwamnati, duk da cewa akida ce irin ta magoya bayan Helms. [22] Shugaban jam'iyyar Republican Frank Rouse, mai ra'ayin mazan jiya wanda ya goyi bayan Gardner da Helms, ya ziyarci Holshouser don neman ya kori Anderson. Gwamnan ya ƙi, kuma ya yi nasarar goyan bayan Tom Bennet don maye gurbin Rouse a cikin kaka na 1973. [22]

A cikin 1974 an mayar da martani ga zaɓe a kan 'yan Republican - a wani ɓangare saboda abin kunya na Watergate - ya kori 'yan majalisa da yawa a Arewacin Carolina. An kuma sha kaye wanda aka nada na wucin gadi na Holshouser ga babban lauyan gwamnati, Carson. [9] Duk wanda ya nada a shari’a, sai dai dan Democrat daya, ya sha kaye a zaben da aka yi. [20] Gwamnan ya ci gaba da kyautata alaka da 'yan majalisar dokokin Demokrat, amma ya fara fuskantar adawa daga reshen Helms na jam'iyyar Republican. [9] Wannan wani bangare ne na goyon bayan Holshouser na William C. Stevens—dan uwan dan majalisar Republican Jim Broyhill —don tsayawa takara a zaben Majalisar Dattawan Amurka na 1974, maimakon zabin Helms, Sanata Hamilton C. Horton. [12]

Holshouser da wakilan jam'iyyar sun goyi bayan Gerald Ford a matsayin shugaban kasa a cikin 1976, [9] tare da gwamna wanda ke aiki a matsayin shugaban yakin neman zaben Ford na kudu. [1] Helms ya goyi bayan Ronald Reagan mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, [9] wanda Holshouser ya yi kira ga jama'a, da su fice daga tseren, don kiyaye haɗin kai na jam'iyya. A cewar masanin shari'a Thomas Healy, "Don haka zaben fidda gwani na Republican a North Carolina ya zama kuri'ar raba gardama kan Holshouser." [19] Ƙungiyar Congressional Club, wani kwamiti na siyasa da ke hade da Helms, ya samar da tallace-tallace da ke kai hari ga Holshouser don ƙarfafa matsayin Reagan. [19] Reagan ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na shugaban kasa na Arewacin Carolina, kuma babban taron jam'iyyar Republican - karkashin tasirin Helms - ya ki nada Holshouser ko Broyhill a matsayin wakilai zuwa Babban Taron Jam'iyyar Republican na 1976 . [9] [19] An yi wa Holshouser ihu lokacin da yake jawabi a babban taron jam'iyyar Republican na jihar. [22] Ya halarci taron kasa duk da haka, amma bai zauna tare da wakilan North Carolina ba. An ƙuntata ta bisa doka zuwa wa'adi ɗaya, Holshouser ya gaje shi ta hannun Hunt a matsayin gwamna a ranar 8 ga Janairu, 1977.

Daga baya rayuwa

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Bayan barin ofis, Holshouser ya koma aikin doka, ya raba lokacinsa tsakanin kamfanoni a Boone da Kudancin Pines . A 1978 ya koma garin na baya. [1] Ya sami lasisin matukin jirgi kuma ya tashi Cessna 172 tsakanin yankunan biyu. [8] Ya yi aiki na shekaru da yawa a matsayin babban lauya na Hukumar Kwamishinonin Karamar Hukumar Moore . An zabe shi a matsayin Kwamitin Gwamnonin Jami'ar North Carolina a 1979, kuma daga baya ya zama memba na farko. Ya kuma yi aiki a Boards na St. Andrews Presbyterian College a Laurinburg da Davidson College. [24] Ci gaba da fama da matsalolin koda da aka yi amfani da su tare da dialysis, an yi masa dashen koda a cikin 1986. A sakamakon haka, ya ba da goyon bayansa ga ƙungiyoyin dashen sassan jiki kuma ya yi aiki a cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Sadarwar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru . [24]

UHolshouser ya shiga tare da Hunt da tsohon gwamna Terry Sanford a cikin 1977 don tallafawa gyaran Tsarin Mulki na Arewacin Carolina don ba da damar maye gurbin gwamna. [15] Ya yanke shawarar kin sake tsayawa takarar gwamna, daga baya ya bayyana cewa, “[Ni da matata] mun gaji sosai a karshen 1976. Kuma a shirye muke mu huta daga siyasa, a shirye muke mu fita daga hayyacinmu. dawowa cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu saboda ban taba tsammanin samun aikin siyasa ba." [25] Bayan ofis ya yi aiki a kan wasu kwamitocin gudanarwa da na ba da shawara ga 'yan takarar gwamna da na 'yan jam'iyyar Republican. [26] A cikin 1984 ya yi yakin neman zaben James G. Martin a matsayin gwamna [8] kuma bayan shekaru biyu ya jagoranci wata ƙungiya, Citizens for a Conservative Court, wanda ya nemi hana zaben James G. Exum a matsayin Babban Alkali na North Carolina. Kotun Koli . [20] Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da harkokin majalisa na Gardner yayin da na karshen ya kasance Laftanar gwamna. A cikin 1997 shi da Sanford sun buɗe kamfanin lauyoyi tare. [27] Ya yi aiki a ƙungiyar canjin siyasa ta Pat McCrory bayan an zaɓi na ƙarshe gwamna.

Matar Holshouser ta mutu a shekara ta 2006. Ya mutu a safiyar ranar 17 ga Yuni, 2013, a Lafiya ta Farko na Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Carolinas a Pinehurst sakamakon raguwar lafiyarsa. An kona gawarsa kuma an yi masa jana'iza a ranar 21 ga Yuni a Brownson Memorial Presbyterian Church a Kudancin Pines. [28]

egacy da girmamawa

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An gina wani gini mai ɗauke da sunan Holshouser a filin baje koli na Jihar North Carolina a cikin 1975 kuma an sanya masa sunansa mai lamba 321 na Hanyar Amurka a wajen Boone a 1986. [8] An ba da digirin digiri a cikin girmamawarsa a Jami'ar Jihar Appalachian da Jami'ar North Carolina a Chapel Hill a 1997 da 2012, bi da bi. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Arewacin Carolina - lambar yabo ta farar hula mafi girma a jihar - don hidimar jama'a a 2006. Ana ajiye teburinsa a ofishin gwamna dake cikin ginin Sashen Gudanarwa. [29] Masanin tarihi Karl Campbell ya bayyana tarihinsa da cewa ya fadi "da kyau cikin ma'auni na gwamnonin Demokradiyya masu sassaucin ra'ayi wadanda suka gabace shi." [30] Dan jarida Rob Christensen ya rubuta, "Mutane kalilan ne suka taka rawar gani wajen mayar da Arewacin Carolina jihar jam'iyyu biyu fiye da Holshouser". [2] Da yake yin tsokaci kan lokacin da ya ke kan karagar mulki, Holshouser ya ce a wata hira da aka yi da shi cewa hidimar sa ta tabbatar da cewa "North Carolina na iya yin aiki na tsawon shekaru hudu tare da gwamnan Republican ba tare da duniya ta zo karshe ba kuma ba tare da haifar da wani babban rikicin siyasa ko wani abu makamancin haka ba." [25] Hunt ya kira shi daya daga cikin "mafi kyawun mala'iku" na North Carolina.

Manazatra

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Hill, Michael (August 27, 2001). "James Eubert Holshouser Jr". NCPedia. NC Government & Heritage Library. Retrieved December 30, 2020. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Hill" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Covington & Ellis 2002.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Fleer 2007.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Biographical conversations with... James Holshouser : Early Life and Political Career". UNC-TV. Archived from the original on January 18, 2008. Retrieved May 10, 2022. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "unctv3" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Cheney 1973.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 "Biographical conversations with... James Holshouser : Timeline". UNC-TV. Archived from the original on July 3, 2007. Retrieved May 10, 2022. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "unctv" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Christensen 2010.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 "Biographical conversations with... James Holshouser : Timeline (continued)". UNC-TV. Archived from the original on July 3, 2007. Retrieved May 10, 2022. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "unctv2" defined multiple times with different content
  9. ↑ 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.15 9.16 9.17 Eamon 2014.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Biographical conversations with... James Holshouser : Governor of North Carolina". UNC-TV. Archived from the original on January 18, 2008. Retrieved May 10, 2022. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "unctv4" defined multiple times with different content
  11. ↑ Christensen 2019.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Bass 1995.
  13. ↑ Dennis 1975.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Bernick & Wiggins 1984.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 Fleer 1994.
  16. ↑ Haemmel 1979.
  17. ↑ Lowery 2018.
  18. ↑ Fergus 2009.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 Healy 2021.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Champagne & Haydel 1993.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 Grimsley 2003.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 Link 2008.
  23. ↑ Landis 1990.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named pilot
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "Biographical conversations with... James Holshouser : The UNC Board of Governors". UNC-TV. Archived from the original on January 18, 2008. Retrieved May 10, 2022. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "unctv5" defined multiple times with different content
  26. ↑ Hood 2015.
  27. ↑ Luebke 2000.
  28. ↑ Burns, Matthew (June 21, 2013). "Holshouser's integrity, service praised at funeral". WRAL-TV. Capitol Broadcasting Company. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
  29. ↑ "Sec. Kluttz's Thoughts on James Holshouser". North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources. June 18, 2013. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
  30. ↑ Campbell 2017.

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