Wikipedia

Jack Balkin

Jack M. Balkin (an haife shi a watan Agusta 13, shekara ta alif dari tara da hamsin da shida miladiyya 1956) masanin shari'a ne na Amurka. Shi ne Farfesa na Knight na Dokar Tsarin Mulki da Farko na Farko a Makarantar Yale Law. Balkin shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma darekta na Yale Information Society Project (ISP), cibiyar bincike wanda manufarsa ita ce "nazartar abubuwan da ke tattare da Intanet, sadarwa, da sababbin fasahar bayanai ga doka da zamantakewa." Hakanan yana jagorantar Dokar Knight da Shirin Watsa Labarai da Cibiyar Abrams don Maganar Kyauta a Makarantar Yale.[1][2]

Jack Balkin
Rayuwa
Haihuwa Kansas City (en) Fassara, 13 ga Augusta, 1956 (68 shekaru)
ƙasa Tarayyar Amurka
Karatu
Makaranta University of Cambridge (en) Fassara
Harvard Law School (en) Fassara
Harsuna Turanci
Sana'a
Sana'a mai falsafa, legal scholar (en) Fassara, shugaba da Farfesa
Wurin aiki New Haven (en) Fassara
Employers Yale Law School (en) Fassara
Kyaututtuka
Mamba American Academy of Arts and Sciences (en) Fassara
jackbalkin.yale.edu
Jack M. Balkin
Jack M. Balkin

Balkin yana buga bulogi na doka, Balkinization, kuma ma'aikaci ne na The Atlantic. Shi masani ne na Kundin Tsarin Mulki da Dokar Gyaran Farko. Baya ga aikinsa na masanin shari'a, ya kuma rubuta littafi kan memes da juyin halittar al'adu da fassara da rubuta sharhi kan tsohon littafin sauye-sauye na kasar Sin, ko I Ching .[3][4][5]

Tarihin Rayuwa

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An haife shi a Kansas City, Missouri, Balkin ya sami digirinsa na AB da JD daga Jami'ar Harvard da Ph.D. a cikin falsafar daga Jami'ar Cambridge . Ya nemi alkali Carolyn Dineen Sarkin Kotun daukaka kara ta biyar. Daga shekarar 1982 zuwa 1984 ya kasance abokin shari'a a kamfanin lauyoyi na New York na Cravath, Swaine & Moore. Ya koyar a Jami'ar Missouri a Kansas City daga shekarar 1984 zuwa 1988 da kuma a Jami'ar Texas daga 1988 zuwa 1994. Ya shiga makarantar Yale a cikin 1994. Ya kuma koyar a Jami’ar Harvard da shekarar Jami’ar New York da Jami’ar Tel Aviv da Kwalejin Sarauniya Mary a Jami’ar Landan. An zabe shi a matsayin Fellow of American Academy of Arts and Sciences a 2005, kuma memba na Cibiyar Dokokin Amurka a 2020. [6] [7][8]

Memetics, akida, da wuce gona da iri

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Littafin Balkin na shekarar 1998, Software na Al'adu: A Theory of Ideology, ya yi ikirarin cewa ana iya bayyana akida ta hanyar memes da hanyoyin juyin halittar al'adu. [9] Ya bayar da hujjar cewa akida wani tasiri ne na "software na al'adu" ko kayan aikin fahimtar da suka zama wani bangare na 'yan adam kuma ana samarwa ta hanyar juyin halitta da watsa labaran memes. A lokaci guda kuma, Balkin ya yi jayayya cewa duk nazarin akida da dabi'a suna daukar kyakkyawar manufa ta gaskiya da "darajar adalci mai wuce gona da iri." [10] Kamar TK Seung, ya ba da shawarar cewa ra'ayi mai zurfi na adalci-ko da yake ba zai iya samun cikakkiyar fahimta ba kuma babu makawa "marasa iyaka" - yana ƙarƙashin maganganun siyasa da ra'ayin siyasa. [11][12][13][14][15]

Rarraba akida, Yan adawar gida, da ka'idodi na shari'a

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Balkin ya kirkiro kalmar yata akida don bayyana wani al'amari ta yadda ra'ayoyi da ra'ayoyi ke canza matsayinsu na siyasa yayin da aka shigar da su cikin sabbin mahallin zamantakewa da siyasa cikin lokaci. Tare da Duncan Kennedy, Balkin ya habaka fannin ilimin kimiyyar doka. Semiotics na shari'a yana nuna yadda gardama na shari'a ke nuna tropes mai maimaitawa ko topoi wadanda ke amsawa junansu kuma ana sake haifar da adawarsu a manyan matakan dalla-dalla na koyarwa kamar yadda koyaswar doka ta samo asali. Don haka Balkin ya yi ikirarin cewa hujjar shari'a tana da irin wannan "crystalline" ko tsarin barka .[16]

Balkin ya yi amfani da rushewa da ka'idodin adabi masu alaƙa don jayayya cewa an tsara tunanin shari'a bisa ga "masu adawa" - ra'ayoyi ko ra'ayoyin masu adawa da suka koma juna a kan lokaci ko akasin haka sun dogara ga juna ta hanyoyi masu ban sha'awa da ban mamaki. [17] Ko da yake ya zana ka'idar adabi a cikin aikinsa kan lafazin shari'a, Balkin da mawallafinsa akai-akai Sanford Levinson sun yi jayayya cewa dokar ta fi dacewa ba a kwatanta da wallafe-wallafe ba amma ga wasan kwaikwayo kamar kida da wasan kwaikwayo. [18]

Shiga bangaranci

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Jack Balkin

Balkin da Levinson suna jayayya cewa juyin mulkin tsarin mulki a cikin koyarwar shari'a yana faruwa ta hanyar tsari da ake kira kin yarda . [19] Jam'iyyar da ke iko da fadar White House za ta iya tara wa kotunan tarayya sabbin alkalai da alkalai waɗanda ke da ra'ayi kan muhimman batutuwan da suka shafi tsarin mulki kwatankwacin na shugaban kasa. Wannan yana canza tsaka-tsakin Adalci akan Kotun Koli kuma ya canza launin ƙananan kotunan tarayya, wanda, bi da bi, yana shafar koyaswar tsarin mulki. Idan an nada isassun sabbin alkalai cikin kankanin lokaci, sauye-sauye za su faru cikin sauri, wanda zai haifar da juyin juya halin tsarin mulki. Misali, juyin mulkin tsarin mulki ya biyo bayan sabuwar yarjejeniyar saboda Franklin Roosevelt ya iya nada sabbin Alkalan Kotun Koli guda takwas tsakanin 1937 zuwa 1941. Ka'idar Balkin da Levinson ta bambanta da ka'idar Bruce Ackerman na lokutan tsarin mulki, wanda ke ba da hujjar cewa juyin mulkin tsarin mulki yana faruwa ne saboda ayyukan kai-da-kai na tattara dimokuradiyya wanda ya kafa sabbin ma'auni na halaccin siyasa. Balkin da Levinson suna kallon bangarorin ba a matsayin kakkarfan tsarin demokradiyya amma mara kyau; ba ta ba da tabbacin ingantaccen fassarar tsarin mulki ko daidai ba.[20]

Fassarar tsarin mulki

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Ka'idar tsarin mulki ta Balkin, wanda aka habaka a cikin littafinsa na 2011, Living Originalism, duka biyu ne na asali da masu tsarin mulki . Yana jayayya cewa babu wani sabani tsakanin wadannan hanyoyin, fahimta da kyau. Dole ne masu fassara su bi ainihin ma'anar rubutun tsarin mulki amma ba ainihin aikace-aikacen sa ba; Don haka yawancin fassarar kundin tsarin mulkin ya kunshi gina tsarin mulki da gina ƙasa ta dukkan sassan gwamnati guda uku. “Tsarin asali na asali” [21] na Balkin yana kallon Kundin Tsarin Mulki a matsayin tsarin farko na shugabanci wanda ke saita siyasa cikin motsi kuma ya sa siyasa ta yiwu; dole ne a cike shi cikin lokaci ta hanyar gina tsarin mulki da gina jihohi. Wannan tsari na gina Kundin Tsarin Mulki shine rayayyun tsarin mulki.

Rushewar tsarin mulki

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Balkin ya yi amfani da kalmar “rube na tsarin mulki” don bayyana tsarin da dimokuradiyyar ke zama rashin jin dadin ra’ayin jama’a da rashin sadaukar da kai ga amfanin jama’a cikin lokaci. [22] [23] Rubabben tsarin mulki yana girma saboda (1) Kara rashin daidaito na samun kudi da dukiya; (2) karuwar siyasar siyasa da kabilanci; (3) Rashin amincewa tsakanin membobin jam'iyyu daban-daban da tsakanin jama'a da cibiyoyi da aka kafa; da (4) bala'o'in manufofin da ke nuna cewa jami'an gwamnati ba su da kwarewa da / ko ba za a iya amincewa da su ba. [24] Balkin ya yi nuni da cewa masu tsara kundin tsarin mulkin Amurka sun yi imanin cewa dukkan jumhuriyar za su rugujewa a kan lokaci, kuma sun tsara kundin tsarin mulki ta yadda zai iya kawar da lokacin rubewar tsarin mulki a cikin fatan sake sabunta cibiyoyin jamhuriyar. Yawancin fasalulluka na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, da suka hada da dimbin sharuddan Shugaban kasa, Majalisa, da Majalisar Dattijai, rabuwa da iko, tarayya, da shari'a mai zaman kanta, nau'ikan "inshorar jumhuriya" ne da aka tsara don cimma wannan burin. [25]

Balkin ya bambanta rubar tsarin mulki da rikicin tsarin mulki. Rikicin tsarin mulki lokaci ne da mutane suka yi imanin cewa hukumomin tsarin mulki na gab da faduwa ko kuma sun gaza. [26] Domin babbar manufar kundin tsarin mulki ita ce samar da siyasa mai yiwuwa, tsarin mulki na kasawa a lokacin da mutane suka daina kokarin neman madafun iko bisa ka’idojin tsarin mulki. Wannan na iya haifar da gurguncewar siyasa, ko yakin basasa, ko tada zaune tsaye, ko ballewa, ko yunkurin juyin mulki. Ko da yake ra'ayoyin biyu na rikici da rube sun bambanta, Balkin ya yi nuni da cewa ci gaban shari'ar rubewar tsarin mulki na iya haifar da rikicin tsarin mulki. [27]

Rikicin tsarin mulki

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Balkin da Levinson suna ba da nau'in rikice-rikicen tsarin mulki . [28] A cikin rikice-rikice na Nau'i na daya, 'yan siyasa sun ba da sanarwar a bainar jama'a cewa ba za su ƙara bin tsarin mulki ba kuma ba za su bi umarnin shari'a kai tsaye ba. [29] A cikin rikice-rikicen nau'i na biyu, aminci ga tsarin mulki yana haifar da bala'i, saboda mutane suna tunanin cewa Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya hana su yin aiki ko kuma don sun gaskata cewa Kundin Tsarin Mulki bai tanadar da wani abin da ya faru ba don gurgunta ya faru kuma bala'i ya faru. [30] A cikin rikicin Nau'in Uku, mutane sun yi rashin jituwa sosai game da abin da tsarin mulki ke nufi da cewa sun koma yakin basasa, ballewa, ko tayar da zaune tsaye. [31] Balkin da Levinson sun yi imanin cewa rikice-rikicen tsarin mulki na gaske ba su da yawa a tarihin Amurka, kodayake rikice-rikicen siyasa na yawan faruwa. Gwajin tsarin mulki mai nasara shine ko zai iya samun nasarar gudanarwa da warware rikicin siyasa a cikin iyakokinsa. [32]

Zagayen tsarin mulki

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Balkin yayi jayayya cewa tsarin tsarin mulkin Amurka ya samo asali ne ta hanyar mu'amala tsakanin zagaye uku: tasowa da faduwar jam'iyyun siyasa masu rinjaye, da girma da raguwar ra'ayin siyasa, da sauya yanayin rubewar tsarin mulki da sabunta tsarin mulki. [33] Balkin ya yi bayanin cewa, siyasar Amurka ta yi kamari musamman saboda Amurka ta kusa kawo karsyhen mulkin da jam’iyyar Republican ke da shi na tsawon lokaci a siyasance, kuma tana cikin wani dogon zango na siyasa, kuma tana fama da matsalar ruftawar tsarin mulki. [34] Balkin yayi jayayya cewa Amurka tana cikin Zamani na Biyu, kuma yayi hasashen cewa sannu a hankali tana tafiya zuwa Zaman Ci gaba na biyu. [35]

'Yancin magana da al'adun dimokuradiyya

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Ayyukan Balkin a kan Kwaskwarimar Farko ya ba da hujjar cewa manufar ka'idar 'yancin fadar albarkacin baki ita ce habaka abin da ya kira al'adar dimokuradiyya. [36] [37] Tunanin al'adun dimokuradiyya ya fi girma fiye da damuwa tare da shawarwarin demokradiyya ko mulkin Demokradiyya, kuma yana jaddada 'yanci na mutum daya, sa hannu na al'adu da tasirin juna. Al'adar dimokuradiyya ita ce wacce talakawa za su iya shiga cikin nau'ikan al'adun da ke taimakawa wajen tsara su a matsayin mutane. Balkin ya bayar da hujjar cewa ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki a Intanet yana da siffofi guda biyu: “tafiya a kusa da” masu tsaron kofofin watsa labarai, da kuma “gwargwadon” — ba tare da keɓanta ba na abubuwan al’adu wadanda aka cuɗe su da wasu tushe don Kirkirar sabbin hanyoyin al’adu. Wadannan fitattun siffofi na magana ta Intanet, in ji shi, haƙiƙan halayen magana ne gaba daya, don haka ke haifar da mai da hankali kan shiga cikin al'adun demokradiyya.

Balkin yayi jayayya cewa kariyar 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a cikin zamani na dijital zai ƙara dogaro kaɗan akan koyaswar alkali na Gyaran Farko da ƙari akan dokoki, ƙa'idodin gudanarwa, da ƙirar fasaha. [38] Yana mai cewa mun wuce tsarin ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki na al’ada wanda a cikinsa ne jihohin al’umma ke tsara maganganun ‘yan kasarsu. Maimakon haka, magana ta dijital ta ƙunshi ƙirar jam'i . A cikin tsarin jam'i, gwamnatocin yankuna suna ci gaba da daidaita magana kai tsaye. Amma kuma suna ƙoƙarin tilastawa ko haɗin gwiwar masu mallakar kayan aikin dijital don daidaita maganganun wasu. Wannan shine tsarin magana "sabuwar makaranta". [39] Masu mallakar kayayyakin more rayuwa na dijital, musamman kamfanonin sadarwar zamani, yanzu suna aiki a matsayin gwamnoni masu zaman kansu na al'ummomin magana, Kirkirar da aiwatar da dokoki da ka'idodi daban-daban na al'ummomin da suke mulka. A karshe, masu amfani da karshen, kungiyoyin jama'a, masu satar bayanai, da sauran Yan wasan kwaikwayo masu zaman kansu sukan matsa lamba kan kamfanonin samar da ababen more rayuwa na dijital don daidaita magana ta wasu hanyoyi kuma kada su daidaita shi a wasu. Wannan yake-yake na uku-maimakon tsarin dyada na gargajiya na jihohi da ke tsara maganganun ɓangarorin masu zaman kansu - yana nuna ikon yin magana a cikin al'umman algorithmic. [40]

Hukumar Kula da Kasa ta Kasa

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A cikin wata makala ta 2006 tare da Levinson, [41] da labarin 2008, [42] Balkin yayi magana game da fitowar “Jihar Sa ido ta ƙasa” wacce ke amfani da tattarawa, tattarawa da nazarin bayanai don gudanar da mulki. Jihar sa ido ta ƙasa wata halitta ce ta haɓakar fasaha da buƙatun ayyukan gwamnati. Balkin yayi jayayya cewa "[t] tambayar ba shine ko za mu sami yanayin sa ido a shekaru masu zuwa ba, amma wane irin yanayin sa ido za mu samu." [43][44]

Balkin ya bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan nau'ikan guda biyu: jihar bayanan mai mulki da jihar bayanan dimokuradiyya. Jihohin bayanan masu mulki su ne masu ɓarna bayanai da masu cin amanar bayanai: suna tattara bayanai da yawa gwargwadon iko kuma suna ƙin raba shi ko bayyana ayyukansu na jama'a. Jihohin bayanan dimokraɗiyya ƴan gourmets ne na bayanai da masu ba da tallafi na bayanai: suna tattara abin da suke buƙata kawai, suna samar da bayanai don su raba bayanai tare da ƴan ƙasa kuma suna yin ayyukan nasu bisa dimokiradiyya. Jihohin bayanan dimokuradiyya kuma suna lalata bayanan da gwamnati ta tattara lokacin da ba lallai ba ne. A aikace, kariya ta sirri da yawa ta zo daga gaskiyar cewa mutane sun manta abin da ya faru. Amma a zamanin dijital, ba a taɓa mantawa da komai ba, don haka watsi da sakamakon sa ido na gwamnati dole ne a ba da izini. [45] [46]

Yayin da jihar sa ido ke girma, Balkin ya yi jayayya, sabbin kariyar 'yancin walwala sun zama dole, kamar yadda suka zama dole tare da ci gaban jihar gudanarwa bayan Sabuwar Yarjejeniya da Tsaron Kasa bayan yakin duniya na biyu. Dole ne a sake fasalin sashin zartarwa tare da bin diddigin cikin gida da ma'auni ga 'yan sanda da kanta, don bayar da rahoto kan ayyukanta, da hana cin zarafi. A ƙarshe, dole ne a yi amfani da fasaha don yin rikodin abin da jami'ai ke yi da kuma neman alamun rashin da'a na gwamnati: "Hanya mafi kyau don sarrafa masu kallo ita ma kallon su." [47]

Masu ba da bayanai, robotics, da hankali na wucin gadi

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Balkin ya kirkiro kalmar "fiduciary bayanai" don bayyana wajibcin doka da ɗa'a na kasuwancin dijital da kamfanonin kafofin watsa labarun. [48] [49] Yana jayayya cewa dole ne mutane su amince da dogaro da wasu kasuwancin dijital da kamfanonin kafofin watsa labarun, kuma suna da rauni musamman a gare su. Don haka, zamanin dijital ya samar da wani sabon nau'in wajibcin amana da ya yi daidai da wadanda doka ta dora akan manajojin kudi da Kwararru kamar likitoci, lauyoyi, da masu lissafi.

Balkin yayi jayayya cewa masu amintaccen bayanan dijital dole ne su yi aiki cikin aminci ga masu amfani da su. Dole ne su mutunta sirrin mai amfani na karshe kuma maiyuwa ba za su yi amfani da karshen masu amfani ba. Wadanda suka habaka da amfani da mutummutumi, jami'an leken asiri, da algorithms na iya zama amintattun bayanai ga abokan cinikinsu da masu amfani da ƙarshensu. Bugu da kari, kamfanoni na iya kada su shiga cikin "rashin hankali": yin amfani da bayanan dijital na mutane don nuna wariya da sarrafa su da canza farashin yanke shawarar algorithmic kan jama'a. [50][51][52]

Balkin yayi jayayya cewa wajibcin amintattun bayanai da aikin da ba zai zama ɓarna ba wani ɓangare ne na sabbin dokokin robotics . Ba kamar sanannun dokokin mutum-mutumi uku na Asimov ba, wadannan dokokin ba ana ba da su ga mutum-mutumi ba amma ga mutane da kungiyoyi wadanda suka tsara, mallaka, da sarrafa su. Balkin ya bayar da hujjar cewa fasahar mutum-mutumi da fasaha ta wucin gadi suna dai-daita alakar iko tsakanin kungiyoyin mutane daban-daban; don haka dole ne doka ta mai da hankali kan daidaita mutane, kamfanoni, da kungiyoyin jama'a wadanda ke amfani da mutum-mutumi da fasaha na wucin gadi gwargwadon fasahar kansu. [53]

Ayyukan da aka zaba

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A matsayin marubuci

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A matsayin edita

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  • Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Mulki (Aspen Publications, 7th edition 2018)  ) (tare da Paul Brest, Sanford Levinson, Akhil Amar, da Reva Siegel).
  • Tsarin Mulki a cikin 2020 (Oxford Univ. Latsa 2009  ) (tare da Reva B. Siegel)
  • Laifukan Intanet: Cops Dijital a cikin Mahalli mai Sadarwa (NYU Press 2007  ) (tare da James Grimmelmann et al. )
  • Yanayin Wasa: Doka, Wasanni, da Duniyar Rubutu (NYU Press 2006  ) (tare da Beth Simone Noveck)
  • Abin da Roe v. Wade yakamata ya ce (NYU Press 2005  )
  • Abin da Brown v. Hukumar Ilimi yakamata ta fadi (NYU Press 2001  )
  • Canons na doka (NYU Press 2000  ) (tare da Sanford Levinson)

Labaran jarida

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  • Verdi 's High C, 91 Tex. L. Rev. 1687 (2013)
  • Pdf.

Duba kuma

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  • Jerin masu tunani ya rinjayi lalacewa

Nassoshi

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  1. ↑ https://ssrn.com/abstract=930514
  2. ↑ https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2013/06/paul-krugman-government-tilting-towards-authoritarian-surveillance-state/
  3. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6nKNAa1R4H4
  4. ↑ https://ssrn.com/abstract=930514
  5. ↑ https://ssrn.com/abstract=2675270
  6. ↑ Members Elected July 2020
  7. ↑ https://ssrn.com/abstract=930514
  8. ↑ Professor Jack M. Balkin
  9. ↑ Cultural Software, p. 14, 42-45
  10. ↑ Cultural Software, p. 143
  11. ↑ https://ssrn.com/abstract=842284
  12. ↑ https://balkin.blogspot.com/2014/03/information-fiduciaries-in-digital-age.html
  13. ↑ https://ssrn.com/abstract=842284
  14. ↑ https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-cycles-of-constitutional-time-9780197530993
  15. ↑ Cultural Software, p. 144. See Seung's Intuition and Construction: The Foundation of Normative Theory, pp. 194–99 and Plato Rediscovered: Human Value and Social Order, pp. xi–xii.
  16. ↑ https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5610&context=fss_papers
  17. ↑ Deconstruction's Legal Career, 27 Cardozo Law Review 719 (2005). Available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=842284 (November 13, 2005); Deconstructive Practice and Legal Theory, 96 Yale L.J. 743 (1987)
  18. ↑ Balkin, Verdi's High C, 91 Tex. L. Rev. 1687 (2013). Available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=2240496 ; Balkin and Levinson, Interpreting Law and Music: Performance Notes on "The Banjo Serenader" and "The Lying Crowd of Jews," 20 Cardozo L. Rev. 1513 (1999); Balkin and Levinson, Law, Music, and Other Performing Arts, 139 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1597 (1991)
  19. ↑ The Processes of Constitutional Change: From Partisan Entrenchment to the National Surveillance State, 75 Fordham Law Review 489 (2006). Available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=930514 (September 17, 2006)
  20. ↑ https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1017&context=fss_papers
  21. ↑ Framework Originalism and the Living Constitution,103 Nw. L. Rev. 549 (2009). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1290869 (October 23, 2008)
  22. ↑ [ https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract-id=2992961 Jack M. Balkin, Constitutional Rot, in CAN IT HAPPEN HERE?: AUTHORITARIANISM IN AMERICA 19 (Cass R. Sunstein, ed.)] Available at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract-id=2992961 (June 14, 2017).
  23. ↑ Constitutional Crisis and Constitutional Rot, 77 Maryland L. Rev. 147 (2017). Available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=2993320 (October 1, 2017)
  24. ↑ Constitutional Crisis and Constitutional Rot, at 152
  25. ↑ Jack M. Balkin, The Cycles of Constitutional Time (Oxford University Press 2020), at p. 48
  26. ↑ Constitutional Crisis and Constitutional Rot, at 147.
  27. ↑ Constitutional Crisis and Constitutional Rot, at 160.
  28. ↑ [https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1017&context=fss_papers Sanford Levinson & Jack M. Balkin, Constitutional Crises, 157 U. PA. L. REV. 707 (2009).] Available at https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1267979 (August 12, 2008)
  29. ↑ Constitutional Crises, at 721-29.
  30. ↑ Constitutional Crises, at 729-38.
  31. ↑ Constitutional Crises, at 738-46.
  32. ↑ Constitutional Crises, at 714.
  33. ↑ Jack M. Balkin, The Cycles of Constitutional Time (Oxford University Press 2020)
  34. ↑ Jack M. Balkin, The Cycles of Constitutional Time, Balkinization, (September 1, 2020)
  35. ↑ Id.
  36. ↑ Digital Speech and Democratic Culture, 79 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 1 (2004). Available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=470842 (December 3, 2003)
  37. ↑ Cultural Democracy and the First Amendment, 110 Nw. L. Rev. 1053 (2016). Available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=2676027 (October 19, 2015)
  38. ↑ The Future of Free Expression in a Digital Age, 36 Pepperdine L. Rev. 427 (2008-2009). Available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=1335055 (January 29, 2009)
  39. ↑ Old School/New School Speech Regulation, 127 Harv. L. Rev. 2296 (2014). Available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=2377526 (January 12, 2014)
  40. ↑ Free Speech in the Algorithmic Society, 51 U.C. Davis L. Rev. __ (forthcoming 2018). Available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=3038939 (September 20, 2017)
  41. ↑ The Processes of Constitutional Change: From Partisan Entrenchment to the National Surveillance State, 75 Fordham Law Review 489(2006). Available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=930514 (September 17, 2006)
  42. ↑ The Constitution in the National Surveillance State 93 Minnesota Law Review 1 (2008). Available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=1141524 (June 10, 2008)
  43. ↑ https://www.ali.org/members/newly-elected-members/july-2020/
  44. ↑ The Constitution in the National Surveillance State, at 3-4.
  45. ↑ Mike Konczal, Is a democratic surveillance state possible?, Washington Post, June 8, 2013, at https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/06/08/is-a-democratic-surveillance-state-possible/
  46. ↑ Paul Krugman: Government Tilting Towards 'Authoritarian Surveillance' State, ABC News, June 9, 2013, at https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2013/06/paul-krugman-government-tilting-towards-authoritarian-surveillance-state/
  47. ↑ The Constitution in the National Surveillance State, at p. 24
  48. ↑ Jack Balkin, "Information Fiduciaries in the Digital Age, Balkinization, March 5th, 2014, at https://balkin.blogspot.com/2014/03/information-fiduciaries-in-digital-age.html
  49. ↑ Information Fiduciaries and the First Amendment 49 U.C. Davis L. Rev. 1183 (2016). Available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=2675270 (October 18, 2015)
  50. ↑ https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract-id=2992961
  51. ↑ https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5610&context=fss_papers
  52. ↑ The Three Laws of Robotics in the Age of Big Data 78 Ohio St. L. Rev. 1217 (2017). Available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=2890965 (December 29, 2016)
  53. ↑ Jack Balkin on Robots, Algorithms, and Big Data. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6nKNAa1R4H4 (February 23, 2017)

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