Haƙƙoƙin dattijai
Haƙƙoƙin dattijai haƙƙoƙin. manya ne (yawanci waɗanda ke cikin shekaru saba'in na rayuwa ko waɗanda suka wuce haka duk da cewa ana jayayya da wannan ma'anar), waɗanda a cikin ƙasashe daban-daban ba a san su a matsayin rukunin kariya [1] na tsarin mulki ba, duk da haka suna fuskantar wariya a yawancin fannoni na al'umma saboda shekarun su.
 Haƙƙoƙin dattijai |
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Abubuwan,da suka shafi haƙƙin gama gari waɗanda dattawa ke fuskanta sun haɗa da nuna banbancin aiki da suka shafi shekaru (kamar shekarun yin riitaya na dole), rashin samun damar jinya saboda shekaru ko cikas da yawan shekaru kan kawo, fahimtar al'umma na rashin iyawa ko nakasa saboda shekaru,[2] da rashin lahani ga cin zarafi, gami da kuɗi, jiki, tunani, zamantakewa, da jima'i[3] saboda ƙarancin ƙarfi da rashin samun damar yin amfani da fasaha.[4]
Bayyana Haƙƙoƙin Dattijai
gyara sasheA cikin 1991 Majalisar ɗinkin duniya ta UNHRC ta kafa ƙa'idoji don jagoranta da ƙarfafa ci gaban shirye-shiryen gwamnati waɗanda za su kare haƙƙin tsofaffi ta hanyar tabbatar da ƴancin kai, da mutuncin tsofaffi.[5]
Shekaru da tsufa
gyara sashe
Tsayawa da kare haƙƙin dattijai na da mahimmanci don magance matsalolin da suka shafi tsufa da shekaru. Tare da saurin haɓakar yawan tsofaffi a duniya,[6] an yi ƙoƙari na ƙasa da ƙasa don mai da hankali kan batutuwan da suka shafi tsufa da kare tsofaffi a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata.[7] A sakamakon haka, an amince da shekarun tsufa a matsayin batu na duniya, Wanda misalinsa shi ne wani bincike na dubun-dubatar mutane a cikin ƙasashe fiye da 50 wanda ya nuna mafi yawan mahalarta taron masu matsakaicin matsayi shekaru zuwa manyan shekaru ne. Ganewa da yaƙi da yaɗuwar shekarun tsufa yana da mahimmanci don ginuwar lafiyar jama'a dangane da haɓakar shaidar illolin shekaru akan lafiyar tsofaffi. [8]
Ƙungiyar haƙƙin dattijai
gyara sasheKamar yadda Nina Kohn ta ayyana, ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin dattijai ita ce “yunƙurin gamayya [na] ƙungiyoyi da daidaikun mutane… (zuwa) tare a kan manufa ɗaya ta canza tsarin zamantakewa, siyasa, da na shari'a don ba da damar tsofaffi su cika aikin farar hula. da hakkokin bil'adama da 'yanci."[9] Tunanin wani tsari na musamman na buƙatu da haƙƙin tsofaffi ya fara ne a cikin 1930s a lokacin Babban Mawuyacin hali tare da babban abin da ya fi mayar da hankali kan buƙatar shirin fensho na ƙasa don samar da tsaro na kudi ga tsofaffi marasa aiki. [10] Yawancin tsare-tsare masu hamayya ( Shirin Townsend, matafiyar McClain, matafiyar Ham da Ƙwai ) an yi su don magance matsalar. Daga ƙarshe, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Sabuwar yarjejeniyar Franklin Delano Roosevelt, an ƙaddamar da Dokar tsaron Jama'a don biyan buƙata.
Yayin da yawan mutanen da suka tsufa da kuma tsofaffi ke ƙaruwa a cikin rabin ƙarni na ashirin, tasirin su a siyasa shima ya ƙaru.[10] Ƙungiyoyi irin su Ƙungiyar Masu ritaya ta Amirka da hukumomin gwamnati irin su Hukumar Kula da tsufa an ƙirƙiro su don biyan buƙatunsu. [11] Batutuwa suka wuce fiye da tsaron kuɗi sun zama abin mayar da hankali – Maggie Kuhn, ta fusata kan dole ta yi ritaya a shekara 65, ta ƙaddamar da ƙungiyar Grey Panthers a 1970; tun kafuwarta, Grey Panthers sun ba da shawarar akan araha, zaman bai ɗaya a gidaje da kuma tsarin kiwon lafiya na biyan kuɗi bai ɗaya.[12] A yau, Grey Panthers ne ke jagorantar ƙungiyar masu ruwa da tsaki kan tsufa, ƙungiyar da ta haɗa kai wanda ke da nufin ƙirƙirar hanyar sadarwa ta duniya na tsofaffi da masu fafutuka.[13] An ƙirƙiri Gidauniyar Dokokin Dattijai ta ƙasa saboda damuwa cewa tsofaffi na iya samun buƙatun doka na musamman. Sake ba da izini a 2006 na Dokar Tsofaffin Amirkawa ya haɗa da wani aikin da ake kira zaɓe don ƴan cin kai, don haɓaka zaɓin kula da lafiya da zama cikin al'umma (saɓanin tattara zaɓin keɓaɓɓu kamar gidajen kulawa na gargajiya) zaɓuɓɓukan kulawa na dogon lokaci.[14]
Haƙƙoƙin zamantakewa da hulɗar Kuɗi ta dattawa
gyara sasheAyyukan kariya na dattawa suna ba da ayyuka ga tsofaffi waɗanda aka ci zarafin su, sakaci da su ko aka yi amfani da su. Ba jimawa, an yi ƙoƙarin yin bincike da magance matsalolin cin zarafin dattijai ta hanyar yin amfani da dokoki irin su Rigakafin Cin zarafin Dattijai da Dokar Shari'a ta 2017.
Ɗaya daga cikin ƙoƙarin farko na gwamnatin tarayyar Amurka don kare haƙƙin kuɗi na dattawa shine kafa fa'idodin dokar tsaron jama'a a 1935, samar da kuɗin shiga ga mutanen da suka yi ritaya waɗanda suka cancanta. An gyara dokar a cikin 1972 don ƙara Ƙarin Kuɗin Tsaro, wanda ke ba da taimakon kuɗi ga mutane masu shekaru 65 ko fiye. Sashe na cin zarafi saboda shakaru a wajen aiki na 1967[15] ya ƙara kare haƙƙin kuɗi na tsofaffi ta hanyar hana cin zarafin su a aiki da nuna wariya ga mutanen da suka kai shekaru 40 ko fiye.
Lafiya, Kiwon Lafiya, da Haƙƙoin Dokokin Magani na dattijai
gyara sasheWuri ɗaya da dattijai ke fuskantar rauni na musamman shine a fannin kiwon lafiya da yanke shawara na lafiya. Mummunan cututtuka na yau da kullun, rashin fahimta, da iyakancewa a cikin matsayi na aiki duk misalan canje-canjen da ke faruwa daga baya a rayuwa wanda zai iya ƙara girman matakin dogaro ga dattijai. Wannan dogaro yana barin tsofaffi cikin haɗarin fuskantar cin zarafi. A cewar Cibiyar Kula da Tsufa ta Ƙasa, cin zarafin dattijai na iya faruwa a lokacin da tsofaffi ke zaune daga gida a cikin ƙwararrun ma'aikatan jinya ko wurin zama na taimako, ko ma lokacin da suke zaune tare da iyali.[16] While abuse can occur to anyone, older adults with impaired cognitive function due to dementia or with great medical need are especially vulnerable. Signs of abuse include a disheveled appearance, unexplained bruises or scars, unexplained weight loss, recurrent bed sores, and lacking in supportive medical devices like glasses or hearing aides.[16] Duk da yake cin zarafi na iya faruwa ga kowa, tsofaffi masu fama da rashin aiki na tunani saboda matsal ƙwaƙwalwa ko kuma tare da babban buƙatar likita suna da rauni na musamman. Alamomin cin zarafi sun haɗa da bayyanar da ba a taɓa gani ba, raunuka ko tabo da ba a bayyana su ba, asarar nauyi da ba a bayyana ba, ciwon gado mai maimaitawa, da rashin na'urorin kiwon lafiya masu tallafi kamar tabarau ko na'ura mai taimakon ji.[16]
Yayin da cin zarafin dattijai ke ci gaba da zama matsala mai gudana, akwai wasu kariya da aka tanada ga tsofaffi. Ɗayan irin wannan kariyar ita ce Shirin Kulawa na Tsawon Lokaci; wannan shirin yana ba da shawara ga haƙƙin manya a cikin gidajen kulawa, wuraren zama na taimako, da sauran wuraren zama. [17] Duk da irin waɗannan shirye-shirye, har yanzu akwai sauran ƙoƙari na cigaba gaba da za'a yi sosai wajen kare hakkin dattijai.
Cutar sankarau ta COVID-19 ta fallasa ƙarancin rashin kulawa a cikin gidajen kulawa, musamman haɗarin fallasa tsofaffi masu rauni da kuma rashin lafiya. Dangane da rahoton 2021 na Human Rights Watch, sama da mutuwar 178,000 a lokacing COVID-19 an danganta shi da wuraren jinya wanda ya ƙunshi kashi 40 na jimillar mace-mace a Amurka. [18] Ana danganta waɗannan mace-mace da ƙarancin ma’aikata da aka dade ana yi da kuma rashin kula da mazauna wurin.
Mahimmanci a ci gaban haƙƙin dattijai
gyara sashe| Shekara | Lamarin | |
|---|---|---|
| 1920 | Dokar Ma'aikatan Jama'a (US) | Tsarin ritaya ga ma’aikatan gwamnati |
| 1935 | Dokar tsaron Jama'a (US) | tabbacin taimakon tsofaffi Masu rai |
| 1958 | An kafa Ƙungiyar masu ritaya a Amirka | |
| 1965 | Dokar tsofaffin Amirkawa Amurka | An kafa Hukumar Gudanarwa akan tsufa |
| 1970 | Grey Panthers ta kafu | |
| 1970 | An ƙaddamar da kula da shekaru a Ingila | |
| 1974 | An ƙirƙiro ƙungiyar Age UK | |
| 1994 | An kafa ƙungiyar dokar dattijai ta ƙasa Amurka | Yana tabbatar da lauyoyi don aikin dattijon doka |
| 1999 | Shekarar Tsofaffi ta Duniya | |
| 2002 | MIPAA - Shirin Ayyuka na Ƙasashen Duniya na Madrid akan tsufa [19] | kundin manufofi na duniya game da tsufa |
| 2003 | Magungunan Magunguna, Ingantawa, da Dokar Zamanta Amurka | |
| 2003 | Jam'iyyar Unity Party ta manyan ƴan ƙasa ta Scotland | |
| 2010 | Dokar Kulawar lafiya mai araha Amurka | |
| 2011 | Ƙungiya ta Ƙarshe na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya akan tsufa (OEWG) [20] | Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke tattaunawa kan haƙƙin dattijai |
Fitattun masu fafutukar kare hakkin dattijai
gyara sasheEthel Percy Andrus – wanda ya ƙirƙiro Ƙungiyar Jama'a ta Amurka masu ritaya AARP[21]
- David Hobman – wanda ya ƙirƙiro ƙungiyar damuwa da masu shekaru[22]
- Maggie Kuhn – wanda ya ƙitƙiro ƙungiyar Gray Panthers
- Gordon Lishman – wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Age UK
- Helen Levitov Sobell
- John Swinburne – maƙirƙirin Scottish Senior Citizens Unity Party
- Valerie Taylor
- Francis Townsend – wanda ya ƙirkiro tsarin Townsend Plan
Taƙaitattun hukunce-hukunce
gyara sashe- Dokar dattawa ta Indiya
- Dokar dattawa ta (Amurka)
- Dokar dattawa ta (Massachusetts)
Duba kuma
gyara sasheManazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ Kohn, Nina (2010). "The Lawyer's Role in Fostering an Elder Rights Movement" (PDF). William Mitchell Law Review. 37: 51. Retrieved 13 May 2015.[permanent dead link]
- ↑ Kohn, Nina (2010). "The Lawyer's Role in Fostering an Elder Rights Movement" (PDF). William Mitchell Law Review. 37: 51. Retrieved 13 May 2015.[permanent dead link]
- ↑ "Your Rights – Elder Abuse". Senior Rights Victoria. Retrieved 13 May 2015
- ↑ Protecting Elders' Rights". Caring for Your Parents. PBS. 2008.
- ↑ "OHCHR | United Nations Principles for Older Persons". www.ohchr.org. Retrieved 2021-09-14.
- ↑ "World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations". population.un.org. Retrieved 2021-09-14.
- ↑ "United Nations Open-ended Working Group on strengthening the protection of the human rights of older persons". social.un.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-09-14.
- ↑ Lamont, R. A.; Swift, H. J.; Abrams, D. (2015). "APA PsycNet". Psychology and Aging. 30 (1): 180–193. doi:10.1037/a0038586. PMC 4360754. PMID 25621742.
- ↑ Cohen, E. S.; Whittington, F. J. (2013-02-01). "Old and Bold: Civil Rights in Late Life". The Gerontologist (in Turanci). 53 (1): 178–185. doi:10.1093/geront/gns157. ISSN 0016-9013.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Walls, David. "Elders Rights Movement". Sonoma State University. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
- ↑ Pratt, Henry (1976). The Gray Lobby: Politics of Old Age. University of Chicago Press.
- ↑ Laursen, Eric. "Gray Panthers". Global Action on Aging. Archived from the original on 12 June 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
- ↑ "Global Accomplishments | GRAY PANTHERS NYC". www.graypanthersnyc.org. Archived from the original on 2021-09-13. Retrieved 2021-09-13.
- ↑ "Elder Rights Background Documents". Global Action on Aging. Archived from the original on 11 July 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
- ↑ "The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 | U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission". www.eeoc.gov. Retrieved 2021-09-20.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 "Elder Abuse". National Institute on Aging (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-09-20.
- ↑ "Administration on Aging | ACL Administration for Community Living". acl.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-09-20.
- ↑ "US: Concerns of Neglect in Nursing Homes". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). 2021-03-25. Retrieved 2021-09-13.
- ↑ "Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing | United Nations For Ageing". www.un.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-03-19.
- ↑ "United Nations Open-ended Working Group on strengthening the protection of the human rights of older persons". social.un.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-03-19.
- ↑ "Ethel Andrus". National Women's History Museum. Archived from the original on 23 January 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
- ↑ Barker, Jonathan. "David Hobman:Energetic reformer who changed society's perception of older people". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
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