Wikipedia

Hakkin yara a Malaysia

Hakkin yara a Malaysia ya ci gaba tun lokacin da Malaysia ta amince da Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Yara (CRC) a 1995 kuma ta gabatar da Dokar Yara a 2001 .

Hakkin yara a Malaysia
aspect in a geographic region (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙasa Maleziya
Wuri
Map
 3°46′50″N 102°18′52″E / 3.7805111°N 102.31436167°E / 3.7805111; 102.31436167
malesiya makarantar piramare
yara a malesiya

Shirye-shiryen gwamnati da ƙungiyoyin jama'a don gane da kuma kiyaye haƙƙin yara ya haifar da ci gaba a fagen ilimi da kiwon lafiya na farko ga yara.

Duk da haka, akwai manyan ƙalubalen, musamman ga ƙungiyoyin yara marasa galihu da marasa galihu a cikin ƙasar. [1] Keɓancewa da Gwamnatin Malesiya ta yi ga Articles biyar na Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yara (Mataki na 2, 7, 14, 28 (a) (1) da 37) sun nuna cewa ta ɗauki ra'ayin cewa za a iya nuna wa yara wariya, ba su da hakkin suna ko kasa, ba su da 'yancin tunani, lamiri da addini, kuma kada su kasance cikin 'yanci daga azabtarwa da kuma hana 'yanci. [2]

Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin Yara

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A cikin 1995, Gwamnatin Malaysia ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Yara (CRC), yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kasa da kasa wacce ta kare hakkin farar hula, siyasa, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, lafiya da al'adu na duk kananan yara da ke kasa da shekaru 18. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 1989, CRC ta dogara ne akan ka'idoji guda hudu, wato ka'idar rashin nuna bambanci, mafi kyawun bukatun yara, 'yancin rayuwa, rayuwa da ci gaba, da kuma la'akari da ra'ayoyin. yaro a cikin yanke shawara wanda ya shafe su (bisa ga shekarun su da balaga). [3]

Ka'idojin Zabin CRC

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Gwamnatin Malaysia ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓin Zaɓin CRC akan Siyar da Yara, Karuwancin Yara da Batsa na Yara da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓin Kan Shigar Yara a Rikicin Makamai a 2012. [4] Malesiya ba ta amince da yarjejeniya ta zaɓi na uku na CRC ba, wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi a cikin 2011, dangane da sadarwar koke.

Matsalolin CRC

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Amincewa da gwamnatin Malaysia na CRC ya ƙunshi sharuɗɗa da yawa a cikin nau'i na '' ajiyar zuciya ', wanda ke ba gwamnati damar rashin yarda da wani tanadi a cikin CRC. Malaysia tana da wuraren ajiya guda biyar a halin yanzu, wato zuwa: [5]

  • Mataki na 2 akan rashin nuna bambanci
  • Mataki na 7 akan suna da kasa
  • Mataki na 14 akan 'yancin tunani, lamiri da addini
  • Mataki na ashirin da takwas (1) (a) kan ilimin kyauta da na wajibi a matakin firamare
  • Mataki na 37 akan azabtarwa da hana 'yanci

Gwamnati ta bayyana wannan ra'ayi bisa dalilin cewa an ce Rukunin CRC "ba su dace da Kundin Tsarin Mulki, dokokin kasa da manufofin gwamnatin Malaysia ba, gami da dokar Syariah ." [6]

A cikin 2010, Gwamnatin Malesiya ta janye wasu buƙatu uku a baya ga CRC, wato Mataki na 1 (ma'anar yaro), Mataki na 13 ('yancin faɗar albarkacin baki) da Mataki na 15 ('yancin taro da shiga).

Rahoton CRC

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Dole ne gwamnatocin kasa da suka amince da CRC da ka'idojinta na zaɓin dole ne su gabatar da rahoto ga kwamitin kare hakkin yara, ƙungiyar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun da ke da alhakin sa ido kan aiwatar da waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin haƙƙin ɗan adam. Wadannan rahotannin gwamnati dole ne su zayyana halin da yara ke ciki a kasar tare da bayyana matakan da aka dauka don gane da kuma kare hakkokinsu.

An gabatar da rahoton farko daga Gwamnatin Malaysia [7] zuwa Kwamitin Haƙƙin Yara a cikin 2006, wanda ya wuce shekaru tara. [8] Rahoton na biyu ya kasance ranar 19 ga Maris 2012. [9]

Kwamitin CRC Ya Kammala Dubawa

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A shekara ta 2007, kwamitin kare hakkin yara ya gabatar da bayaninsa na ƙarshe ga gwamnatin Malaysia bayan gabatar da rahotonta na farko na CRC. Bayanan Ƙarshe sun haɗa da shawarwari masu zuwa: [10]

  • Bita da soke abubuwan da Malesiya ta yi wa CRC
  • Bitar tsarin shari'a biyu na Malaysia (Civil da Syariah) kamar yadda wasu dokokin cikin gida ke kawo cikas ga tabbatar da CRC a Malaysia.
  • Ƙaddamar da ƙima na tsari na tasirin kasafin kuɗi akan aiwatar da haƙƙin yaro
  • Inganta tsarin rajistar haihuwa na yaran da ba Malaysiya ba da aka haifa a Malaysia, ’ya’yan uwa marasa aure da ’ya’yan da aka haifa a yankuna masu nisa na kasar.
  • A tabbatar da cewa dukkan yara suna da damar samun ingantaccen ilimi a kowane mataki, kuma samun damar samun ilimi ba zai hana su tabarbarewar tattalin arziki ba;
  • Tattara isassun bayanai na ƙididdiga akan yara masu nakasa kuma tabbatar da yin amfani da irin waɗannan bayanai wajen haɓaka manufofi da shirye-shirye ga waɗannan yara;
  • Soke hukuncin kisa ga yara
  • Bitar Dokar Yara da Matasa (Aiki) ta 1966 don tabbatar da cewa sharuɗɗan aiki da aka amince da su sun fito fili da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodin aiki na duniya.

Tsarin Shari'a

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Malesiya tana da tsarin doka, gudanarwa da tsari don kula da kariya da buƙatun yara da haɓaka ci gabansu na zahiri, tunani, hankali da tunani.

Kundin tsarin mulkin tarayya ya zayyana muhimman ka’idojin ‘yancin dan adam, wanda kuma ya shafi yara. Waɗannan sun haɗa da ’yancin ɗan adam (Mataki na 5); haramcin bauta da aikin tilastawa (Mataki na 6); da hakkoki dangane da ilimi (Mataki na 12). [11]

Malesiya ta kafa dokar yara ta 2001 [Dokar 611] don cika aikinta a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yara (CRC).

Dokar Yara 2001

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Dokar yara ta 2001 (Dokar 611) ita ce dokar ƙasar don kariya, kulawa da gyara yara. Wannan Dokar ta ƙunshi ainihin ka'idodin rashin nuna bambanci, mafi kyawun bukatun yaro, 'yancin rayuwa, rayuwa da ci gaba da kuma mutunta ra'ayoyin yaron. [12]

Dokar 611 ta soke Dokar Kotunan Yara 1947 [Dokar 90], Dokar Kare Mata da 'Yan Mata 1973 [Dokar 106] da Dokar Kare Yara 1991 [Dokar 468].

A shekara ta 2001, dokar ta kafa majalisar kare hakkin yara ta kasa, wacce ke ba gwamnati shawara kan al'amuran kare yara yayin da majalisar ba da shawara da shawarwari ta kasa ke aiki a matsayin cibiyar kula da jin dadin yara da ci gaban yara. Dokar 611 kuma tana buƙatar kafa Ƙungiyoyin Kare Yara da Cibiyoyin Ayyukan Yara a matakan jihohi da gundumomi don yaran da ke cikin haɗari ko kuma yara masu rauni ga kowane nau'in cin zarafi da cin zarafi. [13]

A cikin sharuddan gudanar da shari'ar yara, Dokar 611 ta ba da wata hanya a gaban Kotun Yara, wanda ke da dangantaka da yara tare da la'akari da balagaggen tunani da tunanin yaro.

Sauran dokoki

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Sauran dokokin da suka shafi yara a Malaysia sun haɗa da Dokar Tallafawa 1952, Dokar hana fataucin mutane 2007, Dokar Cibiyoyin Kula da Yara 1984, Dokar Yara da Matasa (Aiki) 1966; Dokar Rikicin Cikin Gida 1994, Dokar Ilimi ta 1996 da Dokar Iyali ta Musulunci (Federal Territory) Dokar 1984 ("IFLA") [Dokar 303]. [14]

Ci gaba

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Ka’idojin yarjejeniyar kare hakkin kananan yara sun taimaka wajen yin tasiri a kokarin kasar Malaysia na rage yawan yaran da ke mutuwa kafin su kai shekaru biyar, da kara habaka ilimin ‘ya’ya mata, da kara samun ilimi ga yaran da ke zaune a yankuna masu nisa na kasar. Ilimin firamare ya zama tilas a shekarar 2002 don tabbatar da karuwar shiga makarantu da kammala karatu.

Dokar Yara ta 2001 (Dokar 611) ta gabatar da tsare-tsare da yawa don kare yara daga tashin hankali, cin zarafi, sakaci da cin zarafi. Ƙididdiga ta Penal Code (Doka ta 574) ta aikata laifin lalata, yayin da Dokar Rikicin Cikin Gida 1994 (Dokar 521) ta kare yaron daga tashin hankali a cikin iyali.

Dokar hana fataucin mutane ta fara aiki ne a ranar 28 ga Fabrairun 2008 kuma ta samar da, da dai sauransu, hanyoyin doka don hukunta fataucin mutane da ba da kulawa, kariya da matsuguni ga wadanda abin ya shafa. A matakin kasa da kasa, Malesiya ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar yaki da laifuffukan da ke tsakanin kasashen duniya (UNTOC) a shekarar 2002 kuma ta amince da shi a shekara ta 2004. A halin yanzu Malaysia tana kan aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Hana, dannewa da ladabtar da fataucin mutane musamman mata da yara, wanda ke kara UNTOC. [15]

Matsalolin Damuwa

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Duk da ɗaga tanadin zuwa Mataki na 1, rashin daidaituwa a cikin ma'anar yaro a ƙarƙashin dokokin ƙasa ya kasance, tare da ma'anoni da yawa, masu cin karo da juna na yaron a ƙarƙashin dokokin farar hula da na Sharia. Har yanzu ba a sami canji daga tushen buƙatu zuwa manufofi da shirye-shirye na tushen haƙƙin yara a Malaysia ba. Hankali ga yara gabaɗaya na uba ne kuma gabaɗaya ba a neman ra'ayinsu ko ba da nauyin da ya dace a cikin shawarar da ta shafe su.

Yaran da ba a rubuta ba

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Duk da cewa rajistar haihuwa wani hakki ne na kowane yaro, an kiyasta cewa akwai yara 50,000 da ba su da takardun shaida a Malaysia. [16] Sun hada da yara daga matalautan karkara da al'ummomin ƴan asali a wurare masu nisa, musamman a Sabah da Sarawak da kuma 'ya'yan ƙaura da ' yan gudun hijira ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. [17]

Malesiya ba ta ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasa ta hanyar haihuwa, zabar kin bin ƙa'idar jus soli . Kowane mutum na iya neman zama ɗan ƙasa kawai idan iyaye ɗaya ɗan ƙasar Malaysia ne. [18] Dole ne 'yan ci-rani su samar da fasfo na kowane iyaye da takardar shaidar aure, takardun da da yawa ba su mallaka, idan suna son samun takardar haihuwa a Malaysia. Bugu da kari, wadanda ke aiki a karkara a wasu lokuta ba sa iya zuwa hukumar rajista ta kasa domin neman takardar shaidar haihuwa. Tsoron kamawa da tsarewa, da kuma hana wasu ma'aikata 'yan ci-rani damar yin aure, ya sa yawancin 'yan gudun hijira, masu neman mafaka da kuma 'yan cirani ba sa neman takardar shaidar haihuwa ga 'ya'yansu. [19]

Yara da ba su da takardar shaidar haihuwa za a iya hana su samun kiwon lafiya da sauran ayyukan zamantakewa waɗanda ke nuna musu cin zarafi da rashin lafiya. Ba sa iya shiga makarantun Gwamnati ko shiga jarabawa. Ga yaran Malaysia, rashin takardar shaidar haihuwa kuma na iya shafar damar su na neman MyKad lokacin da suka kai shekaru 12.

Yaran Da Basu Zuwa Makaranta

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Ko da yake Dokar Gyaran Ilimi ta 2002 ta sanya ilimin firamare ya zama tilas ga duk yara tun daga shekara 6, ba a aiwatar da wannan bukata ba. Akwai kimanin yara 200,000 da suka kai matakin firamare a Malaysia da ba sa zuwa makaranta. Kudin makaranta yana daya daga cikin cikas ga yara daga iyalai masu karamin karfi. Ilimi kuma bai wadatar ga yara masu nakasa ba; yara (na Malaysia) ba tare da takardar shaidar haihuwa ba an hana su damar zuwa makarantu; da ‘ya’yan masu neman mafaka, ‘ya’yan ‘yan gudun hijira, ‘ya’yan marasa jiha da kuma ‘ya’yan ‘yan cirani ba a ba su ilimin firamare kyauta a makarantun gwamnati.

Auren Yara

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Kididdigar yawan jama'a da gidaje a Malaysia a shekarar 2010 ta nuna cewa mata 82,282 da suka yi aure a Malaysia 'yan mata ne 'yan tsakanin shekaru 15 zuwa 19, yayin da wasu 1,000 a cikin wannan shekarun suka rasu yayin da 842 suka rabu ko kuma suka rabu. [20] Mataimakiyar ministar mata ta bayyana cewa, a wannan shekarar, ‘yan mata kusan 16,000 ‘yan kasa da shekaru 15 ne suke aure. [21]

Malesiya tana da tsarin shari'a biyu, wanda ke nufin cewa mafi ƙarancin shekarun aure za'a iya tantance ta ko dai ta hanyar dokar farar hula ko ta Syaria (Musulunci) . Wadanda ba musulmi ba za su iya yin aure tun suna shekara 18, amma ana iya aurar da ‘yan mata tun suna shekara 16 matukar dai su ko iyayensu sun samu izinin shugaban kasa. Mafi qarancin shekarun aure shine 16 ga 'yan mata musulmi, 18 ga maza musulmi. Mahimmanci, ana iya keɓancewa ga 'yan mata ko maza su yi aure tun suna ƙanana muddin sun sami izinin kotunan Musulunci.

Abubuwan da ke haifar da auren wuri a Malaysia, sun haɗa da juna biyu kafin aure da kuma shawarar iyaye na guje wa shigar 'ya'yansu cikin tabarbarewar tarbiyya. [22]

Duba sauran bayanai

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  • Hakkin Dan Adam a Malaysia

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ "Status Report of Children's Rights in Malaysia" (PDF). Child Rights Coalition Malaysia Annual Report 2012. Child Rights Coalition Malaysia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
  2. ↑ "Time to remove all reservations and sign the Optional Protocols". Malaysian Bar Council Website. Malaysian Bar Council. Archived from the original on 2010-12-29. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
  3. ↑ "A children's treaty". UNICEF Malaysia. UNCIEF Malaysia. Archived from the original on 2018-07-10. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
  4. ↑ "UNICEF welcomes Malaysia's plans to ratify child rights optional protocols". UNICEF Malaysia. Archived from the original on 2016-11-06. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
  5. ↑ "United Nations Treaty Collection". UNTC. United Nations. Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
  6. ↑ "CRC reservations". UNICEF Malaysia. Archived from the original on 2016-10-30. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
  7. ↑ "Convention on the Rights of the Child - Initial report of States parties due in 1997" (PDF). United Nations. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
  8. ↑ "State Party Examination of Malaysia's First Periodic Report" (PDF). NGO Group for the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
  9. ↑ name="CotRotC">"Convention on the Rights of the Child - Concluding observations: MALAYSIA" (PDF). United Nations. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
  10. ↑ name="CotRotC">"Convention on the Rights of the Child - Concluding observations: MALAYSIA" (PDF). United Nations. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
  11. ↑ name="ML">"Malaysian laws". UNICEF Malaysia. Archived from the original on 2016-09-13. Retrieved 2013-08-16.
  12. ↑ name="ChildAct">"Child Act 2001". UNICEF Malaysia. Archived from the original on 2018-07-10. Retrieved 2013-08-14.
  13. ↑ "Child Act 2001". UNICEF Malaysia. Archived from the original on 2018-07-10. Retrieved 2013-08-14.
  14. ↑ "Malaysian laws". UNICEF Malaysia. Archived from the original on 2016-09-13. Retrieved 2013-08-16.
  15. ↑ "MALAYSIA: Children's Rights References in the Universal Periodic Review". Child Rights International Network.
  16. ↑ "Research: 50,000 undocumented and stateless children in Malaysia". cj.my. CJMY.
  17. ↑ "STATUS REPORT ON CHILDREN'S RIGHTS IN MALAYSIA" (PDF). Child Rights Coalition Malaysia. UNICEF EAPRO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
  18. ↑ "Malaysia: Undocumented Children in Sabah Vulnerable to Statelessness". Refugees International. Archived from the original on 2013-10-25. Retrieved 2013-08-16.
  19. ↑ "Report for the Universal Periodic Review" (PDF). Child Rights Coalition Malaysia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-04-22. Retrieved 2013-08-16.
  20. ↑ name="Stats">"Statistics". Penang Monthly. Archived from the original on 2015-05-03. Retrieved 2013-08-16.
  21. ↑ name="CnotB">"Child marriage in Malaysia, a child rights issue". Girls not Bride.
  22. ↑ "Statistics". Penang Monthly. Archived from the original on 2015-05-03. Retrieved 2013-08-16.
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