Harshen Kalanga
Kalanga , ko TjiKalanga (a Zimbabwe), yare ne na Bantu wanda mutanen Kalanga ke magana da ita a Botswana da Zimbabwe . Tana da adadi mai yawa na sautunan murya, wanda ya haɗa da kalmomin faɗar baki, masu jujjuya ra'ayi, waɗanda ake so da kuma baƙin da ke da muryar numfashi, har ma da masu sibilan da aka busa.[2]
| Harshen Kalanga | |
|---|---|
| |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 |
kck |
| Glottolog |
kala1384[1] |
Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Zimbabwe na shekarar 2013 ya amince da Kalanga a matsayin yare na hukumar kasan kuma ana koyar da shi a makarantu a wuraren da masu magana da shi suka fi yawa.
Rabe-rabe da ire-Ire gyara sashe
Masana ilimin harsuna suna sanya Kalanga (S.16 a rarrabuwa na Guthrie ) da yaren a Nambya (a yankin Hwange na Zimbabwe) a matsayin reshen yamma na rukunin Shona (ko Shonic, ko Shona-Nyai) ƙungiyar rukuni na harsuna, gaba ɗaya an tsara su kamar S.10.
Yaren Kalanga na da bambancin yare tsakanin na Botswana da na Zimbabwe kuma suna amfani da salon magana daban daban. A tarihance, Wentzel ya ambaci Kalanga daidai a gabas da Lilima (Tjililima, Humbe) a yamma, da kuma ire-iren yanzu da suke da yawa ko suka shuɗe: Nyai (Rozvi), Lemba (Remba), Lembethu (Rembethu), Twamamba (Xwamamba), Pfumbi, Jaunda (Jawunda, Jahunda), and † Romwe, † Peri, † Talahundra (Talaunda).[3][4]
Fasaha gyara sashe
Bakandamiya gyara sashe
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Post-<br id="mwNA"><br>alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | alveolar | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | ||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t̪ | (tʷ) | k | kʷ | |||||||
| voiced | b | d̪ | d | dʷ | ɡ | ɡʷ | |||||||
| prenasal | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᵑɡ | ᵑɡʷ | |||||||||
| aspirated | pʰ | t̪ʰ | tʰ | tʰʷ | kʰ | kʰʷ | |||||||
| breathy | pʱ | tʱ | kʷʱ | ||||||||||
| ejective | (tʼ) | ||||||||||||
| Affricate | voiceless | p͡s | t̪͡s̪ | t͡ʃ | |||||||||
| voiced | b͡z | d̪͡z̪ | d̪͡z̪ʷ | d͡ʒ | b͡ɡ | ||||||||
| prenasal | ⁿd͡ʒ | ||||||||||||
| aspirated | t̪͡s̪ʰ | t̪͡s̪ʰʷ | p͡kʰ | ||||||||||
| breathy | t̪͡s̪ʱ | t͡ʃʱ | |||||||||||
| ejective | t͡ʃʼ | ||||||||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | sʷ | ʃ | ʃʷ | (x) | (xʷ) | |||||
| voiced | v | z | zʷ | ʒ | ɦ | ||||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ŋʷ | ||||||||
| Trill | r | ||||||||||||
| Approximant | lateral | l | |||||||||||
| central | β̞ | j | w | ||||||||||
| breathy | wʱ | ||||||||||||
- Phonemes /tʰʷ, p͡s, b͡z, t͡ʃʼ/ faruwa ne kawai a matsayin mahimman sautunan sauti
- Sauti /tʼ, tʷ, x, xʷ/ sauti ne da aka aro daga Tswana.[5]
Wasula gyara sashe
Yaren Kalanga yana da tsarin wasali biyar na yau da kullun:
| Gaba | Tsakiya | Baya | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kusa | i | u | |
| Tsakiyar | e | o | |
| Buɗe | a |
Bibliyo gyara sashe
- Chebanne, AM & Rodewald, M. K & Pahlen, KW (1995) Ngatikwaleni iKalanga: littafin rubuta Kalanga kamar yadda ake magana a Botswana . Gaborone: Kungiyar Botswana.
- Chebanne, Andy & Schmidt, Daniel (2010). "Kalanga: Nahawu takaitaccen lafazi". Cape Town: CASAS zane mai lamba 75.
- Letsholo, R. (2013). "Alamomin abubuwa a Ikalanga" . Gano Harshe . Kwalejin Dartmouth.
- Mathangwane, Joyce T. (1999) Ikalanga sautikan magana da sauti: a synchronic da diachronic binciken. Stanford, CA: Labaran CSLI.
Hanyoyin haɗin waje gyara sashe
Manazarta gyara sashe
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Kalanga". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Mathangwane, Joyce T. (1999). Ikalanga phonetics and phonology: a synchronic and diachronic study. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.
- ↑ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online.
- ↑ Wentzel, Petrus Johannes (1981). The Relationship between Venda and Western Shona. Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. of South Africa.
- ↑ Mathangwane, Joyce T. (1999). Ikalanga phonetics and phonology: a synchronic and diachronic study. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.